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general chemistry principles

General Chemistry Principles And Modern Applications 11th Edition Ralph Petrucci, Jeffry Madura, F. Herring, Carey Bissonnette - Solutions

State whether the following properties of matter are physical or chemical. (a) An iron nail is attracted to a magnet. (b) A piece of paper spontaneously ignites when its temperature reaches 451 °F. (c) A bronze statue develops a green coating (patina) over time. (d) A block of wood floats on
State whether the following properties are physical or chemical. (a) A piece of sliced apple turns brown. (b) A slab of marble feels cool to the touch. (c) A sapphire is blue. (d) A clay pot fired in a kiln becomes hard and covered by a glaze.
Indicate whether each sample of matter listed is a substance or a mixture; if it is a mixture, indicate whether it is homogeneous or heterogeneous. (a) Clean fresh air (b) A silver-plated spoon (c) Garlic salt (d) Ice
Indicate whether each sample of matter listed is a substance or a mixture; if it is a mixture, indicate whether it is homogeneous or heterogeneous. (a) A wooden beam (b) Red ink (c) Distilled water (d) Freshly squeezed orange juice.
Suggest physical changes by which the following mixtures can be separated. (a) Iron filings and wood chips (b) Ground glass and sucrose (cane sugar) (c) Water and olive oil (d) Gold flakes and water.
What type of change—physical or chemical—is necessary to separate the following? [Hint: Refer to a listing of the elements.] (a) Sugar from a sand/sugar mixture (b) Iron from iron oxide (rust) (c) Pure water from seawater (d) Water from a slurry of sand in water.
Express each number in exponential notation. (a) 8950.; (b) 10,700.; (c) 0.0240; (d) 0.0047; (e) 938.3; (f) 275,482.
Express each number in common decimal form (a) 5.12 x 10³; (b) 8.05 x 105; (c) 291.1 × 104; (d) 72.1 x 10-2.
Express each value in exponential form. Where appropriate, include units in your answer. (a) speed of sound (sea level): 34,000 centimeters per second (b) equatorial radius of Earth: 6378 kilometers (c) the distance between the two hydrogen atoms in the hydrogen molecule: 74 trillionths of a
Express each value in exponential form. Where appropriate, include units in your answer. (a) solar radiation received by Earth: 173 thousand trillion watts (b) average human cell diameter: 1 ten-millionth of a meter (c) the distance between the centers of the atoms in silver metal: 142 trillionths
Indicate whether each of the following is an exact number or a measured quantity subject to uncertainty. (a) The number of sheets of paper in a ream of paper (b) The volume of milk in a liter bottle (c) The distance between Earth and the sun (d) The distance between the centers of the two
Indicate whether each of the following is an exact number or a measured quantity subject to uncertainty. (a) The number of pages in this text (b) The number of days in the month of January (c) The area of a city lot (d) The distance between the centers of the atoms in a gold medal
How many significant figures are shown in each of the following? If this is indeterminate, explain why. (a) 450; (b) 98.6; (c) 0.0033; (d) 902.10; (e) 0.02173; (f) 7000; (g) 7.02; (h) 67,000,000
Express each of the following to four significant figures. (a) 3984.6; (b) 422.04; (c) 186,000; (d) 33,900; (e) 6.321 x 104; (f) 5.0472 x 10-4.
Perform the following calculations; express each answer in exponential form and with the appropriate number of significant figures. (a) 0.406 x 0.0023 (b) 0.1357 X 16.80 x 0.096 = (c) 0.458 +0.12 - 0.037 = (d) 32.18 +0.055 1.652 =
Perform the following calculations; express each number and the answer in exponential form and with the appropriate number of significant figures. (a) (b) (c) (d) 320 × 24.9 0.080 432.7 X 6.5 X 0.002300 62 × 0.103 32.44 + 4.9 0.304 82.94 8.002+0.3040 13.40.066 1.02 +
Perform the following calculations and retain the appropriate number of significant figures in each result. (a) (38.4 x 10³) X (6.36 x 105) = (1.45 10²) x (8.76 × 10-4) (b) (9.2 x 10-³)2 (c) 24.6 18.35 2.98 = (d) (1.646 x 10³) (2.18 x 10²) + [(1.36 × 10¹) X (5.17 x 10-²)] = (e) -7.29 x
Express the result of each of the following calculations in exponential form and with the appropriate number of significant figures. (a) (4.65 x 104) × (2.95 x 10-2) × (6.663 x 10-³) × 8.2 = 1912 (0.0077 x 10¹) × (3.12 × 10³) (b) 3 (4.18 x 10-4)³ (c) (3.46 × 10³) × 0.087 x 15.26 x
An American press release describing the 1986 nonstop, round-the-world trip by the ultra-lightweight aircraft Voyager included the following data: Flight distance: 25,012 mi Flight time: 9 days, 3 minutes, 44 seconds Fuel capacity: nearly 9000 lb Fuel remaining at end of flight: 14 gal To the
Use the concept of significant figures to criticize the way in which the following information was presented. “The estimated proved reserve of natural gas as of January 1, 1982, was 2,911,346 trillion cubic feet.”
