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statistics
elementary statistics in social research
Elementary Statistics In Social Research 12th Edition Jack A. Levin, James Alan Fox, David R. Forde - Solutions
Using the General Social Survey, determine whether there is a difference in the number of hours spent on e-mails (EMAILHR), comparing men and women (SEX). Hint: ANALYZE, COMPARE MEANS, INDEPENDENT SAMPLES T TEST, and set SEX as the grouping variable with “Male” as “1” and “Female” as
Using the General Social Survey, determine whether there is a difference in the number of hours spent on e-mails (EMAILHR), comparing people under age 65 to people over age 65 (AGE). Hint: ANALYZE, COMPARE MEANS, INDEPENDENT SAMPLES T TEST, and set AGE as the grouping variable with 65 used as the
The larger the z score,a. The greater the distance of our mean difference from zero.b. The more likely we are to reject the null hypothesis.c. The more likely that our result is significant.d. All of the above
Is there a gender difference in highest year of school completed? Using the General Social Survey find out whether highest year of education completed (EDUC) differs by sex (SEX).
At P = .01, a mean difference in a sampling distribution occursa. By sampling error once in every 100 mean differences.b. By sampling error more than 99 times in every 100 mean differences.c. Very frequently by sampling error.
Use the General Social Survey to find out whether there is a statistically significant difference in self-reports of poor mental health during the past 30 days comparing males to females (MNTLHLTH and SEX).
The level of probability at which the null hypothesis can be rejected with confidence is known as thea. Level of significance.b. Distribution.c. Degrees of freedom.d. All of the above
Use the General Social Survey to find out whether there is a statistically significant difference in self-reports of poor physical health during the past 30 days comparing males to females (PHYSHLTH and SEX).
The farther out in the tail of a distribution our critical value falls, the greater the risk of making aa. Type I error.b. Type II error.c. Type I and Type II errors.d. Type III error.
Analyze the General Social Survey to find out whether there is a statistically significant difference in self-reports about the frequency of sex during the past year comparing males to females (SEXFREQ and SEX). Note you will need to make an assumption that SEXFREQ is an interval level variable
Use the General Social Survey to find out whether there is a statistically significant difference in self-reports of income comparing males to females (REALRINC and SEX).
The larger the calculated t value, the more likely we are toa. Retain the null hypothesis.b. Reject the null hypothesis.c. Conclude that our result is not statistically significant.
Analyze the General Social Survey to find out if there is a statistically significant difference in self-reports in the number of hours worked last week comparing males to females (HRS1 and SEX).
In a statistical sense, “significant” meansa. Important.b. Large.c. Real.d. Unlikely to be found in the population.
When you predict that a result will be in one or another direction (for example, that a particular treatment will reduce recidivism), you would use aa. One-tailed test.b. Two-tailed test.c. Three-tailed test.d. No-tailed test.
A sociologist is interested in the effects of racism on birth weight. He constructs a dataset containing the birth weight of African American children (in pounds) and their mothers’ self-reported experience with racism during their pregnancy. He divides the children into two groups—those whose
Which of the following is not a requirement for employing a t test?a. A comparison between two meansb. Random samplingc. A normal distributiond. Nominal data
A researcher is interested in understanding whether the mean time to complete a four-year college degree varies based on gender. She draws a sample of 12 college graduates—6 men and 6 women, and asks them how many years they took to finish their degree. Assuming that the data are drawn from a
A two-tailed significance test suggests thata. The resulting outcome has a particular direction (that is, a clinical treatment produces a decrease in symptoms).b. The resulting outcome is unlikely.c. The resulting outcome is likely.d. The resulting outcome may be in either direction (that is, a
The exact probability of obtaining an outcome when the null hypothesis is true is known asa. The a level.b. Type I error.c. The P value.d. Type II error.
The Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) is standardized to have a population mean μ = 500 and a population standard deviation σ = 100. Suppose that a researcher gives the SAT to a random sample of 50 males and 50 females, yielding sample means of 511 and 541, respectively. Based on these samples’
A social researcher is interested in understanding the effect of college education on wages. Listed below are the hourly wages for two groups of employees all working in the same position at a particular technology firm. The workers in one group have earned an associate’s degree while members of
A criminologist was interested in whether there was any disparity in sentencing based on the race of the defendant. She selected at random 18 burglary convictions and compared the prison terms given to the 10 white defendants and 8 black defendants sampled. The sentence lengths (in years) are
A personnel consultant was hired to study the influence of sick-pay benefits on absenteeism. She randomly selected samples of hourly employees who do not get paid when out sick and salaried employees who receive sick pay. Using the following data on the number of days absent during a one-year
A social psychologist was interested in sex differences in the sociability of teenagers. Using the number of good friends as a measure, he compared the sociability of eight female and seven male teenagers. Test the null hypothesis of no difference with respect to sociability between females and
Samples of Republicans and Democrats were asked to rate on a scale from 1 to 7 their opinion of prayer in public schools, with 1 being the most opposed to school prayer and 7 being the most in favor of school prayer. Given the following scores, test the null hypothesis of no difference between
A computer company conducted a “new and improved” course designed to train its service representatives in learning to repair personal computers. Twenty trainees were split into two groups on a random basis: 10 took the customary course and 10 took the new course. At the end of six weeks, all 20
A social psychologist is interested in understanding how the use of anti-depressants affects an individual’s social life. He creates a scale where a score of 10 equals “highly social” and 1 indicates “highly unsocial.” The psychologist then asks his subjects several questions before
From the General Social Survey, test whether the number of hours per day that people have to relax (HRSRELAX) varies by marital status (MARITAL). Hint: select ANALYZE, COMPARE MEANS, ONE-WAY ANOVA. Note also that the Tukey test is selected in the Post Hoc button and that means and standard
Based on the General Social Survey, test whether the number of self-reports of poor mental health during the past 30 days (MNTLHLTH) varies by marital status (MARITAL) using one-way ANOVA with the Tukey test and selecting means and standard deviations as an option.
The analysis of variance produces an F ratio in which the denominator represents an estimate ofa. The total sum of squares.b. The total variation.c. Variation between groups.d. Variation within groups.
Reanalyze the example on film content that was presented in this chapter. Notice that the data set is structured with empathy scored on a scale ranging from none (0) to high (10).Sexual content is a categorical variable measured as non-sexual (1) or sexual (2). Violent content is also a categorical
Based on the General Social Survey, test whether the number of e-mail hours per week (EMAILHRS) varies by age group (AGE recoded into a new variable AGEGRP) using oneway ANOVA with the Tukey test and selecting means and standard deviations as an option. Before doing your analysis, recode age into a
For an F ratio to be statistically significant, the between-groups mean square must bea. Greater than the total sum of squares.b. Greater than the within-groups mean square.c. Less than the within-groups mean square.d. Less than the within-groups sum of squares.
Analyze two variables of your choice from the General Social Survey using one-way ANOVA. Remember the dependent variable needs to be an interval/ratio level variable and the independent variable needs to have three or more categories.
If a calculated F ratio is larger than the value in Table D, it means there isa. A significant difference between groups and the null hypothesis can be rejected.b. A significant difference between groups and the null hypothesis can be retained.c. Not a significant difference between groups and the
To find a significant difference with an analysis of variance, you hope to maximizea. The between-groups mean square.b. The within-groups mean square.c. The within-groups sum of square.d. Variation within groups.
Use the GLM procedure in SPSS to test whether respondents’ income (CONRINC) varies by marital status (MARITAL) and sex (SEX).a. Are the main effects for marital status and sex significant?b. Is the interaction effect significant?
