Among Cultures The Challenge Of Communication 3rd Edition Patricia O. Covarrubias, Kristin A. Kirschbaum, Bradford 'J' Hall - Solutions

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Define civility and explain why it is a problem today and what can be done about it.
Explain why many people view conflict negatively and how they could view it positively.
Define process and pick a successfully resolved conflict to describe in terms of the five stages of constructive, successful conflict.
Explain why the transactional model of communication is preferable to the linear model for managing conflict situations.
Define conflict management and explain how it has the potential to convert potentially destructive interpersonal conflicts into productive ones.
Define interpersonal conflict and give examples of conflict situations.
Do your own research on ethical universals. Interview people from at least five different cultures and ask what they feel are the most important ethical standards that people in general should follow. Perhaps give them an example of an intercultural ethical dilemma and get their reaction. Based on
Find a newspaper or magazine that deals with world news. How many different intercultural, ethical problems can you find? Discuss with a group of your peers or other friends how these problems could be dealt with in positive ways given the concepts discussed in class.
if your relationship simply lacks this factor completely. Add up the scores and then compare them and consider your general level of satisfaction with each of these different relationships. Hopefully this process will help you realize how you can help your relationships become even better and
if the relationship only occasionally fits the factor discussed and definitely needs work in this area, and
if your relationship is pretty good in this area but can still use work,
if your relationship fully illustrates this point,
Identify five different types of relationships you have with people (hopefully at least one will be intercultural) and then, using the list of ten factors that go into successful intercultural marriages according to Romano, give your relationship (regardless of the type) a score of
Find a one-on-one conversation partner from another culture and actively try to put into practice the ideas discussed in the chapter about having a real dialogue with others. This will likely take more than one or two conversations.
Think of an ethical dilemma or question, ideally one with which you have been faced, but it could also be one you have heard about or be one of the group that led off this chapter. Then apply the six golden approaches discussed in this book to the problem. What answers or actions does each approach
The three ethical principles discussed at the end of this chapter sound good to many people, but are often difficult to put into practice. Why? Is it worth even thinking about these sorts of things if we don’t seem to be able to really put them into practice? How could one better put these
The United States and other governments often put political pressure on outer communities to adhere to what most Americans feel is ethical behavior in areas of human rights and so on (such as the economic boycotts of South Africa). Is this kind of pressure appropriate? What sorts of factors does
What should be our attitude toward people who act and think differently from ourselves? Does it make any difference whether they are living in our cultural community or we are living in theirs? Should we try to blend in with their way of doing things, demand they conform to ours, or just do our own
We argue in the text that ethics both constrain and empower an individual’s communication. Do you agree with this? What examples in your own life support both the constraining and empowering functions of ethics?
Select a cultural community different from your own that interests you and try to find three to five movies that involve members from this group. Watch them and explore what you learn about this group just from what is depicted in the movies. If possible, find a person from that community, show
Select an example of popular culture, such as a commercial or a popular song. Analyze it using the narrative framework discussed in Chapter 3, answering questions such as: who are the main characters (what identities are important for them), what problems do they face, how do they react to those
Take a specific intercultural interaction or relationship and analyze it in terms of the three theoretical perspectives discussed in the chapter. What sorts of things would the perspective lead you to pay attention to? What sorts of things might be missed? What other sorts of information would you
Brainstorm individually or in a group about what you know (or believe) about another country and its people that you have never visited. Take each of the items you identified and try to determine where this belief came from. To what extent has the mass media shaped your understanding of what this
What impact is the media having on your own culture? Is this a good thing? Is the media helping other cultures to get along better? Why or why not?
What are your assumptions about the way the world works? Which of the three perspectives, interpretive, critical, and social scientific, seems to fit best with your view? Why?
What impact do you think popular culture is having in your own community and around the world? What can or should be done about this?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of each of the major perspectives on culture reviewed in this chapter?
do these correspond to? If you can, interview individuals from a different cultural background and compare the perceived qualities of effective leaders.
In a small group, brainstorm what qualities go into effective leadership. Which worldviews from Chapter
Have you, a close friend, or family member experienced a healthcare situation that was extremely positive or negative? Was there a communication component to it? What suggestions would you make to change the outcome of what was experienced? Is there a way you might “train” others (physicians,
What do you think the future of healthcare will bring in terms of practices that involve multiple cultural communities?
Have you received non-allopathic medical treatment? If so, what was it? What was your experience? What kind of outcome did you experience? Would you choose that type of treatment again? Why or why not? Share your answers with another or within a small group.
Which approach to understanding leadership in intercultural setting do you believe would work best: trying to identify common attributes that would be valued in any culture or trying to discover the specific meanings associated with leadership in specific communities?
Imagine that the city where you were born loses its access to potable water, clean air, or uncontaminated soil. What would be the consequences for your country?
Do you think that nature tourism such as whale-watching tours enhances or damages our connection with nature?
How can we talk about nature—trees, animals, mountains, water—without attributing human-like characteristics (i.e., age, gender, the ability to speak, and the capacity to express emotions such as love and hate) to nonhuman entities?
