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Communication Principles For A Lifetime 6th Edition Steven A. Beebe, Susan J. Beebe, Diana K. Ivy - Solutions
2. How could you organize a speech informing listeners about a brain-imaging project in which you’ve been involved?
1. Which type of informative speech have you heard most often? Which type do you think you’re most likely to give?
• To help gain and maintain interest and attention, adapt your examples and illustrations to your listeners.
• To enhance message clarity, adapt the structure and flow of your speech to your listeners.
• Before you deliver your speech to an audience, talk and listen to audience members to help you customize your message for them.Principle Five:Appropriately adapt messages to others.
• Nonverbally reinforce ideas to make your message memorable.Principle Four:Listen and respond thoughtfully to others.
• Observe the nonverbal behavior of your audience to help you determine whether your message has been communicated clearly.
• Use presentation aids to make messages clear, interesting, and memorable.
• Build in message redundancy to enhance message retention.Principle Three:Effectively use and interpret nonverbal messages.
• Use simple rather than complex ideas to make your message clear.
• To help make your message memorable, reinforce ideas verbally.
• Relate new information to old information to increase clarity and retention.
• Pace the flow of the information you present to enhance message clarity.
• Create word pictures to make images and stories interesting and memorable.
• Use supporting material such as stories, examples, and illustrations to gain and maintain attention.
• Be mindful of strategies that will make your informative messages clear, interesting, and memorable.Principle Two:Effectively use and interpret verbal messages.
• To determine how best to organize your message, be conscious of the type of informative speech you are developing (speech about an object, a procedure, a person, an event, or an idea).
14.5 Identify and use strategies for making informative speeches memorable.To make messages memorable, build in some redundancy(tell your audience what you’re going to tell them, tell them, and then tell them what you’ve told them), apply principles of adult learning, and reinforce key ideas
14.4 Identify and use strategies for making informative speeches interesting.To increase interest in your speech, relate information to your listeners’ interests, find and use attention-getting supporting material, establish a motive for your audience to listen to you, use vivid word pictures,
14.3 Identify and use strategies for making informative speeches clear.To make your message clear, use simple rather than complex ideas, pace the flow of your information, and relate new information to old ideas.Strategies for Making Your Informative Speech Interesting
14.2 Identify and use appropriate strategies for organizing informative speeches.Strategies for organizing your informative speech will vary according to the type of informative speech and your specific purpose. A speech about an object may be organized topically, chronologically, or spatially. A
14.1 Describe five types of informative speeches.There are five basic types of informative speeches. Messages about objects discuss tangible things. Messages about procedures explain a process or describe how something works. Messages about people can be about either the famous or the little known.
14.5 Identify and use strategies for making informative speeches memorable.
14.4 Identify and use strategies for making informative speeches interesting.
14.3 Identify and use strategies for making informative speeches clear.
14.2 Identify and use appropriate strategies for organizing informative speeches.
14.1 Describe five types of informative speeches.
7. Is it ethical to make only positive comments and no suggestions for improvement when evaluating a classmate’s speech?
6. What kinds of comments from classmates evaluating your speeches would you find most helpful? What types of remarks would be least useful?
5. How can you determine when you have rehearsed long enough that you can extemporaneously deliver your key ideas to your listeners, but not so long that you are giving a memorized speech?
4. What is the least effective use of presentation aids you’ve witnessed? Based on this chapter, what advice would you give to that speaker to help improve his or her use of presentation aids?
3. Which of the characteristics of nonverbal delivery described so far—eye contact, gesturing, movement, posture, or facial expression—are you confident you can use effectively? Which are most challenging for you? Which of the tips in this chapter do you plan to use to help you overcome your
2. A friend asks for advice on making the word choice in her speech as effective as possible. Offer her at least three suggestions, based on the material in this chapter, for using words effectively.
1. Answering an instructor’s question or presenting a summary of a small group discussion to the larger class may call for impromptu speaking skills. Based on your observations and experiences in such situations, what tips can you add to the list in Table 13.3?
• Let your audience’s interests, experiences, and knowledge guide your preparation and selection of presentation aids.
• Although audiences today generally expect speakers to use everyday language and a conversational delivery style, you will need to adapt your delivery to audiences of different sizes and from different cultures.
• If possible, rehearse your speech for someone and seek feedback about both your content and your delivery.Principle Five:Appropriately adapt messages to others.
• Use eye contact to help you determine how your audience members are responding to you.
• Articulate your words clearly.Principle Four:Listen and respond thoughtfully to others.
• Vary your speaking rate to add interest to your delivery and emphasize key ideas.
• Vary the volume of your voice to emphasize ideas and sustain the audience’s interest.
• Speak loudly enough to be heard easily by all members of your audience.
• Move during your speech to signal the beginning of a new idea or major point or to signal a transition between a serious idea and a humorous one.
• Use gestures to reinforce your verbal message.
• To heighten your credibility and increase listener learning, use eye contact to let your audience know that you are interested in and ready to talk to them.
• Use gestures and movement to add interest and emphasis to both manuscript and memorized speeches.
• Do not read a manuscript speech too rapidly; vary the rhythm, inflection, and pace of delivery so that the speech does not sound as though it is being read.Deliver a memorized speech at a moderate pace, and avoid patterns of vocal inflection that make the speech sound recited.
• When you deliver a manuscript speech, try to look at an entire sentence at a time so that you can maintain eye contact with your audience as you deliver the sentence.
• Make your message memorable with figurative images, drama, and cadence.Principle Three:Effectively use and interpret nonverbal messages.
• Use words that are concrete, unbiased, vivid, simple, and correct.
• Phrase your ideas so that they will be clear, accurate, and memorable.
