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computer science
systems analysis and design 12th

Questions and Answers of Systems Analysis And Design 12th

Based on Problems 5 and 6, formulate a simple model to explain growth and stagnation in an urban area using an objective-oriented model/software based on the following data assumed for the urban
Using the data given in Problem 7, map the two interacting sectors of the “Business Structures” and the “Population” in an objective-oriented model/software.Data from problem 7 Based on
In Problem 7, what causes the growth of “Population” and “Business Structures” of an urban area during the early years of its development? Use the structure of model developed in the Problem
In Problem 7, what is the behavior of “Labor Availability” during the time horizon? What causes this behavior?Data from problem 7 Based on Problems 5 and 6, formulate a simple model to explain
In Problem 7, how does the finite “Land Area” limit the population growth? Will all the available “Land Area” be occupied in equilibrium condition (20 km2)? Use the model to show the effects
In Problem 7, does the assumption of a fixed “Land Area” invalidate the model? Most cities can and have expanded from their original areas. How does such expansion influence the results given by
Consider the following disaggregation of carbon emissions:a. Find the carbon emission rate in 2030.b. Find the carbon emitted in those 40 years. kJ Energy year Carbon emission kg- = Population X-
14- Consider the following problem with two objective functions:i. Represent graphically the decision space. ii. Display graphically the criteria space. Maximize Subject to f =x+x x0. x+2x4, 2x-x2,
Consider the following linear programming problem:where ξ is randomly distributed with μ = 3 and σ2 = 1. Give the chance constraint formulation of the problem, and find the optimal
Find the minimum point of the function f (x) = 2x2 − 3x + 2 in the [−2, 2] interval using the GA.
Fuzzy sets A and B are defined in X = [−∞, ∞], by the membership functions as follows:Determine the membership functions of A ∩ B, A ∩ B, AB, and A + B fuzzy sets. 2x if 0 x 5 H(x)= 15-x
Solve Example 8. 2 with the changes assumed in Problem 8.Data from example 8. 2 A wastewater collection network project in a city produces benefits, as expressed in Figure 8. 1:the $100,000 profit in
Consider 70 measurements that were synthetically generated from a one-dimensional random process (see Figure 9.5 ). Infer the variogram and test the intrinsic model. 0.8 0.4 Z(x) 0 -0.4 0.2 0.4 0.6
Consider a one-dimensional function with variogram γ(h) = 1 + h, for h > 0, and three measurements, at location x1 = 0, x2 = 1, and x3 = 3. Estimate the value of the function in the neighborhood of
Consider fuzzy set A defined in X = [−2, 2] as follows:Determine the membership function of the fuzzy set induced by the function f (x) = x2. 2+x if -2x0, 2 2-x HA(x)= if 0
The studies in a city have shown that water consumption is a function of three climatic variables, including precipitation, weather humidity, and average temperature. The monthly data of water
Emissions from fossil-fuel combustion in 2010 are estimated to be 7.6 GtC/year. In the same year, atmospheric CO2 concentration is estimated to be 390 ppm. Assume the atmospheric fraction remains
Consider a city with limited resources and without any possibility for water transfer from adjacent basins. The quantity of surface and groundwater resources and their supply potential for domestic
There are three methods for wastewater treatment in an urban area. The methods remove 1.2 , 2.5 , and 4 g/m3 amounts of the pollutants, respectively. The third technology is the best, but because of
Based on the population growth analysis, a city’s wastewater is estimated to increase over time, as depicted in Figure 9.23 . Four phases for treatment plant expansion capacity are studied for the
Assume a reservoir that supplies water for an urban area. The monthly water demand of this urban area (Dt) is about 10 million cubic meters. The total capacity of the reservoir is 30 million cubic
Find the maximum point of the function f(x) = 2x − x2 in the [0, 2] interval using the GA.
Find the best allocations of water to the three water-consuming firms using a genetic algorithm.The maximum allocation to any single user cannot exceed 5, and the sum of all allocations cannot exceed
Consider the following water resource projects with the respective costs and benefits indicated.The total budget is 150 units. Determine the optimal portfolio of projects using the GA technique.
