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elementary statistics picturing

Elementary Statistics 11th Edition Mario F. Triola - Solutions

When the 15 players on the LA Lakers basketball team are tested for steroids, at least one of them tests positive.Provide a written description of the complement of the given event.
Randomly selecting a TV viewer who is watching Saturday Night LiveRandomly selecting a second TV viewer who is watching Saturday Night LiveFor each given pair of events, classify the two events as independent or dependent. (If two events are technically dependent but can be treated as if they are
Randomly selecting a physician at Bellevue Hospital in New York City and getting a surgeonRandomly selecting a physician at Bellevue Hospital in New York City and getting a femaleDetermine whether the two events are disjoint for a single trial.
In one of New York State’s instant lottery games, the chances of a win are stated as “4 in 21.”
Find the number of different ways that five test questions can be arranged in order by evaluating 5!.Evaluate the given expressions and express all results using the usual format for writing numbers (instead of scientific notation).
When analyzing results from a test of the Microsort gender selection technique developed by the Genetics IVF Institute, a researcher wants to compare the results to those obtained from a coin toss. Consider P (G or H), which is the probability of getting a baby girl or getting heads from a coin
Estimate the probability that the next time you ride in a car, you will not be delayed because of some car crash blocking the road.
a. The mean diastolic blood pressure level for adult women is 67.4, with a standard deviation of 11.6 (based on Data Set 1 in Appendix B). Using the range rule of thumb, would a diastolic blood pressure of 38 be considered unusual? Explain.b. A student, who rarely attends class and does no
A columnist for the Daily News in New York City wrote about selecting lottery numbers. He stated that some lottery numbers are more likely to occur because they haven’t turned up as much as they should, and they are overdue. Is this reasoning correct? Why or why not? What principle of probability
In horse racing, a quinela is a bet that the first two finishers in a race are selected, and they can be selected in any order. Does a quinela involve combinations or permutations? Explain.
A medical researcher wants to find the probability that a heart patient will survive for one year. He reasons that there are two outcomes (survives, does not survive), so the probability is 1/2. Is he correct? What important information is not included in his reasoning process?
There are currently 477,938 adults in Alaska, and they are all included in one big numbered list. The Gallup Organization uses a computer to randomly select 1068 different numbers between 1 and 477,938, and then contacts the corresponding adults for a poll. Are the events of selecting the adults
Using the context of the addition rule presented in this section and using your own words, describe what P(A and B) denotes.
If A denotes some event, what does A̅ denote? If P(A) = 0.995, what is the value of P(A̅)? If P (A) = 0.995, is A̅ unusual?
Listed below are samples of weights (grams) of regular Coke and diet Coke (based on Data Set 17 in Appendix B). a. Find the mean weight of regular Coke and the mean weight of diet Coke, then compare the results. Are the means approximately equal? b. Find the median weight of regular Coke and the
According to FBI data, 12.7% of burglary cases were cleared with arrests. A new detective is assigned to two different burglary cases, and she reasons that the probability of clearing both of them is 0.127 × 0.127 = 0.0161. Is her reasoning correct? Why or why not?
In horse racing, a trifecta is a bet that the first three finishers in a race are selected, and they are selected in the correct order. Does a trifecta involve combinations or permutations? Explain.
A student wants to conduct the simulation described in Example 2, but no calculator or computer is available, so the student uses 365 individual index cards to write the individual numbers between 1 and 365. The student then shuffles the cards, selects one, and records the result. That card is
Use your own words to describe the notation P(B | A).
In your own words, describe what the notation P(B|A) represents.
