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engineering
telecommunication engineering

Questions and Answers of Telecommunication Engineering

For zero mean, jointly Gaussian random variables, X1, X2, X3, X4, it is well known that E(X1X2X3X4) = E(X1X2)E(X3X4) + E(X1X3)E(X2X4) + E(X1X4)E(X2X3) Use this result to derive the mean-square value
By use the expression for the fourth joint moment for Gaussian random variables, show that Under the condition that the sequence x(n) is a zero-mean white Gaussian noise sequence with variance ?2x.
Generalize the results in Problem 12.3 to a zero-mean Gaussian noise process with power density spectrum ?xx(f). Then derive the variance of the periodogram Pxx(f), as given by (12.1.38)
Show that the periodogram values at frequencies fk = k/L, k = 0, 1. . . L ? 1, given by (12.1.41) can be computed by passing the sequence through a bank of N IIR filters, where each filter has an
Prove that the normalization factor given by (12.2.12) ensures that (12.2.19) issatisfied.
Let us consider the use of the DFT (computed via the FFT algorithm) to compute the autocorrelation of the complex-valued sequence x(n), that is, Suppose the size M of the FFT is much smaller than
The Bartlett method is used to estimate the power spectrum of a signal x(n). We know that the power spectrum consists of a single peak with a 3-dB bandwidth of 0.01 cycle per sample, but we do not
Suppose we have N = 1000 samples from a sample sequence of a random process.(a) Determine the frequency resolution of the Bartlett, Welch (50% overlap), and Blackman-Tukey methods for a quality
Suppose we have N = 1000 samples from a sample sequence of a random process.(a) Determine the frequency resolution of the Bartlett, Welch (50% overlap), and Blackman-Tukey methods for a quality
The periodogram in the Bartlett method can be expressed as Where r(i)xx(m) is the estimated autocorrelation sequence obtained from the ith block of data. Show that P(i)xx(f) can be expressed
Derive the recursive order-update equation given in (12.3.19)
Determine the mean and the autocorrelation of the sequence x(n). Which is the output of a ARMA (1, 1) process described by difference equation x(n) = ½x(n – 1) + ω(n) – ω(n –
Determine the mean and the autocorrelation of the sequence x(n) generated by the MA(2) process described by difference equation x(n) = ω(n) - 2ω(n – 1) + ω(n – 2) Where ω(n)
An MA(2) process has the autocorrelation sequence (a) Determine the coefficients of the MA(2) process that have the foregoing autocorrelation. (b) Is the solution unique? If not, give all the
An MA(2) process has the autocorrelation sequence(a) Determine the coefficients of the maximum-phase system for the MA(2) process.(b) Determine the coefficients of the maximum-phase system for the
Consider the linear system described by the difference equationy(n) = 0.8y(n – 1) + x(n) + x(n – 1)Where x(n) is a wide-sense stationary random process with zero mean and autocorrelationγxx(m) =
From the (12.3.6) and (12.3.9) we note that an AR(p) stationary random process satisfies the equation Where ap are the prediction coefficients of the linear predictor of order p and ?2? is the
Consider the AR(3) process generated by the equationx(n) = 14/24x(n – 1) + 9/24x(n – 2) – 1/24x(n – 3) + ω(n)Where ω(n) is a stationary white noise process with variance σ2ω.(a) Determine
An AR(2) process is described by the difference equationx(n) = 0.81x(n – 2) + ω(n)Where ω(n) is a white noise process with variance σ2ω.(a) Determine the parameters of the MA(2), MA(4), and
An MA(2) process is described by the difference equationx(n) = ω(n) + 0.81ω(n – 2)where ω(n) is a white noise process with variance σ2u.(a) Determine the parameters of the AR(2), AR(4), and
The z-transform of the autocorrelation ?xx(m) of an ARMA(1, 1) process is(a) Determine the minimum-phase system function H(z).(b) Determine the system function H(z) for a mixed-phase stable system.