Perform the following conversions. (a) 0.127 L = (b) 15.8 mL = 3 (c) 981 cm³ 3 (d) 2.65 m³ mL L L 3 cm
Perform the following conversions. (a) 2.35 kg = (b) 792 g = kg (c) 3869 mm (d) 0.043 cm = 6.0 cm mm
Perform the following conversions from non-SI to SI units. (Use information from the inside back cover, as needed.) (a) 68.4 in = (b) 94 ft = (c) 1.42 lb (d) 248 lb = (e) 1.85 gal (f) 3.72 qt = cm m g kg dm³ mL
Determine the number of the following: (a) square meters (m²) in 1 square kilometer (km²) (b) cubic centimeters (cm³) in 1 cubic meter (m³) (c) square meters (m²) in 1 square mile (mi²) (1 mi = 5280 ft)
Which is the greater mass, 3245 μg or 0.00515 mg? Explain.
Which is the greater mass, 3257 mg or 0.000475 kg? Explain.
The non-SI unit, the hand (used by equestrians), is 4 inches. What is the height, in meters, of a horse that stands 15 hands high?
The unit furlong is used in horse racing. The units chain and link are used in surveying. There are exactly 8 furlongs in 1 mi, 10 chains in 1 furlong, and 100 links in 1 chain. To three significant figures, what is the length of 1 link in centimeters?
A sprinter runs the 100 yd dash in 9.3 s. At this same rate, (a) How long would it take the sprinter to run 100.0 m? (b) What is the sprinter’s speed in meters per second? (c) How long would it take the sprinter to run a distance of 1.45 km?
A non-SI unit of mass used in pharmaceutical work is the grain (gr) (15 gr = 1.0g ). An aspirin tablet contains 5.0 gr of aspirin. A 161 lb arthritic individual takes two aspirin tablets per day. (a) What is the quantity of aspirin in two tablets, expressed in milligrams? (b) What is the dosage
In SI units, land area is measured in hectares (1 hectares = 1 hm2). The commonly used unit for land area in the United States is the acre. How many acres correspond to 1 hectare? (1 hm2 = 640 acres, 1 mi = 5280 ft, 1 ft = 12 in).
In an engineering reference book, you find that the density of iron is 0.824 Ib/in3. What is the density in g/cm3?
In a user’s manual accompanying an American-made automobile, a typical gauge pressure for optimal performance of automobile tires is 32 Ib/in2. What is this pressure in grams per square centimeter and kilograms per square meter?
The volume of a red blood cell is about 90.0 x 10-12 cm3. Assuming that red blood cells are spherical, what is the diameter of a red blood cell in millimeters?
We want to mark off a thermometer in both Celsius and Fahrenheit temperatures. On the Celsius scale, the lowest temperature mark is at -10 °C and the highest temperature mark is at 50 °C. What are the equivalent Fahrenheit temperatures?
The highest and lowest temperatures on record for San Bernardino, California, are 118 °F and 17 °F, respectively. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?
The absolute zero of temperature is -273.15 °C. Should it be possible to achieve a temperature of -465 °F? Explain.
A family/consumer science class is given an assignment in candy-making that requires a sugar mixture to be brought to a “soft-ball” stage (234–240 °F). A student borrows a thermometer having a range from -10 °C to 110 °C from the chemistry laboratory to do this assignment. Will this
You decide to establish a new temperature scale on which the melting point of mercury (1-38.9 °C) is 0 °M, and the boiling point of mercury (356.9 °C) is 100 °M. What would be (a) The boiling point of water in °M; and (b) The temperature of absolute zero in °M?
You decide to establish a new temperature scale on which the melting point of ammonia (1-77.75 °C) is 0 °A and the boiling point of ammonia (-33.35 °C) is 100 °A. What would be (a) The boiling point of water in °A; and (b) The temperature of absolute zero in °A?