A New York Times CBS News Poll typically involves the selection of random digits to be used for telephone numbers. The New York Times states that “within each (telephone) exchange, random digits were added to form a complete telephone number, thus permitting access to listed and unlisted
A wedding caterer randomly selects clients from the past few years and records the months in which the wedding receptions were held. The results are listed below (based on data from The Amazing Almanac). Assume that you want to test the claim that weddings occur in different months with the same
When using the data from Exercise 3 to conduct a hypothesis test of the claim that weddings occur in the 12 months with equal frequency, we obtain the P-value of 0.477. What does that P-value tell us about the sample data? What conclusion should be made?Data from Exercise 3. Observed Expected
Winning team data were collected for teams in different sports, with the results given in the accompanying table (based on data from ?Predicting Professional Sports Game Outcomes from Intermediate Game Scores,? by Copper, DeNeve, and Mosteller, Chance, Vol. 5, No. 3?4). The TI-83 84 Plus results
How many subjects are included in the experiment? Refer to the following table. The table summarizes results from an experiment in which subjects were first classified as smokers or nonsmokers, then they were given a treatment, then later they were again classified as smokers or nonsmokers (based
Do “A” students tend to sit in a particular part of the classroom? The author recorded the locations of the students who received grades of A, with these results: 17 sat in the front, 9 sat in the middle, and 5 sat in the back of the classroom. When testing the assumption that the “A”
The Minitab display results from the table below, which lists data obtained from randomly selected crime victims (based on data from the U.S. Department of Justice). What can we conclude? MINITAB 119.330, DF = 2, P-Value Chi-Sq 0.000 %3D
When considering effects from eliminating the penny as a unit of currency in the United States, the author randomly selected 100 checks and recorded the cents portions of those checks. The table below lists those cents portions categorized according to the indicated values. Use a 0.05 significance
The table below summarizes challenges made by tennis players in the first U.S. Open that used the Hawk-Eye electronic instant replay system. Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that success in challenges is independent of the gender of the player. Does either gender appear to be more
How many subjects appear to be unaffected by the treatment one way or the other? Refer to the following table. The table summarizes results from an experiment in which subjects were first classified as smokers or nonsmokers, then they were given a treatment, then later they were again classified as
In a recent baseball World Series, the Houston Astros wanted to close the roof on their domed stadium so that fans could make noise and give the team a better advantage at home. However, the Astros were ordered to keep the roof open, unless weather conditions justified closing it. But does the
Which of the following pairs of before after results are discordant? a. Smoke/smoke b. Smoke/don't smoke c. Don't smoke/smoke d. Dont' smoke/don't smoke Refer to the following table. The table summarizes results from an experiment in which subjects were first classified as smokers or nonsmokers,
Randomly selected nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses are categorized according to the day of the week that they first occurred, and the results are listed below (based on data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics). Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that such injuries and
Chantix is a drug used as an aid for those who want to stop smoking. The adverse reaction of nausea has been studied in clinical trials, and the table below summarizes results (based on data from Pfizer). Use a 0.01 significance level to test the claim that nausea is independent of whether the
Using a 0.01 significance level, find the critical value. Refer to the following table. The table summarizes results from an experiment in which subjects were first classified as smokers or nonsmokers, then they were given a treatment, then later they were again classified as smokers or nonsmokers
In recent years, concerns have been expressed about adverse health effects from amalgam dental restorations, which include mercury. The table below shows results from a study in which some patients were treated with amalgam restorations and others were treated with composite restorations that do
Based on the preceding results, what do you conclude? How does the conclusion make sense in terms of the original sample results? Refer to the following table. The table summarizes results from an experiment in which subjects were first classified as smokers or nonsmokers, then they were given a
Pregnant women were tested for immunity to the rubella virus, and they were also tested for immunity to measles, with results given in the following table (based on data from ?Does Rubella Predict Measles Immunity? A Serosurvey of Pregnant Women,? by Kennedy, et al., Infectious Diseases in
Cases of UFO sightings are randomly selected and categorized according to month, with the results listed in the table below (based on data from Larry Hatch). Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that UFO sightings occur in the different months with equal frequency. Is there any
Randomly selected subjects are inflicted with tinea pedis (athlete?s foot) on each of their feet. One foot is treated with a fungicide solution while the other foot is given a placebo. The results are given in the accompanying table. Using a 0.05 significance level, test the effectiveness of the
Cases of violent crimes are randomly selected and categorized by month, with the results shown in the table below (based on data from the FBI). Use a 0.01 significance level to test the claim that the rate of violent crime is the same for each month. Can you explain the result? Conduct the
The Queen Elizabeth II cruise ship and Royal Caribbean?s Freedom of the Seas cruise ship both experienced outbreaks of norovirus within two months of each other. Results are shown in the table below. Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that getting norovirus is independent of the ship.