Calculate the following optimization answer using the Tabu method. Maximize Z=3X+5X2 Subjected to: X 4 2X2 12 3X+2X2 18 X,X 20
Assume that a combination of three alternative technologies removes two pollutants. They remove 3, 2, and 1 g/m3, respectively, of the first kind of pollutant and 2, 1, and 3 g/m3 of the second kind.
Consider a multipurpose reservoir upstream of an urban area with conflicting objectives. Discuss the general considerations in resolving conflicts over a multipurpose reservoir operation.
In Example 9.16 , consider the following data that show the demand and the utility function for different sectors that are obtained from compromising sessions. If the relative weights of agriculture,
Calculate the sample mean, sample standard deviation, and sample coefficient of skewness of the annual precipitation data given in Table 10. 3. TABLE 10.3 Annual Precipitation Data for Problem Year
Consider the 100-year flood (P = 0. 01).a. What is the probability that at least one 100-year flood will occur during the 50-year lifetime of a flood control project?b. What is the probability that
A cofferdam has been built to protect homes in a floodplain until a major channel project can be completed. The cofferdam was built for the 40-year flood event. The channel project will require 5
During a year, about 150 independent storm events occur in two cities, and their average duration is 6. 4 hours. Ignoring seasonal variations, in a year of 8,760 hours,a. Estimate the average time
Determine the hydrologic risk of a roadway culvert with 25 years of expected service life designed to carry a 50-year storm.
Construct the CDF of failure occurrences in two hazard rate situations: (a) ρ(t) = tα; and(b) ρ(t) = et − 1.
Calculate the system’s reliability shown in Figure 10. 26 at t = 0. 5 using reliability functions of system components. R(t) = R(t) R3(1)=2 t | R4(t) = || R(t) = || R(t) = ? | FIGURE 10.26
Determine the hydrologic risk of a roadway culvert flooded with 50 years of expected service life designed to carry a 100-year storm.
Explain the stated case study in terms of probability distributions.
The probability mass function of floods is shown in Figure 10.3 . Estimate the mean number of floods in a 10-year period where f(x0) = f(x10) = 0.0010. P(x) 0.25 0.20 0.2051 0.2460 0.2051 0.15 0.1172
Estimate the mean, variance, standard deviation, and skew of 18-year precipitation data on a small basin given in Table 10.1 . TABLE 10.1 Computations of Moments of June Precipitation Year
What is the magnitude of the 100-year flood for a river 4.14 cubi(Q̅ = 4.14 cubic meter per second (cms), SQ = 3.31 cms and Cs 1.981 s cm using the gamma-3 and gamma-2 distribution?
Consider the 50-year flood (p = 0.02).a. What is the probability that at least one 50-year flood will occur during the 30-year lifetime of a flood control project?b. What is the probability that the
A cofferdam has been built to protect homes in a floodplain until a major channel project can be completed. The cofferdam was built for a 20-year flood event. The channel project will require 3 years
Determine the design return period, if the acceptable hydrologic risk is 0.15 (or 15%) during the 25-year lifetime of a culvert.
Assume the time between drought occurrences in a watershed follows the Weibull distribution.Formulate the reliability and hazard rate of this watershed in dealing with droughts.
10. 8 Construct the CDF of failure occurrences in two given situations: (a) The hazard rate is constant, ρ(ί) = α; and (b) ρ(t) = αβtβ − 1.
The system illustrated in Figure 10.9 includes five components, where components 2, 3, and 5 are parallel. Calculate the system reliability at t = 0.1 assuming that R1(t) = R4(t) = e−2t and R(t)=
Evaluate the reliability of the water distribution network of Example 10.10 using the minimum cut-set method.Data from example 10.10 Calculate the system reliability of the water distribution network
Calculate the reliability of the water distribution network of Example 10.10 using the tie-set method.Data from example 10.10 Calculate the system reliability of the water distribution network shown
Develop a decision tree for evaluating the effect of a flood warning system development for$20,000 on the flooding mitigation. The probability of flooding is 0.1, and the damage associated with
Let xi be the uncertain variable of rainfall depth of event i with the uncertain distribution of inundation probability as follows:Using the entropy definition for a discrete random variable, and
In order to drill a well, the water depth needs to be known. In preliminary designs, water depth is divided into four categories: less than 5 m, between 5 and 10 m, between 10 and 15 m, and more than
Construct the CDF of failure occurrences in two given situations. (1) ρ(t) = αt, and(2) ρ(t) = et.
