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general chemistry principles

Questions and Answers of General Chemistry Principles

Ammonia can be generated by heating together the solids NH4Cl and Ca(OH)2. CaCl2 and H2O are also formed. (a) If a mixture containing 33.0 g each of NH4Cl and Ca(OH)2 is heated, how many grams of
Chlorine can be generated by heating together calcium hypochlorite and hydrochloric acid. Calcium chloride and water are also formed. (a) If 50.0 g Ca(OCl)2 and 275 mL of 6.00 M HCl are allowed to
Chromium(II) sulfate, CrSO4, is a reagent that has been used in certain applications to help reduce carbon–carbon double bonds (C=C) in molecules to single bonds (C–C). The reagent can be
In the reaction shown, 100.0 g C6H11OH yielded 64.0 g C6H10.(a) What is the theoretical yield of the reaction?(b) What is the percent yield? (c) What mass of C6H11OH would produce 100.0 g C6H10 if
Cryolite, Na3AlF6, is an important industrial reagent. It is made by the reaction below.Al2O3(s) + 6 NaOH(aq)+ 12 HF(g) → 2 Na3AlF6(s) + 9 H2O(l)In an experiment, 7.81 g Al2O3 and excess HF(g) were
Azobenzene, an intermediate in the manufacture of dyes, can be prepared from nitrobenzene by reaction with triethylene glycol in the presence of Zn and KOH. In one reaction, 0.10 L of nitrobenzene (d
Nitrogen gas, N2, can be prepared by passing gaseous ammonia over solid copper(II) oxide, CuO, at high temperatures. The other products of the reaction are solid copper, Cu, and water vapor. In a
The reaction of 15.0 g C4H9OH, 22.4 g NaBr, and 32.7 g H2SO4 yields 17.1 g C4H9Br in the reaction shown. What are the (a) Theoretical yield, (b) Actual yield, and(c) Percent yield of this
Sodium bromide, used to produce silver bromide for use in photography, can be prepared as shown. How many kilograms of iron are consumed to produce 2.50 x 103 kg NaBr?Fe + Br2 → FeBr2 FeBr2 +
High-purity silicon is obtained using a three-step process. The first step involves heating solid silicon dioxide, SiO2, with solid carbon to give solid silicon and carbon monoxide gas. In the second
Write chemical equations to represent the following reactions.(a) Limestone rock (calcium carbonate) is heated (calcined) and decomposes to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide gas.(b) Zinc sulfide ore
Write chemical equations to represent the following reactions.(a) Calcium phosphate is heated with silicon dioxide and carbon, producing calcium silicate (CaSiO3), phosphorus (P4), and carbon
The three astronauts aboard Apollo 13, which was launched in 1970 on April 11 and returned to Earth on April 17, were kept alive during their mission, in part, because of lithium hydroxide (LiOH)
Chalkboard chalk is made from calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate, with minor impurities such as SiO2 . Only the CaCO3 reacts with dilute HCl(aq). What is the mass percent CaCO3 in a piece of chalk
Hydrogen gas, H2(g), is passed over Fe2O3(s) at 400 °C. Water vapor is formed together with a black residue—a compound consisting of 72.3% Fe and 27.7% O. Write a balanced equation for this
A sulfide of iron, containing 36.5% S by mass, is heated in O2(g), and the products are sulfur dioxide and an oxide of iron containing 27.6% O, by mass. Write a balanced chemical equation for this
Water and ethanol, CH3CH2OH(l), are miscible, that is, they can be mixed in all proportions. However, when these liquids are mixed, the total volume of the resulting solution is not equal to the sum
When water and methanol, CH3OH(l), are mixed, the total volume of the resulting solution is not equal to the sum of the pure liquid volumes. When 72.061 g H2O and 192.25 g CH3OH are mixed at 25 °C,
What volume of 0.149 M HCl must be added to 1.00 x 102 mL of 0.285 M HCl so that the resulting solution has a molarity of 0.205 M? Assume that the volumes are additive.
What volume of 0.0175 M CH3OH must be added to 50.0 mL of 0.0248 M CH3OH so that the resulting solution has a molarity of exactly 0.0200 M? Assume that the volumes are additive.
What is the molarity of NaCl(aq) if a solution has 1.52 ppm Na? Assume that NaCl is the only source of Na and that the solution density is 1.00 g/mL.
How many milligrams Ca(NO3)2 must be present in 50.0 L of a solution containing 2.35 ppm Ca?