Conduct a multiple comparison of means by Tukey’s method to determine exactly where the significant differences occur in Problem 12.Data From Problem 12A pediatrician speculated that frequency of visits to her office may be influenced by type of medical insurance coverage. As an exploratory
The F ratio is larger whena. The between-groups mean square is smaller.b. The within-groups mean square is smaller.c. The difference between means is smaller.d. None of the above
Construct a multiple comparison of means by Tukey’s method to determine precisely where the significant differences occur in Problem 10.Data From Problem 10A researcher is interested in the effect type of residence has on the personal happiness of college students. She selects samples of
Using the following random sample of death records by neighborhood type, test the null hypothesis that life expectancy in years does not vary by socioeconomic condition of a neighborhood. Subsidized
A multiple comparison of means is necessary when the analysis of variance results ina. A significant difference between two means.b. A nonsignificant difference between two means.c. A significant difference among three or more means.d. A nonsignificant difference among three or more means.
Which of the following is not a requirement of analysis of variance?a. A comparison of three or more independent meansb. Random samplingc. A normal distributiond. Ordinal data
Construct a multiple comparison of means by Tukey’s HSD method to determine precisely where the significant differences occur in Problem 15.Data From Problem 15A researcher is interested in the effect of employment on satisfaction with marriage. He selects a random sample of 16 married adults who
A researcher is interested in the effect of employment on satisfaction with marriage. He selects a random sample of 16 married adults who are employed full-time, employed parttime, temporarily unemployed, or chronically unemployed. He asks respondents to rate their satisfaction in marriage on a
A researcher conducts a study to determine which terrorist organization—Hamas, Hezbollah, or Al Qaeda—poses the greatest threat to innocent civilians. The researcher examines 15 randomly selected bombing attacks committed by these organizations and calculates the number of casualties per
Construct a multiple comparison of means by Tukey’s HSD method to determine precisely where the significant differences occur in Problem 17.Data From Problem 17A researcher conducts a study to determine which terrorist organization—Hamas, Hezbollah, or Al Qaeda—poses the greatest threat to
Does one’s relationship status affect how many vacation days a person takes in a year? Using these data collected from samples of adults, test the null hypothesis (that status does not affect the number of vacation days taken). Ongoing Single Relationship 11 13 17 9 23 14 11 33 24 17 29 23 Civil
A researcher wishes to determine whether exercising at least three times a week is more effective than pharmaceuticals (antidepressants) or psychotherapy in addressing mental health issues. He randomly assigns 20 psychiatric patients to one of four treatment conditions and asks their self-reported
Construct a multiple comparison of means by Tukey’s HSD method to determine precisely where the significant differences occur in Problem 20.Data From Problem 20Does one’s relationship status affect how many vacation days a person takes in a year? Using these data collected from samples of
A health researcher is interested in comparing three methods of weight loss: low-calorie diet, low-fat diet, and low-carb diet. He selects 30 moderately overweight subjects and randomly assigns 10 to each weight-loss program. The following weight reductions (in pounds) were observed after a 1-month
Conduct a multiple comparison of means by Tukey’s method to determine exactly where the significant differences occur in Problem 23.Data From Problem 23Consider an experiment to determine the effects of alcohol and marijuana on driving. Five randomly selected subjects are given alcohol to produce
Conduct a multiple comparison of means by Tukey’s method to determine exactly where the significant differences occur in Problem 29.Data From Problem 29Studies have found that people find symmetrical faces more attractive than faces that are not symmetrical. To test this theory, a
Conduct a multiple comparison of means by Tukey’s method to determine exactly where the significant differences occur in Problem 26.Data From Problem 26Psychologists studied the relative efficacy of three different treatment programs—A, B, and C—on illicit drug abuse. The following data
Conduct a multiple comparison of means by Tukey’s method to determine exactly where the significant differences occur in Problem 31.Data Form Problem 31Political theorist Karl Marx is known for his theory that the working class, to put an end to capitalism and establish a communist society,
Conduct a multiple comparison of means by Tukey’s method to determine exactly where the significant differences occur in Problem 34.Data From Problem 34Is there a relationship between a mother’s education level and how long she breastfeeds her child? A curious researcher selects samples
In recent years, a number of cases of high school teachers having sexual relationships with their students have made the national news. Interested in how gender combinations influence perceptions of impropriety, a social researcher asks 40 respondents in a survey of education issues about their
How does gender and occupational prestige impact credibility? Graduate students in a public health program are asked to rate the strength of a paper concerning the health risks of childhood obesity. All 30 student raters are given the same paper to evaluate, except that the name and degrees
A clinical researcher wants to determine if antidepressants should be used in conjunction with therapy to address post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among returning veterans. She designs an experiment with 16 volunteers who had been discharged from the military and diagnosed as suffering from
A researcher who spends several months working at a fast-food restaurant to understand what it is like to work in the service industry engages in what type of research?a. Experimental researchb. Content analysisc. Secondary analysisd. Participant observatione. Survey research
The following is a cross-tabulation of whether respondents rent or own their home by social class for a sample of 240 heads of households:a. Which is the independent variable and which is the dependent variable?b. Compute row percents for the cross-tabulation.c. What percent of the sample owns
The information about levels of measurement for variables in the General Social Survey is best identified usinga. The codebook.b. A frequency distribution.c. The GSS website.d. All of the above work best.e. None of the above work best.