The Advanced Placement Biology class at Mount Pearl Senior High School conducted genetics experiments with fruit flies, and the results in the following table are based on the results that they obtained. Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that the observed frequencies agree with the
A Pew Research poll was conducted to investigate opinions about global warming. The respondents who answered yes when asked if there is solid evidence that the earth is getting warmer were then asked to select a cause of global warming. The results are given in the table below. Use a 0.05
In the article ?Whole-Body Dual-Modality PET/CT and Whole Body MRI for Tumor Staging in Oncology? (Antoch, et al., Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 290, No. 24), the authors cite the importance of accurately identifying the stage of a tumor. Accurate staging is critical for
A Pew Research poll was conducted to investigate opinions about global warming. The respondents who answered yes when asked if there is solid evidence that the earth is getting warmer were then asked to select a cause of global warming. The results for two age brackets are given in the table below.
In the article ?Eradication of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth Reduces Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome? (Pimentel, Chow, and Lin, American Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol. 95, No. 12), the authors include a discussion of whether antibiotic treatment of bacteria overgrowth reduces
Campral is a drug used to help patients continue their abstinence from the use of alcohol. Adverse reactions of Campral have been studied in clinical trials, and the table below summarizes results for digestive system effects among patients from different treatment groups (based on data from Forest
The test statistic given in this section includes a correction for continuity. The test statistic given below does not include the correction for continuity, and it is sometimes used as the test statistic for McNemar?s test. Refer to Exercise 18 and find the value of the test statistic using the
Amounts of recent political contributions are randomly selected, and the leading digits are found to have frequencies of 52, 40, 23, 20, 21, 9, 8, 9, and 30. (Those observed frequencies correspond to the leading digits of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, respectively, and they are based on data from
In the trial of State of Arizona vs. Wayne James Nelson, the defendant was accused of issuing checks to a vendor that did not really exist. The amounts of the checks are listed below in order by row. When testing for goodness-of-fit with the proportions expected with Benford?s law, it is necessary
Experiments and clinical trials with different treatment groups commonly include information about the characteristics of those groups. In a study of four different weight loss programs, each program had 40 subjects. The means and standard deviations of the ages in each group are as follows: Atkins
a. Find the mean for each of the three groups.b. Find the standard deviation for each of the three groups.Refer to the numbers of years that U.S. presidents, popes, and British monarchs lived after their inauguration, election, or coronation respectively. The data are listed in the table in Review
The World Almanac and Book of Facts includes a section called “Noted Personalities,” with subsections composed of architects, artists, business leaders, military leaders, philosophers, political leaders, scientists, writers, entertainers, and others. Design and conduct an observational study
What is the main difference between oneway analysis of variance and two-way analysis of variance?
Listed below are the weights (in lb) of cars in three different categories (from Data Set 16 in Appendix B). The Minitab display from these data is also shown. Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that the different car categories have the same mean weight. Do cars with more cylinders
Test the claim that there is a difference between the mean for presidents and the mean for British monarchs.Refer to the numbers of years that U.S. presidents, popes, and British monarchs lived after their inauguration, election, or coronation respectively. The data are listed in the table in
Ask each student in the class to estimate the length of the classroom. Specify that the length is the distance between the chalkboard and the opposite wall. On the same sheet of paper, each student should also write his or her gender and major. Then divide into groups of three or four, and use the
Test the null hypothesis that loads on the left femur are not affected by an interaction between the type of car and the size of the car.
Divide into groups of three or four students. Each group should survey other students at the same college by asking them to identify their major and gender.You might include other factors, such as employment (none, part-time, full time) and age (under 21, 21–30, over 30). For each surveyed
Refer to the sample data given in Exercise 1. Given that the three sample means are 132.7, 134.4, and 138.1, can we use analysis of variance to conclude that the mean skull breadth from 150 A.D. is different from the means in 400 B.C. and 1850 B.C.? Why or why not?