A drop (0.05 mL) of 12.0 M HCl is spread over a sheet of thin aluminum foil. Assume that all the acid reacts with, and thus dissolves through, the foil. What will be the area, in cm2, of the
A small piece of zinc is dissolved in 50.00 mL of 1.035M HCl. At the conclusion of the reaction, the concentration of the 50.00 mL sample is redetermined and found to be 0.812 M HCl. What must have
How many milliliters of 0.715 M NH4NO3 solution must be diluted with water to produce 1.00 L of a solution with a concentration of 2.37 mg N/mL?
A seawater sample has a density of 1.03 g/mL and 2.8% NaCl by mass. A saturated solution of NaCl in water is 5.45 M NaCl. How many liters of water would have to be evaporated from 1.00 x 106 L of the
A 99.8 mL sample of a solution that is 12.0% KI by mass (d = 1.093 g/mL) is added to 96.7 mL of another solution that is 14.0% Pb(NO3)2 by mass (d = 1.134 g/mL). How many grams of should
Solid calcium carbonate, CaCO3(s), reacts with HCl(aq) to form H2O, CaCl2(aq), and CO2(g). If a 45.0 g sample of CaCO3(s) is added to 1.25 L of HCl(aq) that is 25.7% HCl by mass (d = 1.13 g/mL), what
A 0.155 g sample of an Al–Mg alloy reacts with an excess of HCl(aq) to produce 0.0163 g H2. What is the percent Mg in the alloy?
In a dilute nitric acid solution, copper reacts to form copper nitrate, nitrogen monoxide, and water according to the following equation:3 Cu(s) + 8 HNO3(aq) → 3 Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2 NO(g) + 4 H2O(l)In
The following chemical equation represents the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2.2 H2O2 → O2 + 2 H2OIf the reaction started with 8.67 g of pure H2O2 and produced 3.74 g of O2, what is the
An organic liquid is either methyl alcohol (CH3OH), ethyl alcohol (CH3CH2OH), or a mixture of the two. A 0.220 g sample of the liquid is burned in an excess of O2(g) and yields 0.352 g CO2(g). Is the
The manufacture of ethyl alcohol, CH3CH2OH, yields diethyl ether, (C2H5)2O as a by-product. The complete combustion of a 1.005 g sample of the product of this process yields 1.963 g CO2. What must be
A mixture contains only CuCl2 and FeCl3. A 0.7391 g sample of the mixture is completely dissolved in water and then treated with AgNO3(aq). The following reactions occur.CuCl2(aq) + 2 AgNO3(aq) → 2
Under appropriate conditions, copper sulfate, potassium chromate, and water react to form a product containing Cu2+, CrO42- and OH- ions. Analysis of the compound yields 48.7% Cu2+, 35.6% CrO42- and
Write a chemical equation to represent the complete combustion of malonic acid, a compound with 34.62% C, 3.88% H, and 61.50% O, by mass.
Aluminum metal and iron(III) oxide react to give aluminum oxide and iron metal. What is the maximum mass of iron that can be obtained from a reaction mixture containing 2.5 g of aluminum and 9.5 g of
When sulfur (S8) and chlorine are mixed in a reaction vessel, disulfur dichloride is the sole product. The starting mixture below is represented by yellow spheres for the S8 molecules and green
Silver nitrate is a very expensive chemical. For a particular experiment, you need 100.0 mL of 0.0750 M AgNO3, but only 60 mL of 0.0500 M AgNO3 is available. You decide to pipet exactly 50.00 mL of
A method for eliminating oxides of nitrogen (e.g., NO2) from automobile exhaust gases is to pass the exhaust gases over solid cyanuric acid, C3N3(OH)3. When the hot exhaust gases come in contact with
For a specific reaction, ammonium dichromate is the only reactant and chromium(III) oxide and water are two of the three products. The third product contains only one type of atom. What is the third
It is desired to produce as large a volume of 1.25 M urea [CO(NH2)2(aq)] as possible from these three sources: 345 mL of 1.29 M CO(NH2)2, 485 mL of 0.653 M CO(NH2)2 and 835 mL of 0.775 M CO(NH2)2.