A 2.18 L sample of butyric acid, a substance present in rancid butter, has a mass of 2088 g. What is the density of butyric acid in grams per milliliter?
A 15.2 L sample of chloroform at 20 °C has a mass of 22.54 kg. What is the density of chloroform at 20 °C, in grams per milliliter?
To determine the density of acetone, a 55.0 gal drum is weighed twice. The drum weighs 75.0 lb when empty and 437.5 lb when filled with acetone. What is the density of acetone expressed in grams per milliliter?
To determine the volume of an irregularly shaped glass vessel, the vessel is weighed empty (121.3 g) and when filled with carbon tetrachloride (283.2 g). What is the volume capacity of the vessel, in milliliters, given that the density of carbon tetrachloride is 1.59 g/mL.
A solution consisting of 8.50% acetone and 91.5% water by mass has a density of 0.9867 g/mL. What mass of acetone, in kilograms, is present in 7.50 L of the solution?
A solution contains 10.05% sucrose (cane sugar) by mass. What mass of the solution, in grams, is needed for an application that requires 1.00 kg of sucrose?
A fertilizer contains 21% nitrogen by mass. What mass of this fertilizer, in kilograms, is required for an application requiring 225 g of nitrogen?
A vinegar sample is found to have a density of 1.006 g/mL and to contain 5.4% acetic acid by mass. How many grams of acetic acid are present in 1.00 L of this vinegar?
Calculate the mass of a block of iron (d = 7.86 g/cm3) with dimensions of 52.8 cm x 6.74 cm x 3.73 cm.
The following densities are given at 20 °C: water, 0.998 g/cm3; iron, 7.86 g/cm3; aluminum, 2.70 g/cm3. Arrange the following items in terms of increasing mass. (a) a rectangular bar of iron, 81.5 cm x 2.1 cm X 1.6 cm (b) a sheet of aluminum foil, 12.12 m x 3.62 m X 0.003 cm (c) 4.051 L of water
Calculate the mass of a cylinder of stainless steel (d = 7.75 g/cm3) with a height of 18.35 cm and a radius of 1.88 cm.
To determine the approximate mass of a small spherical shot of copper, the following experiment is performed. When 125 pieces of the shot are counted out and added to 8.4 mL of water in a graduated cylinder, the total volume becomes 8.9 mL. The density of copper is 8.92 g/cm3. Determine the
The angle iron pictured here is made of steel with a density of 7.78 g/cm3. What is the mass, in grams, of this object? 12.78 cm 1.35 cm -10.26 cm 11.35 cm 2.75 cm
The density of aluminum is 2.70 g/cm3. A square piece of aluminum foil, 22.86 cm on a side is found to weigh 2.568 g. What is the thickness of the foil, in millimeters?
In normal blood, there are about 5.4 x 109 red blood cells per milliliter. The volume of a red blood cell is about 90.0 x 10-12 cm3 and its density is 1.096 g/mL. How many liters of whole blood would be needed to collect 0.5 kg of red blood cells?
A technique once used by geologists to measure the density of a mineral is to mix two dense liquids in such proportions that the mineral grains just float. When a sample of the mixture in which the mineral calcite just floats is put in a special density bottle, the weight is 15.4448 g. When empty,
In a class of 76 students, the results of a particular examination were 7 A’s, 22 B’s, 37 C’s, 8 D’s, 2 F’s. What was the percent distribution of grades, that is, % A’s, % B’s, and so on?
A class of 84 students had a final grade distribution of 18% A’s, 25% B’s, 32% C’s, 13% D’s, 12% F’s. How many students received each grade?
A solution of sucrose in water is 28.0% sucrose by mass and has a density of 1.118 g/mL. What mass of sucrose, in grams, is contained in 3.50 L of this solution?
A solution containing 12.0% sodium hydroxide by mass in water has a density of 1.131 g/mL. What volume of this solution, in liters, must be used in an application requiring 2.75 kg of sodium hydroxide?
For a solution containing 6.38% para-dichlorobenzene by mass in benzene, the density of the solution as a function of temperature (t) in the temperature range 15 to 65 °C is given by the equation d(g/mL) = 1.5794 1.836 × 10-³ (15) X At what temperature will the solution have a density of 1.543
According to the rules on significant figures, the product of the measured quantities 99.9 m and 1.008 m should be expressed to three significant figures—101 m2. Yet, in this case, it would be more appropriate to express the result to four significant figures— 100.7 m2 Explain why.