Calculate the system reliability of the water distribution network of Figure 11. 19 using the state enumeration method. Node 1 is the source node and other nodes are demand nodes.All of the pipes
Calculate the reliability of the network of Problem 2 using cut-set analysis.Data from problem 2 Calculate the system reliability of the water distribution network of Figure 11. 19 using the state
Employ the tie-set analysis to calculate the reliability of water network described in Problem 2.Data from problem 2 Calculate the system reliability of the water distribution network of Figure 11.
Determine the coefficient of variation of the loading and the capacity for a main pipe of a water distribution network with the parameters given in Table 11. 8. Consider a uniform distribution for
Using the results of Problem 5, determine the risk of the loading exceeding the capacity of the main pipe. Consider that MS = Qc − QL and MS follow the normal distribution.Data from problem 5
Determine the coefficient of variation of the loading and the capacity for a sewer pipe with the parameters given in Table 11. 9. The uncertainty of each parameter is defied with a triangular
Determine the risk of the loading exceeding the capacity of the sewer pipe in Problem 7.The MS is normally distributed and is calculated as MS = Qc/QL.Data from problem 7 Determine the coefficient of
Apply the first-order analysis of uncertainty to the Darcy–Weisbach equation. Consider that S0,f, and d are uncertain.
Consider an 800-mm water transfer tunnel with mean loading equal to 2 m3/s and coefficient of variation equal to 0. 20. Calculate the risk of failure of a pipe using safety margin approach when MS is
The monthly supplied water for an urban area in 3 years is presented in the Table 11. 10. The monthly mean water demand of the urban area is equal to 100 MCM. Evaluate the reliability, resiliency,
The concentration of a toxic chemical in an aquifer is 9. 8 mg/L. This aquifer is being used as the source of drinking water. Assume that the average weight of adult women in the area is 60 kg and
Calculate the reliability of the water supply system shown in Figure 11. 19 at t = 0. 1 assuming that R(t)=R4 (t)=e-2 and R (t) = R(t) = R(t)=e,(1i2;1 j 3).
TDS concentration data of removed water from a well is presented in Table 11. 11. The standard value of TDS concentration in this region is considered as 1,400 (mg/L). Calculate the reliability,
The monthly water withdrawals from an aquifer and monthly water demand during 3 years are presented in Table 11. 12. Calculate the reliability, resiliency, and vulnerability of this aquifer of water
Appling the first-order analysis, formulate σQ and ΩQ in Manning’s equation [Q = (0.311/n)S1/2D8/3], where diameter D is a deterministic parameter and n and S are considered to be uncertain.
Determine the mean capacity of a storm sewer pipe, the coefficient of variation of the pipe capacity, and the standard deviation of the pipe capacity using Manning’s equation (refer to Example 11.1
Evaluate the preparedness of the Tehran (capital of Iran) WDS. Because of the aging water distribution infrastructure of Tehran, the water pipe breaks are a common problem in this city. As there is
Evaluate the HDI for the Gavkhooni/Zayandeh-rud basin in central Iran. This basin has five subbasins with a total area of 41,347 km2. The dominant climate in this region is arid and semiarid. The
Assume that you want to model the rainfall–runoff of a basin in order to forecast the runoff in the coming years. The historical data of temperature, evaporation, and precipitation in a 10-year
A 200 km2 watershed has a lag time of 100 minutes. Baseflow is considered constant at 20 cm. The watershed has a CN of 72% and 30% of imperviousness. Use HEC-HMS to determine the direct runoff for a
An 8 km2 watershed has a time of concentration of 1. 0 hour. Use HEC-HMS to determine the direct runoff for a storm (rainfall hyetograph given in Table 12. 6) using the SCS UH method.a. You must
The parameters of a small undeveloped watershed are listed in Tables 12. 7 and 12. 8. A UH, and Muskingum routing coefficients are known for subbasin 3, as shown in Figure 12. 21.TC and R values for
Develop an MLP model with two hidden layers and three perceptrons with logsig and linear function in each layer, respectively. The input of the MLP model is rainfall, evaporation, and temperature,
Develop a TDL, GRNN, and RNN model for the data of Problem 5 and then compare and discuss the results of different simulations with ANN’s models.Data from problem 5 Develop an MLP model with two
