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Communication Principles For A Lifetime 6th Edition Steven A. Beebe, Susan J. Beebe, Diana K. Ivy - Solutions
2. Describe the context and values of a co-culture to which you belong. For example, do you and people in your group tend to be high-context or low-context?Are you and your group more individualist or collectivist? More masculine or feminine? What is the overall attitude toward power distribution,
1. In addition to the differences described in this chapter—gender, sexual orientation, age, ethnicity, and culture—can you think of other differences among people that affect the way we communicate with each other?
• Empathize. Try to imagine how you would feel if you were in the other person’s position.
• Socially decenter. Think about how your communication partner would respond to information and situations; take into account people’s thoughts, values, background, and perspectives.
• Develop your skills at being other oriented. Focus on the needs and concerns of others while maintaining your personal integrity.
• Become mindful, or aware that differences will exist, to help yourself better tolerate differences.
• Be patient and tolerate some ambiguity and uncertainty when you communicate with people who are different from you.
• Listen and ask questions to enhance your understanding of others.
• Bridge cultural differences by learning as much as you can about another culture.
• Seek to bridge differences between yourself and others who speak a different language or have different interpretations for nonverbal expressions; learn the language of others.
• Seek to explore and establish common ground with others. Don’t assume that because someone is from another culture or geographic area, you don’t have anything in common with the person.
• Acknowledge differences. Don’t assume that everyone does things the same way you do or holds the same attitudes, beliefs, or values that you hold.
• Appropriately adapt messages to others on the basis of the cultural value of individualism versus collectivism, preference for certainty versus tolerance of uncertainty, tendency to emphasize stereotypically masculine versus stereotypically feminine values, preference for centralized or
• Appropriately adapt messages based on gender differences in communication by doing the following:(1) Seek to understand differences between genders as well as acknowledge similarities;(2) consider your own preferences, needs, and communication goals; (3) avoid assuming that differences you
6.4 Describe six strategies that will help bridge differences between people and help them adapt to differences.You develop intercultural communication competence when you are able to adapt your behavior toward another person in ways that are appropriate to the other person’s culture. Specific
6.3 Illustrate four barriers that inhibit communication between individuals.By doing the following, we create barriers that inhibit our communication with others:• Assuming superiority. When one culture or gender assumes superiority or is ethnocentric, communication problems often occur.•
6.2 Define culture, and compare and contrast cultural contexts and cultural values.Culture is a system of knowledge that is shared by a group of people. Because of the powerful role culture plays in influencing our values, culture and communication are clearly linked. Cultural values reflect how
6.1 Describe how differences of gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, and age influence communication.Human differences result in the potential for misunderstanding and miscommunication. Differences in gender, sexual orientation, age, and ethnicity contribute to the challenges of communicating
6.4 Describe six strategies that will help bridge differences between people and help them adapt to differences.
6.3 Illustrate four barriers that inhibit communication between individuals.
6.2 Define culture, and compare and contrast cultural contexts and cultural values.
6.1 Describe how differences of gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, and age influence communication.
7. If you’re doing something at the time someone wants to you to listen, should you be honest and disclose that you’re busy and would rather chat (and listen)when you can be more attentive? If so, what sort of verbal strategies might you use?
6. Do you usually paraphrase when listening to others in everyday life? If so, how do you summarize messages in a helpful and natural-sounding way? If you don’t paraphrase much, what kinds of phrases do you think would help you?
5. Do you find yourself interrupting or getting interrupted often? What can you do—as a listener or a speaker—to avoid interruptions and deal with them if they happen?
4. Which self barrier do you encounter most often when listening? What do you try to do to cope with it?
3. What is your usual listening style? How do you adapt your style when situations call for a different one?
2. What captures and holds your attention when you are listening?
1. Identify specific instances from your own experience in which poor listening skills resulted in a significant communication problem. How would using effective listening skills have diminished or eliminated the problem?
5.6 Identify and use appropriate responding skills.• Stop: Work to turn off competing mental messages that distract your listening focus.• To overcome self barriers to listening effectively, consciously become aware of your drifting attention.Then, to get back in synch, use self-talk skills and
5.5 Identify and use strategies that can improve your listening skills.
5.4 Identify and describe barriers that keep people from listening well.
5.3 Describe four listening styles.
5.2 Identify the elements of the listening process.
5.1 Explain the principle of listening and responding thoughtfully to others.
4. What is your opinion about the ethics of purposefully synchronizing your nonverbal communication with someone else’s? Do you believe it’s manipulative or adaptive? Explain your answer.
