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telecommunication engineering

Questions and Answers of Telecommunication Engineering

Consider the system (a) Draw all possible realizations of the system. (b) Suppose that we implement the filter with fixed-point sign-and-magnitude fractional arithmetic using (b + 1) bits (one bit
The first-order filter shown in figure is implemented in four-bit (including sign) fixed-point two?s-complement fractional arithmetic. Products are rounded to four-bit representation. Using the input
The digital system shown in figure uses a six-bit (including sign) fixed-point two?s-complement A/D converter with rounding, and the filter H(z) id implemented using eight-bit (including sign)
Shown in Figure is the coupled-form implementation of a two-pole filter with poles at x = re?j0. There are four real multiplications per output point. Let ei(n), i = 1, 2, 3, 4 represent the
Determine the variance of the round-off noise at the output of the two cascade realization of the filter shown if figure with system function H(z) =H1(z)H2(z)
Quantization effects in direct-form FIR filters consider a direct-form realization of an FIR filter of length M. Suppose that the multiplication of each coefficient with the corresponding signal
Consider the system specified by the system function(a) Choose G1 and G2 so that the gain of each second-order section at ? = 0 is equal to 1.(b) Sketch the direct form 1, direct firm2 and cascade
Consider the system given in problem 7.55 with G1 = G2 = 1.(a) Determine a lattice realization for the systemH(z) = B(z)(b) Determine a lattice realization for the systemH(z) = 1/A(z)
Consider the system given in Problem 7.55.(a) Determine the parallel-form structure and write a program for its implementation.(b) Sketch a parallel structure using second-order coupled-form
Design an FIR linear phase, digital filer approximating the ideal frequency response(a) Determine the coefficients of a 25-tap filter based on the window method with a rectangular window.(b)
Repeat Problem 8.1 for a bandstop filter having the ideal response
Redesign the filter of Problem 8.1 using the Hanning and Blackman windows.Design an FIR linear phase, digital filter approximating the ideal frequency response (a) Determine the coefficients of
Redesign the filter of Problem 8.2 using the Hanning and Blackman windows.Problem 8.2Repeat Problem 8.1 for a bandstop filter having the ideal responseProblem 8.1Design an FIR linear phase, digital
Determine the unit sample response {h(n)} of a linear-phase FIR filter of length M = 4 for which the frequency response at ω = 0 and ω = π/2 is specified as Hr(0) = 1 Hr(π/2) =
Determine the coefficients {H(n)} of a linear-phase FIR filter of length M = 15 which has a symmetric unit sample response and a frequency and a frequency response that satisfies thecondition
Repeat the filter design problem in Problem 8.6 with the frequency responsespecifications
The ideal analog differentiator is described byYa(t) = dxa(t)/dtWhere xa(t) is the input and ya(t) the output signal.(a) Determine its frequency response by exciting the system with the input xa(t) =
Use the window method with a Hamming window to design a 21-tap differentiator as shown in figure. Compute and plot the magnitude and phase response of the resultingfilter.