What is the highest year of school completed by the mothers of respondents in the General Social Survey? Using the GSS data, analyze mothers’ education (MAEDUC). What is the level of measurement for this variable? Which measures of central tendency are appropriate for this kind of variable?
Using the General Social Survey, find the mode, median and mean for the number of siblings of people in the United States (SIBS).
A researcher looks at the unemployment rates for a number of census tracts within a city. The results are as follows:Calculate (a) the mode, (b) the median, and (c) the mean. 5.6 6.8 12.4 2.3 4.1 22.4 8.8 9.2 7.2 9.7 7.4 5.2 5.6
A school district tallied the number of students in each of its nine elementary schools. The schools enrolled the following number of students:Calculate the (a) median and (b) mean. 486 792 352 425 197 384 623 409 348
A professor surveyed his statistics students about ho many hours they had spent on their work outside of class during the past week. The students gave the following answers:Calculate (a) the mode, (b) the median, and (c) the mean. 3 4 8 3 2 5 6 3 4 5 3 4 5 1 2 3 4
The scores of attitudes toward older people for 30 students were arranged in the following simple frequency distribution (higher scores indicate more favorable attitudes toward older people):Find (a) the mode, (b) the median, and (c) the mean. Attitude Score Value 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 f 346754 N = 30
The following frequency distribution contains the social class of 46 people who voted Republican in a recent election.Given the level at which social class was measured (nominal, ordinal, or interval), calculate the appropriate measures of central tendency for describing the distribution given.
A particular company that produced Christmas toys organized its factory workers into four different groups to compare the productivity of four different manufacturing protocols. As shown in what follows, measures of productivity over a period of one month indicated that the workers in Protocol 4
In problem 27 in chapter 3, you found the mode, median, and mean for the following data. A researcher had asked a set of 40 employees at a small company who had taken sick leave how many days in the past 6 months they had missed work because of illness.Calculate the (a) variance and (b) standard
Find the variance and standard deviation for the following frequency distribution of attitudes toward Internet censorship held by 40 high school teachers (seven-point scale; higher score indicates more favorable attitude toward Internet censorship): || 1 乱の Blaua 1986 + X f
A sociologist is interested in how often Americans watch the late (10 pm or 11 pm) news broadcast. Equipping the television sets in a random sample of 100 homes with electronic monitoring devices, she determined the number of newscasts watched during a particular week in October. The results are
A probability distribution is based ona. Actual observations.b. Probability theory.c. The addition rule.d. The multiplication rule.
A university determines that 74% of its students prefer small seminar classes over large lectures. What is the probability that a particular student supports having large lectures?
In one roll of a standard six-sided die containing numbers 1–6, what is the probability of rollinga. A two?b. A three or a four?c. An odd number?d. Any number but a five?
The equation P = .33 for obtaining an income between $40,000 and $50,000 representsa. A percentage.b. A probability expressed as a proportion.c. A frequency of occurrence.d. A z score.
Suppose that 16% of inmates in state prisons have psychiatric illnesses. What is the probability thata. A particular prisoner does not suffer from a psychiatric illness?b. That three prisoners do not suffer from a psychiatric illness?