3. In what situations do you consider it always okay for someone to touch you? When is touching you never okay?
2. In addition to the personal space rules described in the chapter, give an example of another nonverbal communication rule you hold and what happens when people violate it.
1. Give an example of how you or someone you know has used nonverbal communication to substitute for, complement, contradict, repeat, regulate, or accent a verbal message.
4.4 Explain Mehrabian’s three-part framework for interpreting nonverbal cues.It takes time and effort to develop our skills in detecting and accurately interpreting others’ nonverbal communication.Albert Mehrabian suggested that nonverbal cues can communicate immediacy, or liking; arousal, or
4.3 Identify and explain the seven nonverbal communication codes.Ekman and Friesen provided the primary codes or categories of nonverbal behavior, which are enacted differently by people depending on their cultural background.Each code has been researched extensively and applied to different
4.2 Discuss six elements that reveal the nature of nonverbal communication.Nonverbal communication is:• Culture bound: Interpret nonverbal cues within a cultural context.• Rule governed: Expectancy violations theory suggests that you may not know that you have rules or expectations governing
4.1 Provide four reasons for studying nonverbal communication.Nonverbal communication is communication other than written or spoken language that occurs without words. It’s important to become more aware of your own nonverbal communication and to enhance your ability to detect and interpret
4.4 Explain Mehrabian’s three-part framework for interpreting nonverbal cues.
4.3 Identify and explain the seven nonverbal communication codes.
4.2 Discuss six elements that reveal the nature of nonverbal communication.
4.1 Provide four reasons for studying nonverbal communication.
6. Give an example of a time when someone’s word choice has had a powerful effect in your own life.
5. What are your trigger words?
4. What do you do when someone makes a biased remark around you or to you? How can you effectively respond to show that you don’t accept such language?
3. Give an example of a time when you became acutely aware of the power of words, because someone said something that either worked miracles or turned out badly for everyone involved.
2. Do you find that people’s verbal communication to you seems to accurately reflect the quality of their thought?Have you ever run across anybody whose verbal skills did not seem to match his or her thinking skills?
1. In taking a mental inventory of your use of language, what did you notice that you can change to improve the effectiveness of your communication?
3.5 Explain how language helps create supportive or defensive communication climates.Supportive communication creates a climate of trust, caring, and acceptance; defensive communication creates a climate of hostility and mistrust. Two uses of language that breed hostility and mistrust are (1)
3.4 Describe the major ways in which language reveals bias about race, ethnicity, nationality, religion, gender, sexual orientation, age, class, and ability.Our language often reveals our biases. Monitor your language to avoid bias in these categories: (1) race, ethnicity, nationality, and
3.3 Identify five primary ways in which words have power.Words are extremely powerful. They can create and label our experiences, communicate our feelings, affect our thoughts and actions, shape and reflect our culture, and make and break our relationships.Confronting Bias in Language
3.2 Summarize how words are used as symbols that have denotative, connotative, concrete, and abstract meanings and are bound by culture and context.Language is a system of symbols (words or vocabulary)structured by grammar (rules and standards) and syntax(patterns in the arrangement of words)
3.1 List two reasons why it is important to study verbal communication.Words are powerful; they affect your emotions, thoughts, actions, and relationships, as well as how you’re perceived by others. The better your choices of language, the better your overall communication skill and your
3.5 Explain how language helps create supportive or defensive communication climates.
3.4 Describe the major ways in which language reveals bias about race, ethnicity, nationality, religion, gender, sexual orientation, age, class, and ability.
3.3 Identify five primary ways in which words have power.
3.2 Summarize how words are used as symbols that have denotative, connotative, concrete, and abstract meanings and are bound by culture and context.
3.1 List two reasons why it is important to study verbal communication.
7. Read or reread the Communication & Ethics feature in this chapter. Do your own experiences agree with the research conclusions? Have you noticed high or increasing narcissism in yourself or the people you know? What are the consequences of the narcissism you see for the individuals, for people
6. What are some stereotypes held by people you know?
5. In addition to the example given in this chapter of mistakenly thinking a person was flirting with you, what experiences have you had with inaccurately perceiving other people’s communication?
4. Describe a situation or event in your life for which it would be—or already has been—helpful to use positive self-talk or visualization to enhance your self-esteem.
3. In addition to self-comparisons sparked by media or social media, what situations or stimuli have you noticed tend to make people engage in more self-comparisons?
2. How has communication with family, friends, teachers, or others influenced your self-concept, either in the past or now?