The mineral ilmenite, FeTiO3 is an important source of titanium dioxide for use as a white pigment. In the first step in its conversion to titanium dioxide, ilmenite is treated with sulfuric acid and
Refer to Exercise 126. Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate formed in the processing of ilmenite ore cannot be released into the environment. Its further treatment involves dehydration by heating to produce
Acrylonitrile is used in the production of synthetic fibers, plastics, and rubber goods. It can be prepared from propylene (propene), ammonia, and oxygen in the reaction illustrated below.(a) Write a
Melamine, C3N3(NH2)3, is used in adhesives and resins. It is manufactured in a two-step process in which urea, CO(NH2)2, is the sole starting material, isocyanic acid (HNCO) is an intermediate, and
The industrial production of hydrazine (N2H4) by the Raschig process is the topic of the Focus On feature for Chapter 4 on www.masteringchemistry.com. The following chemical equation represents the
Lead nitrate and potassium iodide react in aqueous solution to form a yellow precipitate of lead iodide. In one series of experiments, the masses of the two reactants were varied, but the total mass
Baking soda, NaHCO3, is made from soda ash, a common name for sodium carbonate. The soda ash is obtained in two ways. It can be manufactured in a process in which carbon dioxide, ammonia, sodium
It is often difficult to determine the concentration of a species in solution, particularly if it is a biological species that takes part in complex reaction pathways. One way to do this is through a
In your own words, define or explain these terms or symbols. (a) (c) stoichiometric (b) (aq) coefficient (d) overall equation
Briefly describe (a) Balancing a chemical equation;(b) Preparing a solution by dilution;(c) Determining the limiting reactant in a reaction.
Explain the important distinctions between (a) Chemical formula and chemical equation; (b) Stoichiometric coefficient and stoichiometric factor; (c) Solute and solvent; (d) Actual yield and
When the equation below is balanced, the correct set of stoichiometric coefficients is (a) 1, 6 → 1, 3, 4;(b) 1, 4 → 1, 2, 2; (c) 2, 6 → 2, 3, 2;(d) 3, 8 → 3, 4, 2.? Cu(s) + ? HNO3(aq) →
A reaction mixture contains 1.0 mol CaCN2 (calcium cyanamide) and 1.0 mol H2O. The maximum number of moles of NH3 produced is (a) 3.0; (b) 2.0;(c) Between 1.0 and 2.0; (d) Less than 1.0.CaCN2(s) +
Consider the chemical equation below. What is the maximum number of moles of K2SO4 that can be obtained from a reaction mixture containing 5.0 moles each of KMnO4, KI, and H2SO4? (a) 3.0 mol; (b)
In the decomposition of silver carbonate to form metallic silver, carbon dioxide gas, and oxygen gas,(a) One mol of oxygen gas is formed for every 2 mol of carbon dioxide gas; (b) 2 mol of silver
To obtain a solution that is 1.00 M NaNO3, you should prepare (a) 1.00 L of aqueous solution containing 100 g NaNO3; (b) 1 kg of aqueous solution containing 85.0 g NaNO3; (c) 5.00 L of aqueous
What is the volume (in mL) of 0.160 M KNO3 that must be added to 200.0 mL of 0.240 M K2SO4 to produce a solution having [K+] = 0.400 M?
To prepare a solution that is 0.50 M KCl starting with 100.0 mL of 0.40 M KCl, you should (a) Add 20.0 mL of water; (b) Add 0.075 g KCl; (c) Add 0.10 mol KCl;(d) Evaporate 20.0 mL of water.
An aqueous solution that is 5.30% LiBr by mass has a density of 1.040 g/mL. What is the molarity of this solution? (a) 0.563 M; (b) 0.635 M; (c) 0.0635 M;(d) 0.0563 M; (e) 12.0 M.
In the reaction of 2.00 mol CCl4 with an excess of HF, 1.70 mol CCl2F2 is obtained.CCl4 + 2 HF → CCl2F2 + 2 HCl(a) The theoretical yield is 1.70 mol CCl2F2.(b) The theoretical yield is 1.00 mol
Consider the reaction 2 Fe2O3 + 3 C → 4 Fe + 3 CO2. What is the maximum mass of Fe that can be obtained from a reaction mixture containing 18.0 g Fe2O3 and 2.5 g C?
A 26.4 g sample of a mixture of NaOH and CaO contains 40.0% CaO. When the sample is treated with aqueous HCl, the following reactions occur: NaOH(s) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)CaO(s) + 2 HCl(aq)
The incomplete combustion of gasoline produces CO(g) as well as CO2(g). Write an equation for (a) The complete combustion of the gasoline component octane, C8H18(l), and (b) Incomplete combustion
The minerals calcite, CaCO3, magnesite, MgCO3, and dolomite, CaCO3 · MgCO3, decompose when strongly heated to form the corresponding metal oxide(s) and carbon dioxide gas. A 1.000 g sample known to
A 1.000 g sample of a mixture of CH4 and C2H6 is analyzed by burning it completely in O2, yielding 2.776 g CO2. What is the percentage by mass of CH4 in the mixture? (a) 93%; (b) 82%; (c)
(A) A 1.00 g sample of a magnesium-aluminum alloy yields 0.107 g H2 when treated with an excess of HCl(aq). What is the percentage by mass of Al in the alloy?(B) A 1.500 g sample of a mixture
Magnesium–aluminum alloys are widely used in aircraft construction. One particular alloy contains 70.0% Al and 30.0% Mg, by mass. How many grams of H2(g) are produced in the reaction of a 0.710 g
A laboratory method of preparing O2(g) involves the decomposition of KClO3(s).(a) How many moles of O2(g) can be produced by the decomposition of 32.8 g KClO3?(b) How many grams of KClO3 must
A mixture of Fe2O3 and FeO was analyzed and found to be 72.0% Fe by mass. What is the percentage by mass of Fe2O3 in the mixture?