Research has shown that nearly 25% of homeless adults are veterans. What is the probability of selectinga. A particular homeless person who is not a veteran?b. Two random homeless people who are both veterans?
Suppose that 20% of men (P = .20) and 15% of women (P = .15) are carriers of a particular genetic trait. This trait can only be inherited by a child if both parents are carriers. What is the probability that a child is born with this genetic trait?
A student taking a midterm exam in ancient history comes to two questions pertaining to a class that he missed, and so he decides to take a random guess on both questions. One of the questions is true–false and the other is multiple choice with five possible answers. What is the probability of
Suppose that you purchase a lottery ticket that contains two numbers (each between 0 and 9) and a letter, such as3 7 Pa. What is the probability that you match the first digit?b. What is the probability that you match the second digit?c. What is the probability that you do not match the first
A particular community wants to address the problem of racial conflict in the local high school. The mayor decides to set up a three-person commission of residents to advise him. To be completely fair in the selection process, the mayor decides to choose the commission members at random,
A social researcher who joins a group of skinheads in order to study their recruiting tactics employs the method of research known asa. The experiment.b. Meta-analysis.c. Content analysis.d. Participant observation.e. Secondary analysis.
Identify the level of measurement—nominal, ordinal, or interval/ratio—for each of the following variables from the General Social Survey:a. SEXEDUCb. TVHOURSc. RELIGd. NEWS
Identify the level of measurement—nominal, ordinal, or interval/ratio—for each of the following variables from the General Social Survey:a. PRES08b. POLVIEWSc. SEXd. MARITAL
A psychologist divides subjects in a research study into groups where they receive either a placebo or an experimental medication. What type of research is this?a. Experimental researchb. Content analysisc. Secondary analysisd. Participant observatione. Survey research
Identify the level of measurement—nominal, ordinal, or interval/ratio—for each of the following variables from the General Social Survey:a. JOBSATb. INCOME06c. INCOM16d. PRESTG80
A sociologist is interested in how domestic violence is reported in the media, and analyzes news articles from a large city over the course of a year. What type of research is this?a. Experimental researchb. Content analysisc. Secondary analysisd. Participant observatione. Survey research
The method of research used originally to conduct the General Social Survey is known asa. The experiment.b. The survey.c. Content analysis.d. Meta-analysise. Secondary analysis.
Someone who ranks a list of cities from slowest to fastest pace of life is operating at the ___________ level of measurement.a. Nominalb. Ordinalc. Interval
The method of research you will use when you personally analyze the General SocialSurvey is known asa. The experiment.b. The survey.c. Content analysis.d. Meta-analysise. Secondary analysis.
A social researcher ranks industries based on how much they contribute to a country’s gross domestic product. What level of measurement is this considered?a. Nominalb. Ordinalc. Interval
A sociologist collects information from high school teachers about their job satisfaction.For each of the following items, indicate the level of measurement—nominal, ordinal, or interval:a. What field of study do you teach? Math, Science, Social Studies, English, or Other?b. How many students do
A political scientist asks a series of questions to gauge how politically active individuals are. For each of the following items, indicate the level of measurement—nominal, ordinal, or interval:a. Did you vote in the last election? Yes or No?b. With which political party do you identify?
The statistical approach involved in generalizing from a sample of 25 patients to an entire population of the hundreds of patients in a particular hospital is known asa. Description.b. Decision making.c. Content analysis.d. An experiment.e. Secondary analysis.
A sociologist undertakes a series of studies to investigate various aspects of sports violence. For each of the following research situations, identify the research strategy (experiment, survey, content analysis, or participant observation) and the independent and dependent variables:a. Do male and
A political scientist undertakes a series of studies to find out more about the voting population in her local town. For each of the following research situations, identify the research strategy (experiment, survey, content analysis, participant observation, or secondary analysis):a. Do males vote
A researcher who ranks a list of countries according to how much they have depleted their natural resources is working at the ________ level of measurement.a. Nominalb. Ordinalc. Interval
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