Use the matched-z transformation to converter the analog filter with system function H(s) = s + 0.1/(s + 0.1)2 + 9into a digital IIR filter. Select T = 0.1 and compare the location of the zeros in
Converter the analog bandpass filter designed in example 8.4.1 into a digital filter by means of the bilinear transformation. Thereby derive the digital filter characteristic obtained in Example
An ideal analog integrator is described by the system function Ha(s) = 1/s. A digital integrator with system function H(z) can obtained by use of the bilinear transformation. That is, (a) Write the
A z-plane pole-zero plot for a certain digital filter is shown in figure. The filter has unity gain at dc.(a) Determine the system function in the form, given numerical values for the parameters A,
Consider the pole-zero plot shown in figure(a) Does it represent an FIR filter?(b) Is it a linear-phase system?(c) Give a direct form realization that exploits all symmetries to minimize the number
A digital low-pass filter is required to meet the following specifications: Passband ripple: ≤ 1 dB Passband edge: 4 kHz Stopband attenuation: ≥ 40 dB Stopband edge: 6 kHz Sample
An IIR digital low-pass filter is required to meet the following specifications: Passband ripple (or peak-to-peak ripple): ≤ 0.5 dB Passband edge: 1.2 kHz Stopband attention: ≥ 40
Determine the system function H(z) of the lowest-order Chebyshev digital filter that meets the following specifications: (a) 1-dB ripple in the Passband 0 ≤ |ω| ≤ 0.3π. (b)
Determine the system function H(z) of the lowest-order Chebyshev digital filter that meets the following specifications: (a) ½-dB ripple in the Passband 0 ≤ |ω| ≤
An analog signal x(t) consists of the sum of two components x1(t) and x2(t). The spectral characteristics of x(t) are shown in figure. The signal x(t) is bandlimited to 40 kHz and it is sampled at a
The impulse response of an analog filter is shown in figure.(a) Let h(n) = ha(nT), where T = 1, be the impulse response of a discrete-time filter. Determine the system function H(z) and the frequency
In this problem you will be comparing some of the characteristics of analog and digital implementations of the single-pole low-pass analog system (a) What is the gain at dc? At what radian frequency
We wish to design a FIR bandpass filter having a duration M = 201. Hd(?) represents the ideal characteristic of the noncausal bandpass filter as shown in figure.(a) Determine the unit sample
We wish to design a digital bandpass filter from a second-order analog lowpass Butterworth filter prototype using the bilinear transformation. The specifications on the digital filter are shown in
Figure shows a digital filter designed using the frequency sampling method.(a) Sketch a z-plane pole-zero plot for this filter.(b) Is the filter lowpass, highpass, or bandpass?(c) Determine the
An analog signal of the form xa(t) = a(t) cos2000?t is bandlimited to the range 900 ? F ? 1100 Hz. It is used as an input to the system shown in figure.(a) Determine and sketch the spectra for the
Determine the least-squares FIR inverse of length 3 to the system with impulse response Also, determine the minimum squared error ?min.
Consider the sampling of the bandpass signal whose spectrum is illustrated is figure. Determine the minimum sampling rate Fs to avoidaliasing.
Consider the sampling of the bandpass signal whose spectrum is illustrated in figure. Determine the minimum sampling rate Fs to avoidaliasing.
Prove that x1(t) is generally a complex-valued signal and give the condition under which it is real. Assume that x(t) is real-valued bandpass signal.
Consider the two systems shown in figure(a) Sketch the spectra of the various signals if xa(t) has the Fourier transform shown in figure(b) and Fs = 2B. How are y1(t) and y2(t) related to xa(t)?(b)
A continuous-time signal xa(t) with bandwidth B and its echo xa(t ? ? ) arrive simultaneously at a TV receiver. The received analog signal?sa(t) = xa(t) + axa(t ? ?) |a| s and H(z) so that ya(t) =
A bandlimited continuous-time signal xa(t) is sampled at a sampling frequency Fs ≥ 2B. Determine the energy Ed of the resulting discrete-time signal x(n) as a function of the energy of the
Let x(n) be a zero-mean stationary process with variance σx2 and auto correlation γx(l).(a) Show that the variance σ2d of the first-order prediction error d(n) = x(n) – ax(n – 1) is given σ2d
Consider a DM coder with input x(n) = A cos(2πnF/Fs). What is the condition for avoiding slope overload? Illustrate this condition graphically.