A solution used to chlorinate a home swimming pool contains 7% chlorine by mass. An ideal chlorine level for the pool is one part per million (1 ppm). (Think of 1 ppm as being 1 g chlorine per million grams of water.) If you assume densities of 1.10 g/mL for the chlorine solution and for the
A standard 1.000 kg mass is to be cut from a bar of steel having an equilateral triangular cross section with sides equal to 2.50 in. The density of the steel is 7.70 g/cm3. How many inches long must the section of bar be?
The volume of seawater on Earth is about 330,000,000 mi3. If seawater is 3.5% sodium chloride by mass and has a density of 1.03 g/mL, what is the approximate mass of sodium chloride, in tons, dissolved in the seawater on Earth (1 ton = 2000 lb)?
The diameter of metal wire is often referred to by its American wire-gauge number. A 16-gauge wire has a diameter of 0.05082 in. What length of wire, in meters, is found in a 1.00 lb spool of 16-gauge copper wire? The density of copper is 8.92 g/cm3.
Magnesium occurs in seawater to the extent of 1.4 g magnesium per kilogram of seawater. What volume of seawater, in cubic meters, would have to be processed to produce 1.50 x 105 tons of magnesium (1 ton = 2000 lb)? Assume a density of 1.025 g/mL for seawater.
A typical rate of deposit of dust (“dustfall”) from unpolluted air was reported as 10 tons per square mile per month. (a) Express this dustfall in milligrams per square meter per hour. (b) If the dust has an average density of 2 g/cm3, how long would it take to accumulate a layer of dust 1 mm
In the United States, the volume of irrigation water is usually expressed in acre-feet. One acre-foot is a volume of water sufficient to cover 1 acre of land to a depth of 1 ft (640 acres = 1 mi2 ; 1 mi = 5280 ft). The principal lake in the California Water Project is Lake Oroville, whose water
The accompanying illustration shows a 100.0 mL graduated cylinder half-filled with 8.0 g of diatomaceous earth, a material consisting mostly of silica and used as a filtering medium in swimming pools. How many milliliters of water are required to fill the cylinder to the 100.0 mL mark? The
A Fahrenheit and a Celsius thermometer are immersed in the same medium. At what Celsius temperature will the numerical reading on the Fahrenheit thermometer be (a) 49° less than that on the Celsius thermometer; (b) Twice that on the Celsius thermometer; (c) One-eighth that on the Celsius
The simple device pictured here, a pycnometer, is used for precise density determinations. From the data presented, together with the fact that the density of water at 20 °C is 0.99821 g/mL, determine the density of methanol, in grams per milliliter. Empty 25.601 g Filled with water at 20 °C:
If the pycnometer of Exercise 78 is filled with ethanol at 20 °C instead of methanol, the observed mass is 33.470 g. What is the density of ethanol? How precisely could you determine the composition of an ethanol–methanol solution by measuring its density with a pycnometer? Assume that the
A pycnometer (see Exercise 78) weighs 25.60 g empty and 35.55 g when filled with water at 20 °C. The density of water at 20 °C is 0.9982 g/mL. When 10.20 g of lead is placed in the pycnometer and the pycnometer is again filled with water at 20 °C, the total mass is 44.83 g. What is the density
The Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) chlorinates the water supply of the region at the rate of 1 ppm, that is, 1 kilogram of chlorine per million kilograms of water. The chlorine is introduced in the form of sodium hypochlorite, which is 47.62% chlorine. The population of the GVRD is 1.8
The following equation can be used to relate the density of liquid water to Celsius temperature in the range from 0 °C to about 20 °C: (a) To four significant figures, determine the density of water at 10 °C. (b) At what temperature does water have a density of 0.99860 g/cm3. (c) In the
A Boeing 767 due to fly from Montreal to Edmonton required refueling. Because the fuel gauge on the aircraft was not working, a mechanic used a dipstick to determine that 7682 L of fuel were left on the plane. The plane required 22,300 kg of fuel to make the trip. In order to determine the volume
A piece of high-density Styrofoam measuring 24.0 cm by 36.0 cm by 5.0 cm floats when placed in a tub of water. When a 1.5 kg book is placed on top of the Styrofoam, the Styrofoam partially sinks, as illustrated in the diagram below. Assuming that the density of water is 1.00 g/mL, what is the
A tabulation of data lists the following equation for calculating the densities (d) of solutions of naphthalene in benzene at 30 °C as a function of the mass percent of naphthalene. Use the equation above to calculate (a) The density of pure benzene at 30 °C; (b) The density of pure
The total volume of ice in the Antarctic is about 3.01 x 107 km3. If all the ice in the Antarctic were to melt completely, estimate the rise, h, in sea level that would result from the additional liquid water entering the oceans. The densities of ice and fresh water are 0.92 g/cm3 and 1.0 g/cm3,
An empty 3.00 L bottle weighs 1.70 kg. Filled with a certain wine, it weighs 4.72 kg. The wine contains 11.5% ethyl alcohol by mass. How many grams of ethyl alcohol are there in 250.0 mL of this wine?