Shown below is a Minitab-generated interaction plot representing weights of poplar trees grown at different sites (site 1 and site 2) with different treatments (none, fertilizer, irrigation, fertilizer and irrigation). What does this graph suggest about the interaction between the two factors?
Assume that left femur loads are not affected by an interaction between type of car (foreign, domestic) and size of car (small, medium, large). Is there sufficient evidence to support the claim that the type of car has an effect on left femur load measurements?
Divide into groups of three or four students. Each student should go to a different fast-food restaurant (McDonald’s, Burger King, Wendy’s) and randomly select customers as they enter a line to place an order. Record the time from entering the line to picking up the completed order. Use a
Test the null hypothesis that heights are not affected by an interaction between sex and age bracket. What do you conclude?
Assume that left femur loads are not affected by an interaction between type of car (foreign, domestic) and size of car (small, medium, large). Is there sufficient evidence to support the claim that size of the car (small, medium, large) has an effect on left femur load measurements?
Listed below are body temperatures (in oF) randomly selected from the larger sample in Data Set 2 of Appendix B. a.?What is the level of measurement of these temperatures? b. Are body temperatures discrete data or continuous data? c. What is the sample mean? d. What is the sample median? e. What is
Assume that heights are not affected by an interaction between sex and age bracket. Is there sufficient evidence to support the claim that sex has an effect on height?
A study of the Atkins, Zone, Weight Watchers, and Ornish weight loss programs involved 160 subjects. Each program was followed by 40 subjects. The subjects were weighed before starting the weight loss program and again one year after being on the program. The ANOVA results from Excel are given
Test the null hypothesis that head injury measurements are not affected by an interaction between the type of car (foreign, domestic) and size of the car (small, medium, large). What do you conclude?
The table below lists the numbers of years that U.S. presidents, popes, and British monarchs (since 1690) lived after their inauguration, election, or coronation respectively. As of this writing, the last president is Gerald Ford, the last pope is John Paul II, and the last British monarch is
If we use the amounts (in millions of dollars) grossed by movies in categories with PG, PG-13, and R ratings, we obtain the SPSS analysis of variance results shown below. The original sample data are listed in Data Set 9 in Appendix B. Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that PG movies,
The table below lists numbers of firearm injuries arranged according to circumstances and whether the firearm was a handgun or a rifle or shotgun (based on data from ?Hospitalization Charges, Costs, and Income for Firearm-Related Injuries at a University Trauma Center,? by Kizer, et al., Journal of
Test the null hypothesis that measurements of self-esteem are not affected by an interaction between the subject’s self-esteem and the target’s self esteem. What do you conclude?
Listed below are measured loads (in lb) on the left femur of crash test dummies used in the same cars listed in the Chapter Problem. Use a 0.05 significance level to test the null hypothesis that the different car categories have the same mean. Do these data suggest that larger cars are safer?
Assume that self-esteem measurements are not affected by an interaction between subject self-esteem and target self-esteem. Is there sufficient evidence to support the claim that the category of the target (low, high) has an effect on measures of self-esteem?
Assume that self-esteem measurements are not affected by an interaction between subject self-esteem and target self-esteem. Is there sufficient evidence to support the claim that the self-esteem of the subject (low, medium, high) has an effect on the measurements of self-esteem?
Listed below are randomly selected values from STATDISK and the TI-83 84 Plus calculator. Both samples are obtained by selecting a uniform distribution of whole numbers between 1 and 1000 inclusive. When trying to test for a difference between the population of such random numbers from each of the
The last 103 baseball seasons (as of this writing) ended with 61 World Series wins by American League teams, compared to 42 wins by National League teams. Can the runs test be used to show that the American League is better because disproportionately more World Series contests are won by American
The Genetics and IVF Institute conducted a clinical trial of its methods for gender selection. As of this writing, 172 of 211 babies born to parents using the YSORT method were boys. If the sign test is used, why is it considered to be a “nonparametric” test or a “distribution-free” test?