Consider a FIR filter with coefficient vector [1 - 2r cosθ r2] (a) Determine the reflection coefficients for the corresponding FIR lattice filter. (b) Determine the values of the reflection
An AR(3) process is characterized by the prediction coefficients a3(1) = -1.25, a3(2) = 1.25, a3(3) = – 1 (a) Determine the reflection coefficients. (b) Determine γxx(m) for ≤ m
The autocorrelation sequence for a random process isDetermine the system function Am(z) for the prediction-error filters for m =1, 2, 3, the reflection coefficients {Km}, and the corresponding
(a) Determine the power spectra for the random process generated by the following difference equations. (1) x(n) = -0.81x(n – 2) + ω(n) – ω(n – 1) (2) x(n) = ω(n) –
The autocorrelation sequence for an AR process x(n) is γxx(m) = (1/4)|m| (a) Determine the difference equation for x(n). (b) Is your answer unique? If not, give any other possible
Repeat problem 12.27 for an AR process with autocorrelation γxx(m) = a|m|cosπm/2 Where 0 < a < 1.
The Bartlett method is used to estimate the power spectrum of a signal from a sequence x(n) consisting of N = 2400 samples. (a) Determine the smallest length M of each segment in the Bartlett method
Prove that a FIR filter with system function and reflection coefficients |Kk| < 1 for 1 ≤ k ≤ p – 1 and |Kp| > 1 is maximum phase [all the roots of Ap(z) lie outside the unit circle].
A random process x(n) is characterized by the power density spectrumwhere ?2? is a constant (scale factor).(a) If we view ?xx(f) as the power spectrum at the output of a linear pole-zero system H(z)
The N?point DFT of a random sequence x(n) is Assume that E{x(n)} = 0 and E[x(n)x(n + m)] = ?2x?(m) [i.e., x(n) is a white noise process]. (a) Determine the variance of X(k). (b) Determine the
Suppose that we represent an ARMA (p, q) process as a cascade of a MA (q) followed by an AR (p) model. The input-output equation for the MA (q) model is:Where ?(n) is a white noise process. The
Determine the autocorrelation γxx(m) of the random sequence x(n) = A cos(ω1n + ø) Where the amplitude A and the frequency ω1 are (known) constant and ø is a uniformly
Suppose that the AR(2) process in Problem 12.20 is corrupted by an additive white noise process v(n) with variance ?2v. Thus we havey(n) = x(n) + v(n)(a) Determine the difference equation for y(n)
(a) Determine the autocorrelation of the random sequenceWhere {Ak} are constant amplitudes, {?k} are constant frequencies, and {øk} are mutually statistically independent and uniformly distributed
The harmonic decomposition problem considered by Pisarenko can be expressed as the solution to the equation. The solution for a can be obtained by minimizing the quadratic form a*l?yya subject to the
The autocorrelation of a sequence consisting of a sinusoid with random phase in noise isγxx(m) = P cos2πf1m + σ2uδ(m)Where f1 is the frequency of the sinusoidal, P is its power, and σ2π is the
This problem involves the use of crosscorrelation to detect a signal in noise and estimate the time delay in the signal. A signal x(n) consists of a pulsed sinusoid corrupted by a stationary
Generate 100 samples of a zero-mean white noise sequence ?(n) with variance ?2? = 1/12, by using a uniform random number generator. (a) Computer the autocorrelation of ?(n) for 0 ? m ? 15. (b)
Identify and briefly describe at least three ways that networks contribute to business success.
Contrast the major characteristics of WANs with those of LANs and MANs.
Briefly describe the traffic, services, and hardware trends in business networks.
Briefly define convergence and describe the major business benefits of convergence.
Briefly describe the characteristics of unified communications (UC) and describe how UC contributes to personal, workgroup, and enterprise-wide performance gains.
Why has distributed processing become common in business networks?
Contrast the function of application software with that of interconnection software.
What are the differences between digital and analog communication systems?
Contrast PDF and Postscript document formats.
Contrast CRT and LCD display monitors.
What is digital video?
What is H.263?
How is response time related to worker productivity?