Interview a person from your own culture who has spent considerable time living in other cultures. Find out about their experiences in both going from and returning to your own culture. What did they learn about themselves and their home culture?
Talk with members of your family (grandparents can be particularly good resources) about your own family history in terms of moves and cultural transitions. Why were the moves made? What differences in the way people thought or did things were noticed? How did your family maintain a connection to
Keep a journal during a cultural transition experience (even if it is just moving to a new city or neighborhood to go to the university or becoming involved with a group culturally different from what you are used to for a semester). This is a good practice to do with each cultural transition in
Using Kim’s model, create profiles of what a successful and an unsuccessful intercultural traveler would look like. Use this information to either make sense of what went on in your experience or to better prepare yourself for the future.
Compare the four models of acculturation reviewed in this chapter through one of the following means:Interview international students or other intercultural sojourners about their experiences.Reflect on your own past experiences in this area.Read a novel depicting this type of cultural
In this chapter it is argued that returning to your own culture can be just as difficult as going to a new culture in the first place. Do you really believe this? Why or why not? What experiences have you had or observed that support your position?
We discuss the possible difference between being communicatively competent in many cultures and being culturally competent in many cultures. What was the key difference between these two perspectives? Do you feel this distinction is a valid or useful one? Why?
Osland’s model of acculturation involves a hero on a journey. How may mentally using this metaphor help and/or hinder a person’s acculturation experience? Osland’s model also identifies many paradoxes that sojourner’s may face in their intercultural travels. What intercultural paradoxes
This chapter takes a fairly positive attitude toward acculturation. Do you feel this is justified? Why? What about when a person or community is assimilated into another culture, losing their native culture? How does a person acculturate without assimilating?
Research a particular intergroup conflict. What and how many histories are involved? How does power play a role in the way this conflict is handled? Are there any cultural factors that further complicate this conflict? Write a paper that treats each side with respect and suggests ways to better
Keep a notebook with you for a week and try to jot down all the examples of intergroup conflict that you personally see around you, your friends, and your community. It may be things you observe or things you hear said about different groups. At the end of the week, review these conflicts and
We make a distinction in this chapter between intercultural and intergroup conflicts. Explain and provide examples of that difference. Select a newspaper, either for a day or a week, and make a list of all the conflicts noted in the paper. Identify which conflicts appear to be intercultural,
Identify a conflict you have been involved with (usually recent ones work better) and try to identify all of the expectations that you and the others had (or may have had) about what should be done, each other’s identities, and what was most important. Examine these expectations and see how they
Watch a film that involves intercultural conflicts and either alone or with a small group identify the types of conflicts (object, relationship, or priority) that are depicted. Discuss the differences between these conflicts. Is one kind more difficult to deal with than another? Would certain
Is the concept of forgiveness a practical one? Why or why not? Does it depend on the situation? If so, how? Does a person have to be religious for this concept to have any value?
Which of the strategies suggested for managing intercultural conflict seem most reasonable to you? Why? Does your answer have to do with your own comfort level at trying out these strategies?
Is it possible to avoid conflict in intergroup contact? Which situational conditions are most important in having positive intergroup contact?
What examples of kernel images have you seen in your experience? What makes these so difficult to deal with?
Is there is a difference between what conflict style you and others prefer and what you actually do? How would you account for this?
Write an essay about a time when you expressed prejudice, either through thoughts, feelings, or actions. Consider it in terms of the narrative types discussed in this chapter and the forms and functions of prejudice. Consider what changes you have made or would like to make in the future in
Examine the rationalizing narratives of prejudice provided in the chapter. What forms and functions can you see displayed in these stories? What examples of prejudice can you find in popular culture? Discuss and compare your findings with others.
Take one minute and try to list as many American heroes or important public leaders as you can. The leaders or heroes can be from any area of public life and can either be alive or dead. Now take a minute and list as many African American heroes or public leaders you can. Next list as many Native
Draw a map of the world with as much detail (countries named) as possible. How well do you know where other countries are? Where is your home country placed on the page? Near the center? Ask others to do the same exercise. Do they also place their own country in the center? How does this exercise
Select groups from around your campus, athletes, engineer majors, communication majors, art majors, fraternity and sorority members, international teaching assistants, professors, campus police, financial aid officers, and so forth. Brainstorm in a group all of the stereotypes of which you are
Imagine you have a car to sell. How would you approach selling it differently (what features highlighted, etc.) to an older gentleman, a mother with young children, a female college student, a teenage boy? How does this relate to stereotyping? Or role-play in class how you would greet a potential
Do you recognize any of the rationalizing narratives in your own life and in the lives of those around you? How could you change these narratives so as to avoid the negative impacts of prejudice in your own life?
A variety of forms of prejudice were covered in this chapter; can you think of any other forms not covered? Give specific examples.
Can we eliminate ethnocentrism in our own lives? How? Or why not?
Are stereotypes harmless or dangerous? Explain your answer. What impact do stereotypes have in your life?
Find a partner and sit together knee to knee without breaking eye contact. Experience what it is like to sit in silence. Discuss with your partner and later the full class what the silence felt like and if you experienced an urge to speak.