1. Describe an example of how you or someone you know progressed through Maslow’s levels of competence.What skill did you or the other person develop, and how was each level demonstrated in behavior?
2.6 Summarize three communication strategies that can improve your powers of perception.If you want to enhance your perceptual accuracy, we recommend the following:• Increase your awareness by fully listening, observing, and paying attention to your surroundings and other people.• Avoid
2.5 Explain the three stages of perception and why people differ in their perceptions of people and events.Perception, the process of receiving information from your senses, involves three stages:1. Attention and selection, when you notice and choose stimuli in your environment on which to focus 2.
2.4 Practice six communication strategies for enhancing one’s self-esteem.Because enhanced self-esteem is a goal for most of us, we recommend the following six means of improving the way you feel about yourself.• Engage in positive self-talk.• Visualize the behavior you want to enact or the
2.3 Describe how gender, social comparisons, selfexpectations, and self-fulfilling prophecies affect one’s self-esteem.Your assessment of your worth as a person in terms of skills, abilities, talents, and appearance constitutes your level of self-esteem. Self-esteem is affected by many factors,
2.2 Describe the components of our self-concepts and major influences on the development of self-concept.Your self-concept is your interior identity or subjective description of who you think you are. Your self-image is your view of yourself in a particular situation. The selfconcept contains three
2.1 Discuss the importance of self-awareness in the process of improving one’s communication skills.Self-awareness is the ability to develop and communicate a representation of yourself to others.Self-Concept: Who Are You?
2.6 Summarize three communication strategies that can improve your powers of perception.
2.5 Explain the three stages of perception and why people differ in their perceptions of people and events.
2.4 Practice six communication strategies for enhancing one’s self-esteem.
2.3 Describe how gender, social comparisons, self-expectations, and self-fulfilling prophecies affect one’s self-esteem.
2.2 Describe the components of our self-concepts and major influences on the development of self-concept.
2.1 Discuss the importance of self-awareness in the process of improving one’s communication skills.
7. Is every bit of our behavior really communication?Do we have to intend to communicate a message for it to be communication? Why or why not?
6. As we noted at the beginning of this chapter, the five principles described in Figure 1.5 and throughout this text may not tell you everything you need to know about communication. What additional communication principle(s) would you suggest adding to the list?
5. In which of the three contexts of in-person communication do you have the strongest skills? Which area(s)do you want to improve, and what skills would you like to develop?
4. Based on your own experiences, do you think that people who do a lot of their communication by text or online are lonely or uncomfortable communicating in person? Explain.
3. Describe in your own words an example of a communication transaction in which all parties are sending and receiving information at the same time.
2. List the communication rules for a situation you are in regularly, such as a particular class, a regular group or team meeting, or in line at a deli or coffee shop on campus.
1. Recall that early in this chapter we asked why you are here. We’re asking one more time, and this time, we hope you’ll answer. Why are you here? What benefits do you hope to gain or what questions do you hope to answer through your study of human communication?
1.7 List and explain five fundamental principles of communication.Five principles are fundamental to good communication.1. Be aware of your communication with yourself and others. Being mindful of your communication is important to help you improve your communication.2. Effectively use and
1.6 Identify and explain three communication contexts.Three classic contexts of unmediated communication that researchers have studied are (1) interpersonal communication, in which two people interact simultaneously and mutually influence each other, usually for the purpose of managing
1.5 Describe the nature of communication in the 21st century.Today, we commonly use various forms of media to communicate, either asynchronously or synchronously.Mediated communication is usually more anonymous than in-person communication and places less emphasis on a person’s physical
1.4 Describe three criteria that can be used to determine whether communication is competent.To be both effective and appropriate, a communication message should:• Be understood as the communicator intended it to be understood.• Achieve the communicator’s intended effect.• Be
1.3 Explain three communication models.Early models viewed human communication as a simple message-transfer process. Later models evolved to view communication as interaction and then as simultaneous transaction.Key components of communication include source, receiver, message, channel, noise,
1.2 Define communication and describe five characteristics of the communication process.At its most basic level, communication is the process of acting on information. Human communication is the process of making sense out of the world and sharing that sense with others by creating meaning through
1.1 Explain why it is important to study communication.Communication is essential for life. It is important to learn about communication, because being a skilled communicator can help you• Obtain a good job.• Enhance the quality of your relationships.• Improve your physical and emotional
1.7 List and explain five fundamental principles of communication.
1.6 Identify and explain three communication contexts.
1.5 Describe the nature of communication in the 21st century.
1.4 Describe three criteria that can be used to determine whether communication is competent.
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