In an attempt to determine any possible relationship between the year in which a U.S. penny was minted and its current mass (in grams), students weighed an assortment of pennies and obtained the following data. What valid conclusion(s) might they have drawn about the relationship between the
The filament in an incandescent light bulb is made from tungsten metal (d = 19.3 g/cm3) that has been drawn into a very thin wire. The diameter of the wire is difficult to measure directly, so it is sometimes estimated by measuring the mass of a fixed length of wire. If a 0.200 m length of tungsten
Blood alcohol content (BAC) is sometimes reported in weight-volume percent and, when it is, a BAC of 0.10% corresponds to 0.10 g of ethyl alcohol per 100 mL of blood. In many jurisdictions, a person is considered legally intoxicated if his or her BAC is 0.10%. Suppose that a 68 kg person has a
The Galileo thermometer shown in the photograph is based on the dependence of density on temperature. The liquid in the outer cylinder and the liquid in the partially filled floating glass balls are the same except that a colored dye has been added to the liquid in the balls. Explain how the
In the third century B.C., the Greek mathematician Archimedes is said to have discovered an important principle that is useful in density determinations. The story told is that King Hiero of Syracuse (in Sicily) asked Archimedes to verify that an ornate crown made for him by a goldsmith consisted
The accompanying sketches suggest four observations made on a small block of plastic material. Tell what conclusions can be drawn from each sketch, and conclude by giving your best estimate of the density of the plastic. 50.0 g (a) Ethanol (b) Bromoform, d = 2.890 g/mL (c) Water, 20°C 100 5,6
The canoe gliding gracefully along the water in the photograph is made of concrete, which has a density of about 2.4 g/cm3. Explain why the canoe does not sink.
The MCO was lost because of a mix-up in the units used to calculate the force needed to correct its trajectory. Ground-based computers generated the force correction file. On September 29, 1999, it was discovered that the forces reported by the ground-based computer for use in MCO navigation
In your own words, define or explain the following terms or symbols: (a) mL; (b) % by mass;(c) °C; (d) density; (e) Element.
Briefly describe each of the following ideas: (a) SI base units; (b) Significant figures; (c) Natural law; (d) Exponential notation.
Explain the important distinctions between each pair of terms: (a) Mass and weight; (b) Intensive and extensive properties; (c) Substance and mixture; (d) Systematic and random errors; (e) Hypothesis and theory.
A procedure designed to test the truth or the validity of an explanation for many observations is called (a) A law; (b) A theory; (c) An experiment; (d) A hypothesis; (e) None of these.
The fact that the volume of a fixed amount of gas at a fixed temperature is inversely proportional to the gas pressure is an example of (a) A hypothesis; (b) A theory; (c) A paradigm; (d) The absolute truth; (e) A natural law.
If a sample of matter cannot be separated by physical means or decomposed by chemical means, the sample is (a) A homogeneous mixture; (b) A heterogeneous mixture; (c) An element; (d) A compound; (e) A pure substance.
A good example of a homogeneous mixture is (a) A cola drink in a tightly capped bottle (b) Distilled water leaving a distillation apparatus (c) Oxygen gas in a cylinder used in welding (d) The material produced in a kitchen blender.
Which two of the following masses are expressed to the nearest milligram? (a) 32.7 g; (b) 0.03271 kg; (c) 32.7068 g; (d) 32.707 g; (e) 30.7 mg; (f) 3 x 103 μg.
The highest temperature of the following group is (a) 217 K; (b) 273 K; (c) 217 °F; (d) 105 °C; (e) 373 K.
Which of the following quantities has the greatest mass? (a) 752 mL of water at 20 °C (b) 1.05 L of ethanol at 20 °C (d = 0.789 g/mL) (c) 750 g of chloroform at 20 °C (d = 1.483 g/mL) (d) A cube of balsa wood (d = 0.11 g/cm3) that is 19.20 cm on edge.
Two students each made four measurements of the mass of an object. Their results are shown in the table below. The exact mass of the object is 51.0 g. Whose results are more precise, Student A’s or Student B’s? Whose results are more accurate? Four measurements: Their average: Student A 51.6,

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