Calibrate the HBV model for the catchment described in Tables 12. 10 and 12. 11 for the period of March 1, 2002, to May 1, 2002. Discuss, before running the model, what effects you expect and then
Simulate the rainfall–runoff model in Problem 5 with IHACRES and then compare the difference between the next 2 months’ predictions with these two models.Data from problem 5 Develop an MLP model
The transition probabilities of a Markov chain model for streamflow in two different seasons are given in Tables 12. 12 and 12. 13. Calculate the steady-state probabilities of flows in each interval
The data presented in Table 12. 14 is the annual maximum series (Qp) and the percentage of impervious area (I) for an urbanized watershed for the period from 1930 to 1977. Adjust the flood series to
Residents in a community at the discharge point of a 614-km2 watershed believe that the recent increase in peak discharge rates is due to the deforestation by a logging company that has been
Analyze the data of Problem 5 to evaluate whether or not the increase in urbanization has been accompanied by an increase in the annual maximum discharge. Apply the Spearman test with both a 1% and a
Consider two watersheds with different capacities for storage, such as sandy soil and clay with potential maximum retention of 7 and 5 cm, respectively, and also initial abstraction before ponding is
A development project on a small upland watershed is shown in Figure 12. 23. The developed portion of the area is 0. 7 km2 in which 21% is impervious area. The developed area is graded so that runoff
Determine the infiltration losses and excess rainfall from the rainfall data given in Table 12. 16 on a watershed using the modified Horton equation. The Horton infiltration capacity in the watershed
A watershed with an area of 230 km2 is under further development during a 10-year horizon. After finishing the development project, the percentage of imperviousness, watershed storage, and basin
The ordinates of a 4-hour UH of a catchment are given in Table 12. 18. Derive the flood hydrograph in the catchment for the storm figures presented in Table 12. 19.The storm loss rate (Φ index) for
In case study 1, answer the following questions:a. What types of boundary conditions can be applied on the edge of the simulation domain for coastal flood modeling?b. How are the probability maps
In case study 2, answer the following questions:a. What are the initial inputs in a hydrodynamic model like Delft3D? How is this information obtained? Data buoys are of those tools utilized to
Consider a slope of 0. 005 and a significant wave height of 3. 4 m. Calculate the depth at which the wave breaks and also, if an apron with 1 m thickness is placed at this point, calculate the new
In case study 3, answer the following questions:a. What are the initial inputs for a distributed hydrological model like GSSHA? There are two ways to obtain this information, via the model itself and
Use the Monte Carlo technique for a flood control simulation. Use the random number of a uniform distribution. The value of U (random number from uniform distribution) is transformed into a value of
In this example, the concentration of nitrate in ppm of the two classes shown in Table 12.2 is related to nitrate from domestic and agricultural sources, respectively. If the concentration of nitrate
In case study 1, find answers to the following questions:a. What does FEMA stand for? Summarize the responsibilities undertaken by FEMA.What organization would be your own nation’s equivalent of
In case study 2, find answers to the following questions:a. What does resiliency mean and what are the main components of it? How would you assess New York City’s resiliency in terms of the
In case study 3, find answers to the following questions:a. What do DEM and GIS stand for and how have they contributed to the subject of flood simulation?b. Which distribution represents the
List some of the implications of the major findings of the first three case studies in building resilient cities of the future.
In case study 4, find answers to the following questions:a. What does nonstationarity mean and how is it detected in a set of data? What would the presence of nonstationarity in a set of hydrologic
In case study 5, find answers to the following questions:a. Name two other terms that are used to refer to structural and nature-based flood mitigation strategies. Which are more effective? Why?b.
In case study 6, find answers to the following questions:a. Describe the state of the drainage system of the study area. What is the main flaw of the drainage channels during flooding events?b. What

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