What are the differences between discrete and continuous information sources? Provide examples of each.
What is Quality of Experience (QoE)? List several factors that affect QoE.
What does throughput mean in the context of business networks?
Explain why throughput is an increasingly important issue for enterprise networks.
Contrast lossless and lossy compression.
What is the difference between PBX and hosted IP-PBX?
Briefly describe the characteristics of each of the following: IRA, UTF-8, and Unicode.
Briefly explain why lossless compression is used to compress data (symbols, numbers, and characters) for storage or transmission.
An 800 × 600 image with 24-bit color depth needs to be stored on disc. Even though the image might contain 224 different colors, only 256 colors are actually present. This image could be encoded by
A company's telephone exchange (PBX or hosted IP-PBX) digitizes telephone channels at 8000 smp/s, using 8 bits for quantization. The telephone exchange transmits simultaneously on 24 telephone
How many quantization levels are needed to represent each of the following sets of symbols, characters, or states? a. The uppercase alphabet A, B,..., Z b. The digits 0, 1,..., 9 c. 256 different
Review the IRA code in Appendix D a. Indicate the 7-bit code for the following letters: B, D, C, 7, e. b. Repeat part (a), but this time show the 8-bit code that includes an odd parity bit.
The text of the Encyclopaedia Britannica is about 44 million words. An average word length is 6.3 characters per word (this includes both the letters in the word and the spacing and punctuation
A drawing in an 8.5-by-ll-inch sheet is digitized by means of a 300 dpi (dots per inch) scanner.a. What is the visual resolution of the resulting image (number of dots in each dimension)?b. If 8 bits
When examining X-rays, radiologists often deal with four to six images at a time. For a faithful digital representation of an X-ray photograph, a pixel array of 2048 by 2048 is typically used with a
Commonly, medical digital radiology ultrasound studies consist of about 25 images extracted from a full-motion ultrasound examination. Each image consists of 512 by 512 pixels, each with 8 bits of
Identify the major types of equipment and communication redundancies found in today's data centers.
What are the differences among Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3, and Tier 4 data centers?
Why do businesses partner with third-party data centers?
What is HANA?
Briefly describe the differences among operating system virtualization, server virtualization, storage virtualization, and network virtualization.
Briefly describe the differences between storage area networks (SANs) and network attached storage (NAS) systems.
What is "computing on demand"?
What are the characteristics of client/server architectures?
Identify several factors that have contributed to the emergence of big data within business networks.
What is an application service provider (ASP)? Why do businesses partner with ASPs?
Identify and briefly describe the major types of cloud-computing services that attract business subscribers.
Distinguish between horizontal and vertical partitioning of applications. Identify several examples of each.
What is a database? What is a database management system (DBMS)?
Why would a company want a distributed database?
What are the differences among replicated and partitioned databases? Identify the major advantages and disadvantages of each.
Identify and briefly describe each of the following DDP networking implications: connectivity, availability, and performance.
Identify several infrastructure implications of big data.
Briefly describe the major characteristics of data centers.
What are the key characteristics of centralized data processing facilities?
What are some advantages of a centralized data processing facility?
What is a distributed data processing (DDP) strategy?
Describe three ways that an application can be allocated in a distributed environment.
Napster was a famous music exchange system that additionally offered many add-on services. It was sentenced to go out of business due to copyright infringement. The system worked as follows. The
You have just accepted the position as CIO for Holiday Inn (Figure 3.7). As your first official act, the CEO has asked you to assess the corporation's computer operations and report back to her with
The Internet, if viewed from a global client/server perspective, generally consists of Web servers and their associated databases and other data repositories on the server side and various Web
Two data centers used for retail credit authorization are located in two different major population centers, which are separated from each other by a large zone of very little population. Each data
What is the difference between an analog electromagnetic signal and a digital electromagnetic signal.
Why do telephone networks have voice channels with a bandwidth that is much narrower than the spectrum of the human voice?
What is attenuation?
What is white noise and how does it affect a signal?
What is intermodulation noise?
What is crosstalk and how does it affect a signal?

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