With a small group of fellow students research another culture and the way they handle certain situations (both verbally and nonverbally). Based on that information, put together a series of skits that illustrate cultural differences between various cultures. Perform these skits for your class and
Test certain nonverbal assumptions in your own culture. For example, to test space, go into an area of the library that is almost deserted. Go up and sit at a table where there is only one person and sit right next to that person and start studying. Or go into an eating area and sit down at a table
pictures found in this book. Get people from three or four different cultures to see if they can tell what emotion the person in the picture was trying to convey. How much agreement was there?
Do your own facial expression test using the
Think of adages or sayings that you grew up with in your childhood home. For example, did you hear, “Silence is golden, speech is silver,” “A child should be seen and not heard,” “Speak up!,” “Si tacuisses, philosophus manisses” [If you had kept quiet, you would have remained a
What differences in how people seem to listen have you noticed among different groups? How might these differences in listening styles create problems?
What foods are important to your cultural community? Why do you think this is the case? What kinds of memories are associated with these foods? Does the way food is prepared make a difference in your community?
Do you agree that certain emotions appear to be expressed facially in similar ways around the world? Are there other nonverbal aspects that seem universal to you?
In the last two chapters, you have read about verbal and nonverbal misunderstandings. Based on your own observations, which of these do you think creates the most problems in intercultural settings? Why? How easy is it to separate these in actual practice?
One-on-one or in a small group have a discussion with a person or persons from a different culture about some of the areas discussed in this chapter. Some question ideas include:What is a common greeting among friends? Family members? Business associates?What are some common expressions conveyed
Try to translate a poem or song into another language without missing any of the subtle meanings that exist in its native language. How easy was this task? What made it easy or difficult?
Select a frame or named type of talk from your community, such as gossip, flirting, teasing, eating a family dinner, attending class or an interview, then try to discover all of the assumptions about communication related to the frame. What are the informal rules that a person is expected to follow
Make a list of all the terms of address that were used by your family as you were growing up. What were your parents or caregivers trying to teach you through the use of these address forms? Compare and contrast this list with your classmates and note similarities and differences in beliefs about
Can you think of an example of gratuitous concurrence in your own life? Have you ever just nodded in agreement with someone whom you could not understand due to language difficulties because you didn’t want to keep asking the person what he or she had said? What was the outcome?
What examples can you think of where people have violated the maxims suggested by Grice? How has their violation impacted the way you understood their message?
How large do you believe the influence of language to be on our lives? What impact has learning other languages had on your thought process?
Two different levels of misunderstanding are contextual assumptions and verbal communication. Based on your own observations, which of these do you feel creates the most problems in intercultural settings? Why? How easy is it to separate these in actual practice?
Select an identity you have for each of the three levels of identity discussed in the chapter and then identify examples of how each of these identities are established through both the avowal and ascription processes.
Select an identity that you would say you do not have and act as if you have it for a complete day. Write a summary of your experiences, your feelings, and the reactions of others during the day.
Individually or with a small group, rent a video about or observe people in a new setting. How quickly can you pinpoint five of their identities? What is their most important identity based on your observations? How did you come up with your answers? What evidence can you supply to support your
of your identities. Which are the most important to you? Why? What expectations do you think your culture shares about these different identities? How do these identities influence the way you communicate? Do any of them put conflicting pressures on you to act in different ways? How do you resolve
Make a list of
Which level of identity has the greatest impact on how you see yourself and what you choose to do?
What are your impressions of a white identity? How does it relate to minority identities?
Are there other options than those described in the Social Identity Theory for dealing with an unsatisfactory identity? What are they?
Some of the examples used in this chapter indicate that some people discount another person’s identity based on their communication. Do you think this is valid? Why?
Which idea seems more accurate based on your own experiences, that communication constitutes our identities or that it reflects our identities? What examples can you think of to back up your opinion?
Interview people about what they think of when they think of rituals. How does this compare to the typical reactions discussed in this chapter? Or: brainstorm with members of your own community all the rituals in which you participate, even everyday ones. Identify which are the most important to
Select a narrative from your own culture that is retold (a bedtime story, a favorite family incident, a story from work that is told to all the new employees, etc.) and consider what is taught in that narrative. Imagine that different people (or characters in the story) are telling the same story.
Visit with students from other cultures about narratives they remember from their home culture. Using the teaching functions overviewed in Table 3.1, talk about what is being taught in these narratives.
Gather common folk stories from a culture different from your own. Analyze them in terms of the four parts of a narrative. What types of characters are there, and what types of problems do these characters face? What actions do these characters take? How successful are they? Do some problems and
Select either a named type of talk (flirt, gossip, introductions, trash talk, and so forth) or a specific situation (eating out, a funeral, the classroom, Thanksgiving dinner, and so forth) within a community to which you belong. Use Hymes’ SPEAKING framework to describe what is culturally
We argue that rituals teach and reaffirm important cultural values. What specific values are being taught in your community through the enactment of rituals?
What differences are there between narratives that appear to just relay what happened and those that seem to be created to explicitly teach a message?

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Among Cultures The Challenge Of Communication 3rd Edition Patricia O. Covarrubias, Kristin A. Kirschbaum, Bradford 'J' Hall - Solutions

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