Let xa(t) be a bandlimited signal with fixed bandwidth B and variance σ2x. (a) Show that the signal-to-quantization noise ratio. SQNR = 10log10(σ2x/σ2x). Increase by 3 dB each time we double
Consider the first-order SDM model shown in figure(a) Show that the quantization noise power in the signal hand {-B, B} is given by:(b) Using a two-term Taylor series expansion of the sine function
Consider the second-order SDM model shown in figure. (a) Determine the signal and noise system functions Hs(z) and Hn(z), respectively. (b) Plot the magnitude response for the noise system function
Figure illustrates the basic idea for a lookup table based sinusoidal signal generator. The samples of the signal x(n) = cos(2?/N n) n = 0, 1 . . . N ? 1 are stored in memory. A digital sinusoidal
Consider the first-order SDM model shown in figure(a) Show that the quantization noise power in the signal hand {-B, B} is given by:(b) Using a two-term Taylor series expansion of the sine function
(a) Determine the signal sequences y(n) generated using zero-order interpolation and linear interpolation and then compute the total harmonic distortion (THD) in each case for N = 32, 64, 128. (b)
Let xa(t) be a time-limited signal: that is, xa(t) = 0 for |t| > ?, with Fourier transform Xa(F). The function Xa(F) is sampled with sampling interval ?f = 1/Ts. (a) Show that the function can be
An analog signal xa(t) is bandlimited to the range 900 ? F ? 1100 Hz. It is used as an input to the system shown in figure. In this system, H(?) is an ideal lowpass filter with cutoff frequency Fc =
Consider the signal x(n) = anu(n), |a| < 1. (a) Determine the spectrum X(ω). (b) The signal x(n) is applied to a decimator that reduces the rate by a factor of 2. Determine the output
The sequence x(n) is obtained by sampling an analog signal with period T. From this signal a new signal is derived having the sampling period T/2 by use of a linear interpolation method described by
Consider a signal x(n) with Fourier transform(a) Show that the signal x(n) can be recovered from its samples x(mD) if the sampling frequency ?x = 2?/D ? 2?m(fs = 1/D ? 2fm).(b) Show that x(n) can be
In this problem we illustrate the concepts of sampling and decimation for discretetime signals. To this end consider a signal x(n) with Fourier transform X(ω) as in Figure.(a) Sampling x(n) with a
Design a decimator that downsamples an input signal x(n) by a factor D = 5. Use the Remez algorithm to determine the coefficients of the FIR filter that has 0.1-dB ripple in the passband {0 ≤
Design an interpolator that increase the input sampling rate by a factor of I = 2. Use the Remez algorithm to determine the coefficients of the FIR filter that has a 0.1 – dB ripple in the passband
Design a sample-rate converter that reduces the sampling rate by a factor 2/5. Use the Remez algorithm to determine the coefficients of the FIR filter that has a 0.1-dB ripple in the passband and is
Consider the two different ways of cascading a decimator with an interpolator shown in figure.(a) If D = I, show that the outputs of the two configurations are different. Hence, in general, the two
Prove the equivalence of the two decimator and interpolator configuration shown in figure. These equivalent relations are called the ??nobleidentities??.
Consider an arbitrary digital filter with transfer function? (a) Perform a two-component polyphase decomposition of H(z) by grouping the even-numbered samples h0(n) = h(2n) and the odd-numbered
Design a two-stage decimator for the following specifications
Design a linear phase FIR filter that satisfies the following specification based on a single-stage and a two-stage multiratestructure.
Prove that the half-band filter that satisfies (10.9.43) is always odd and the even coefficients arezero.
Design one-stage and two-stage interpolators to meet the followingspecification:
By using the (10.9.26) derive the equations corresponding to the structure for the polyphase synthesis section shown infigure.
Show that the transpose of an L-stage interpolator for increasing the sampling rate by an integer factor I is equivalent to an L-stage decimator that decreases the sampling rate by a factor D = I
Sketch the polyphase filter structure for achieving a time advance of (k/I)Ts in a sequence x(n).
Prove the following expression for an interpolator of order I.(a) The impulse response h(n) can be expressedas
Zoom-frequency analysis consider the system in figure(a) (a) Sketch the spectrum of the signal y(n) = yR(n) + jyl(n) if the input signal x(n) has the spectrum shown in figure(b). (b) Suppose that we
The power density spectrum of an AR process {x(n)} is given as where ?2R is the variance of the input sequence.(a) Determine the difference equation for generating the AR process when the excitation
An ARMA process has an autocorrelation {?xx(m)} whose z-transform is given as(a) Determine the filter H(z) for generated {x(n)} from a white noise input sequence. Is H(z) unique? Explain.(b)
Consider the ARMA process generated by the difference equation x(n) = 1.6x(n – 1) – 0.63x(n – 2) + ω(n) + 0.9ω(n – 1) (a) Determine the system function of the whitening filter and
Determine the lattice coefficients corresponding to the FIR filter with system functionH(z) = A3(z) = 1 + 12/24z – 1 + 5/8z – 2 + 1/3z – 3
Determine the reflection coefficients {Km} of the lattice filter corresponding to the FIR filter described by the system functionH(z) = A2(z) = 1 + 2z – 1 + 1/3z – 2
(a) Determine the zeros and sketch the zero patterns for the FIR lattice filter with reflection coefficientsK1 = ½ K2 = - 1/3 K3 = 1(b) Repeat part (a) but with K3 = - 1.(c) You should have found
Determine the impulse response of the FIR filter that is described by the lattice coefficients K1 = 0.6, K2 = 0.3, K3 = 0.5, and K4 = 0.9.