Divide into groups of 8 to 12 people. For each group member, measure his or her height and measure his or her arm span. For the arm span, the subject should stand with arms extended, like the wings on an airplane. It’s easy to mark the height and arm span on a chalkboard, then measure the
Use a 0.05 significance level with analysis of variance to test the claim that the three books have the same mean Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level. Do the three books appear to be written with the same reading level? Use the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level measurements from randomly selected pages in Tom
Divide into groups of three or four. Survey students by asking them to identify their major and gender. For each surveyed subject, determine the accuracy of the time on his or her wristwatch. First set your own watch to the correct time using an accurate and reliable source (“At the tone, the
Positive signs: 5; negative signs: 7; ties: 1 (from a class project testing for the difference between reported and measured heights of males)Assume that matched pairs of data result in the given number of signs when the value of the second variable is subtracted from the corresponding value of the
Listed below are measured loads (in lb) on the right femur of crash test dummies. (The data are from the same cars used in the Chapter Problem for Chapter 12.) Test the claim that the different car categories have the same median. Do these data suggest that larger cars are safer? Use a 0.05
Listed below are combined city-highway fuel consumption ratings (in miles gal) for different cars measured under the old rating system and a new rating system introduced in 2008 (based on data from USA Today). The new ratings were implemented in response to complaints that the old ratings were too
Consumer Reports magazine tested LCD televisions. The table below shows the overall quality score and cost in hundreds of dollars. Test for a correlation. Based on these results, can you expect to get higher quality by purchasing a more expensive LCD television? Quality 74 71 68 65 63 62 59 57 57
Using subgroups of size corresponding to the rows of the table for the first three days given in Exercise 1, find the values of x̅, the lower control limit, and the upper control limit that would be used to construct an x̅ chart. (Do not construct the chart.)
In each of 15 recent and consecutive years, 1,000,000 people in the United States were randomly selected and the number who were homicide victims was determined, with the results listed below. Are the proportions of homicides within statistical control? What does the control chart suggest about the
The author conducted a survey of his students and requested the value of the coins that each student possessed. Some of the results (in cents) are listed below. Do these values appear to be from a population having a normal distribution? Why or why not? 0 0 0 0 100 23 185 43 35 250 178 10 90 200 40
The table below lists the values of new cars sold by dealers and the values of clothes sold by clothing stores in five recent years (based on data from the U.S. Census Bureau). All values are in billions of dollars. Answer the following without using computer software or a calculator.a.?Identify
Listed below are the genders of the first 25 subjects listed in Data Set 3 in Appendix B. Use that sequence to identify the values of n1, n2, and G that would be used in the runs test for randomness.M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F F M F M M M
Listed below are measured body temperatures (in ?F) of randomly selected subjects (from Data Set 2 in Appendix B). Use the sign test with a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that body temperatures have a median equal to 98.6?F. Use a 0.05 significance level with the indicated test. If no
Construct a scatterplot of the paired cholesterol weight data. Use the data in the table below, which are cholesterol levels (in mg per dL of blood) and corresponding weights (in lb) for randomly selected adult women from Data Set 1 in Appendix B. Cholesterol (mg) 264 181 267 384 98 62 126 89 531
In a study of fraternal twins of different genders, researchers measured the heights of each twin. The data show that for each matched pair, the height of the male is greater than the height of his twin sister. What is the value of T ?
Many nonparametric tests are based on ranks. What is a rank? What are the ranks of the following lengths (in hr) of NASA Space Shuttle Transport System flights (from Data Set 10 in Appendix B): 54, 54, 192, 169, 122?
Use a 0.05 significance level to test for a linear correlation between cholesterol level and weight. Use the data in the table below, which are cholesterol levels (in mg per dL of blood) and corresponding weights (in lb) for randomly selected adult women from Data Set 1 in Appendix B. Cholesterol
Do Activity 2 using pulse rate instead of arm span. Measure pulse rates by counting the number of heartbeats in 1 min.
The Genetics and IVF Institute conducted a clinical trial of its YSORT gender-selection method. The results consisted of 172 boys and 39 girls. Assume that you must conduct a test of the claim that the YSORT method increases the likelihood of girls. In what sense is the alternative hypothesis
If results from the 107 subjects listed in Data Set 3 in Appendix B are rearranged so that all of the males are placed at the beginning of the list and all of the females are placed at the end of the list, can the runs test be used to determine whether the genders of the subjects are in a random

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