• Do not try to memorize an extemporaneous speech word for word; vary the ways in which you express ideas and information.
• When exact wording is critical, you may want to deliver a manuscript or memorized speech.
• When you deliver your speech, apply the suggestions offered in Chapter 11 for becoming a more confident speaker.Principle Two:Effectively use and interpret verbal messages.
• During rehearsal, record your speech. In reviewing your recording, objectively and critically observe your gestures, posture, eye contact, facial expression, and vocal delivery, as well as your verbal message; and make necessary adjustments.
• Pay attention to your nonverbal delivery when you rehearse your speech.
• Be certain that your presentation aids, especially those that use technology, contribute to your specific purpose.
• Be aware of your speaking rate, and adjust it if necessary.
• Use a microphone if you need one and one is available. Be sure to rehearse with it.
• Usage and articulation errors communicate a lack of preparation. If you are uncertain how to use or pronounce a word or phrase, look it up or ask someone.
• As you become increasingly comfortable rehearsing an extemporaneous speech, you can decrease your reliance on your notes.
• If your subject is sensitive or your information is classified, be cautious and noncommittal in any impromptu remarks you make.
13.6 Understand and apply criteria for evaluating speeches.Underlying any list of what a successful speaker should do are two fundamental goals: A successful presentation should be effective, and it should be ethical.
13.5 Make the most of your rehearsal time, and deliver your speech effectively.Final suggestions for rehearsing your speech include allowing ample time, rehearsing aloud and standing as often as possible, practicing your speech for someone, recording and listening to or watching your speech, and
13.4 Discuss how to prepare and use presentation aids effectively.Presentation aids include objects or models, people, drawings, photographs, maps, charts, graphs, and audio or video presentations. Today, most presentation aids can be created and displayed by using PowerPoint slides. Guidelines for
13.3 Identify and illustrate characteristics of effective nonverbal delivery.Nonverbal variables are critical to effective delivery.Physical delivery includes a speaker’s gestures, movement, and posture. Eye contact is perhaps the most important delivery variable, determining to a large extent
13.2 List and explain five criteria for effective verbal delivery.Once you know what method of delivery you will use, you should think about and rehearse words, phrases, and sentences that will best communicate your intended message and give it a distinct and memorable style. The most effective
13.1 List and describe the four methods of delivery, and provide suggestions for effectively using each one.As you consider how you will deliver your presentation speech, you will select from four methods of delivery:manuscript speaking, memorized speaking, impromptu speaking, and extemporaneous
13.6 Understand and apply criteria for evaluating speeches.
13.5 Make the most of your rehearsal time, and deliver your speech effectively.
13.4 Discuss how to prepare and use presentation aids effectively.
13.3 Identify and illustrate characteristics of effective nonverbal delivery.
13.2 List and explain five criteria for effective verbal delivery.
13.1 List and describe the four methods of delivery, and provide suggestions for effectively using each one.
• Use your introduction and conclusion to help adapt your speech to your audience.AWARE VERBAL NONVERBAL LISTEN &RESPOND ADAPT
• Provide signposts as organizational cues for your audience.
• If you know that your audience members will be skeptical of some of your ideas, present first the ideas on which you and the audience can agree.
• In most cases, discuss last the idea that you most want your audience to remember.
• Investigate and consider using the customary organizational strategy of your audience’s culture.
• As you listen to speeches, be aware that their organization may reflect patterns considered appropriate in cultures other than your own.
• Add delivery cues and reminders to your final speaking notes.
• Use nonverbal cues—such as pausing, slowing your rate of speech, and letting your vocal inflection fall—to signal closure in the final sentence or two of your conclusion.
• Use nonverbal transitions—pauses, facial expression, altered vocal pitch or speaking rate, and movement—to indicate when you are moving from one idea to the next.
• In your conclusion, summarize your speech and reemphasize your main idea in a memorable way.
• Use stories, examples, illustrations, statistics, a quotation, or other techniques to capture your listeners’ attention when you begin your talk.
• Introduce your topic and preview your main ideas in your introduction.
• Use verbal transitions to show relationships between ideas in your speech.
• To communicate your verbal message effectively, organize your speech logically.
• Use a preparation outline to demonstrate to yourself that your main ideas are clearly related to your central idea and are logically and adequately supported.
• Be aware of the skills, talents, and experiences you have that can enhance your credibility with your listeners.
12.5 Develop a preparation outline and speaking notes for a speech.A final step before beginning to rehearse your speech is to prepare a detailed preparation outline and speaking notes. Your preparation outline should follow the instructions provided by your instructor.
12.4 Explain the functions of, and several strategies for, speech introductions and conclusions.A carefully planned introduction will get your audience’s attention, introduce your topic, give the audience a reason to listen, establish your credibility, state your central idea, and preview your
12.3 Use signposts to organize your speech for the ears of others.With your speech organized, you will want to add signposts—previews, transitions, and summaries—to make your organization clearly apparent to your audience.Introducing and Concluding Your Speech
12.2 Explain six ways to organize the supporting material for a main idea.You can often organize supporting material according to one of the same patterns used to organize main ideas:chronology, recency, primacy, or complexity. You can also organize supporting material by specificity or from soft
12.1 List and explain five strategies for organizing the main ideas of a speech.Once you have found supporting material, you are ready to organize your ideas and information. Depending on your topic, purpose, and audience, you can organize the main ideas of your speech chronologically, topically,
12.5 Develop a preparation outline and speaking notes for a speech.
12.4 Explain the functions of, and several strategies for, speech introductions and conclusions.
12.3 Use signposts to organize your speech for the ears of others.
12.2 Explain six ways to organize the supporting material for a main idea.
12.1 List and explain five strategies for organizing the main ideas of a speech.
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