When a solid mixture of MgCO3 and CaCO3 is heated strongly, carbon dioxide gas is given off and a solid mixture of MgO and CaO is obtained. If a 24.00 g sample of a mixture of MgCO3 and CaCO3
Which answer has the correct number of significant figures? (a) (14.7 + 24.312) x 87.27 = 3405 (b) (58 + 18 + 51) / 3.000 = 42 (c) [97.2 / (114 - 37)] = 1.26 (d) (1.172 - 0.4963)(4.193) =
Compared with its mass on Earth, the mass of the same object on the moon should be (a) Less; (b) More; (c) The same; (d) Nearly the same, but somewhat less.
For each of the following compounds, write a balanced chemical equation for forming the compound from its elements. What is the percent atom economy in each case? (a) RbBrO4; (b) H2SO4;(c)
Nitric acid, HNO3, can be manufactured from ammonia, NH3, by using the three reactions shown below.Step 1: 4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) → 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(l)Step 2: 2 NO(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO2(g)Step 3: 3
What are the principal reasons that one theory might be adopted over a conflicting one?
The predicted high temperature for New Delhi, India, on a given day is 41 °C. Is this temperature higher or lower than the predicted daytime high of 103 °F for the same day in Phoenix, Arizona,
Consider a 58.35 g hexagonal block of wood that is 5.00 cm on edge and 1.25 cm thick, with a 2.50 cm diameter hole drilled through its center. Also given are the densities of the liquids hexane (d =
(A) A recipe in an American cookbook calls for roasting a cut of meat at 350 °F. What is this temperature on the Celsius scale? (B) A particular automobile engine coolant has antifreeze protection
Is the common saying “The exception proves the rule” a good statement of the scientific method? Explain.
The stainless steel in the solid cylindrical rod pictured below has a density of 7.75 g/cm3. If we want a 1.00 kg mass of this rod, how long a section must we cut off? Refer to the inside back cover
Can one predict how many experiments are required to verify a natural law? Explain.
(A) To determine the density of trichloroethylene, a liquid used to degrease electronic components, a flask is first weighed empty (108.6 g). It is then filled with 125 mL of the trichloroethylene to
Would either the two-pan beam balance or the electronic balance yield the same result for the mass of an object measured on the moon as that measured for the same object on Earth? Explain.
A common belief among scientists is that there exists an underlying order to nature. Einstein described this belief in the words “God is subtle, but He is not malicious.” What do you think
A chunk of coal is weighed twice while suspended from a spring scale (see Figure 1-10). When the coal is suspended in air, the scale registers 156 g; when the coal is suspended underwater at 20 °C,
(A) A graduated cylinder contains 33.8 mL of water. A stone with a mass of 28.4 g is placed in the cylinder and the water level rises to 44.1 mL. What is the density of the stone? (B) In the
Can there be a temperature at which °C and °F have the same value? Can there be more than one such temperature? Explain.
Describe several ways in which a scientific law differs from a legislative law.
A 75 g sample of sodium chloride (table salt) is to be produced by evaporating to dryness a quantity of seawater containing 3.5% sodium chloride by mass. What volume of seawater, in liters, must be
(A) How many kilograms of ethanol are present in 25 L of a gasohol solution that is 90% gasoline to 10% ethanol by mass? The density of gasohol is 0.71 g/mL.(B) Common rubbing alcohol is a solution
Approximately what fraction of its volume is submerged when a 1.00 kg block of wood (d = 0.68 g/cm3) floats on water?
Express the result of the following calculation with the correct number of significant figures. 0.225 × 0.0035 2.16 x 10-² || ?
(A) Perform the following calculation, and express the result with the appropriate number of significant figures. (B) Perform the following calculation, and express the result with the appropriate
Describe the necessary characteristics of an experiment that is suitable to test a theory.
Can a set of measurements be precise without being accurate? Can the average of a set of measurements be accurate and the individual measurements be imprecise? Explain.
Describe the necessary characteristics of a scientific theory.
(A) Express the result of the following calculation with the appropriate number of significant figures. 0.236 + 128.55 - 102.1 = ? (B) Perform the following calculation, and express the result with
Express the result of the following calculation with the correct number of significant figures.(2.06 x 102) + (1.32 x 104) - (1.26 x 103) = ?

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