In section 11.2.4 we indicated that the noise-whitening filter Ap(z) for a causal AR(p) process is a forward linear prediction-error filter of order p. Show that the backward linear prediction-error
Use the orthogonality principle to determine the normal equations and the resulting minimum MSE for a forward predictor of order p that predicts m samples (m > 1) into the future (m-step forward
Repeat Problem 11.9 for an m-step backward predictor.
Determine a Levinson-Durbin recursive algorithm for solving for the coefficients of a backward prediction-error filter. Use the result to show that coefficients of the forward and backward predictors
The Levinson-Durbin algorithm described in section 11.3.1 solved the linear equations ?mam?= ? ?m where the right-hand side of this equation has elements of the autocorrelation sequence that are also
Use the generalized Levinson-Durbin algorithm to solve the normal equations recursively for the m-step forward and backward predictors.
Show that the transformationIn the Schur algorithm satisfy the special propertyVmJVtm = (1 - |Km|2)JWhereThus Vm is called a J –rotation matrix. Its role is to rotate or hyperbolate the row of
Prove the additional properties (a) through (l) of the prediction- error filters given in section11.4
Extend the additional properties (a) through (l) of the prediction error filters given in section 11.4 to complex-valued signals.
Determine the reflection coefficients k3 in terms of the autocorrelations {γxx(m)} from the Schur algorithm and compare your result with the expression for K3 obtained from the Levinson-Durbin
Consider a infinite-length (p = ?) one-step forward predictor for a stationary random process {x(n)} with a power density spectrum of ?xx(f). Show that the mean-square error of the prediction-error
Determine the output of an infinite-length (p = ∞) m-step forward predictor and the resulting mean-square error when the input signal is a first-order autoregressive process of the form x(n) =
An AR(3) process {x(n)} is characterized by the autocorrelation sequence γxx(0) = 1, γxx(1) = ½, γxx(2) = 1/8, and γxx(3) = 1/64. (a) Use the Schur algorithm to determine the
The purpose of this problem is to show that the polynomials {Am(z)}, which are the system functions of the forward prediction-error filters of order m, m = 0, 1, . . . . , p, can be interpreted as
Determine the system function of all-pole filter described by the lattice coefficients K1 = 0.6, K2 = 0.3, K3 = 0.5, and K4 = 0.9
Determine the parameters and sketch the lattice-ladder filter structure for the system with system function
Consider a signal x(n) = s(n) + ω(n), where s(n) is an AR(1) process that satisfies the difference equations(n) = 0.8s(n – 1) + v(n)where {v(n)} is a white noise sequence with variance σ2u = 0.49
Determine he optimum causal IIR Wiener filter for the signal given in Problem 11.24 and the corresponding MMSE∞.
Determine the system function for the noncausal IIR Wiener filter for the signal given in Problem 11.24 and the corresponding MMSEn0.
Determine the optimum FIR Wiener filter of length M = 3 for the signal in Example and the corresponding MMDE3, Compare MMSE3 with MMSE2 and comment on the difference.
An AR(2) process is defined by the difference equationx(n) = x(n – 1) – 0.6x(n – 2) + ω(n)Where {ω(n)} is a white noise process with variance σ2ω . Use the Yule-Walker equations to
An observed random process {x(n)} consists of the sum of an AR(p) process of the form And a white noise process {?(n)} with variance ?2?. The random process {v(n)} is also white with variance ?2v.
(a) By expanding (12.1.23), taking the expected value, and finally taking the limit as T0 ? ?, show that the right-hand side to ?xx(F).(b) Prove that

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