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physics
conceptual physical science
Conceptual Integrated Science 2nd Edition Paul G Hewitt, Suzanne A Lyons - Solutions
Each sphere in the diagrams below represents an atom.Joined spheres represent molecules. Which box contains a substance in the liquid phase? Why can’t you assume that box B represents a lower temperature? A B
State whether each of the following is an example of a physical or chemical property of matter: (a) Graphite conducts electricity. (b) Bismuth, Bi, loses its iridescence upon melting. (c) A copper penny is smushed into an embossed souvenir.
State whether each of the following is an example of a physical or chemical property of matter: (a) Carbon dioxide escapes when a soda can is opened. (b) A bronze statue turns green. (c) A silver spoon tarnishes.
Classify the following changes as physical or chemical.Even if you are incorrect in your assessment, you should be able to defend your choice. (a) Grape juice turns to wine. (b) Wood burns to ashes. (c) Water begins to boil.(d) A broken leg mends itself.
Elemental copper, Cu, is copper colored. Elemental sulfur, S8, is yellow. What does this tell you about the color of the compound copper sulfide, CuS?
What is the name of the compound with the formula Sr3(PO4)2?
Give the name and the formula for a compound that results from the combination of aluminum, sulfur, and oxygen?
Chemistry is the study of(a) matter.(b) transformations of matter.(c) only microscopic phenomena.(d) only macroscopic phenomena.(e) both matter and transformations of matter.
Imagine that you can see individual molecules. You watch a small collection of molecules that are moving around slowly while vibrating and bumping against one another. The slower-moving molecules then start to line up, but as they do so their vibrations increase. Soon all the molecules are aligned
The phase in which atoms and molecules no longer move is the(a) solid phase.(b) liquid phase.(c) gas phase.(d) none of these
What chemical change occurs when a wax candle burns?(a) The wax near the flame melts.(b) Carbon soot collects above the flame.(c) The molten wax is pulled upward through the wick.(d) The heated wax molecules combine with oxygen molecules.(e) Two of these are signs of chemical change.
Based on the information given in the diagrams, which substance has the lower boiling point—one made from molecule A, , or one made from molecule B, ?(a) molecule A, which is the first to transform into a liquid (b) molecule B, which is the first to transform into a liquid (c) molecule A, which
Does this transformation represent a physical change or a chemical change? Why?(a) chemical, because of the formation of elements (b) physical, because a new material has been formed (c) chemical, because the atoms are connected differently (d) physical, because of a change in phase
Which is an example of a chemical change?(a) Water freezes into ice crystals.(b) Aftershave or perfume on your skin generates a smell.(c) A piece of metal expands when heated.(d) A glass window breaks.(e) Gasoline burns in a car engine, producing exhaust.
If you burn 50 g of wood and produce 10 g of ash, what is the total mass of all the products produced from the burning of this wood?(a) more than 50 g(b) 10 g(c) less than 10 g(d) 50 g(e) none of these
If you have one molecule of TiO2, how many molecules of O2 does it contain? Why?(a) one, because TiO2 is a mixture of Ti and O2(b) none, because O2 is a different molecule than TiO2(c) two, because TiO2 is a mixture of Ti and 2 O(d) three, because TiO2 contains three molecules(e) none of these
What is the name of the compound CaCl2?(a) carbon chloride(b) dichlorocalcium(c) calc two(d) dicalcium chloride(e) calcium chloride
Distinguish among amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and period.
Define the wavelength of sound in terms of successive compressions of air.
Can sound travel through a vacuum? Why or why not?
What is the relationship between the frequency of light and its color?
Distinguish between the white of this page and the black of this ink, in terms of what happens to the white light that falls on both.
What causes the bending of light in refraction?
Does diffraction help or hinder viewing with a light microscope?
Why does an observer measure waves from an approaching source as having a higher frequency than if the source were stationary?
Explain how you are able to see a wide range of colors even though there are only three kinds of light-sensitive cells (“cones”) in your eyes.
How does the Doppler effect provide evidence that we live in an expanding universe?
Suspend a wire grill from a refrigerator or an oven from a string, holding the ends of the string to your ears. Let a friend gently stroke the grill with pieces of broom straw and with other objects. The effect is best appreciated when you are in a relaxed condition with your eyes closed. Be sure
Write a letter to Grandpa explaining why we now say that light is not just a particle, and not just a wave, but in fact is both—a “wavicle”! 1 1 Frequency Period period' frequency
An ocean wave is cyan. What color(s) of light does it absorb? What colors does it reflect?
Which of these does NOT belong in the family of electromagnetic waves?(a) light(b) sound(c) radio waves(d) X-rays
The source of electromagnetic waves is vibrating(a) electrons.(b) atoms.(c) molecules.(d) energy fields.
The slowing of light in transparent materials has to do with(a) the time for absorption and reemission of the light.(b) the density of materials.(c) different frequency ranges in materials.(d) the fundamental difference between light and sound.
Whether a particular surface acts as a polished reflector or a diffuse reflector depends on the(a) color of reflected light.(b) brightness of reflected light.(c) wavelength of light.(d) angle of incoming light.
When a light ray passes at an angle from water into the air, the ray in the air bends(a) toward the normal.(b) away from the normal.(c) either away from or toward the normal.(d) parallel to the normal.
Refracted light that bends away from the normal is light that has(a) slowed down.(b) speeded up.(c) bounced.(d) diffracted.
The colors on the cover of your physics book are due to(a) color addition.(b) color subtraction.(c) color interference.(d) scattering.
The redness of a sunup or sunset is due mostly to light that hasn’t been(a) absorbed.(b) transmitted.(c) scattered.(d) polarized.
A rainbow is the result of light in raindrops that undergoes(a) internal reflection.(b) dispersion.(c) refraction.(d) all of these
Light has both a wave nature and a particle nature. Light behaves primarily as a particle when it(a) travels from one location to another.(b) interacts with matter.(c) both(d) neither
What is a practical application of the wave nature of an electron?
An electron confined to an atom has waves that are what?
Rank these atoms by the number of electrons they tend to lose, from fewest to most: (a) sodium, Na; (b) magnesium, Mg; (c) aluminum, Al.
Rank these noble-gas atoms by their number of filled shells, from least to most: (a) argon, (b) radon, (c) helium, (d) neon.
Chlorine (atomic number 17) is composed of two principal isotopes, chlorine-35, which has a mass of 34.9689 atomic mass units, and chlorine-37, which has a mass of 36.9659 atomic mass units. Assume that 75.77% of all chlorine atoms are the chlorine-35 isotope and 24.23%are the chlorine-37 isotope.
Which has more atoms—a 1-gram sample of carbon-12 or a 1-gram sample of carbon-13? Explain.
In what sense can you truthfully say that you are a part of every person around you?
Which are older—the atoms in the body of an elderly person or the atoms in the body of a baby?(a) A baby’s atoms are older because this is surely a trick question.(b) An elderly person’s are older because they have been around much longer.(c) The atoms are the same age, which is appreciably
You could swallow a capsule of germanium, Ge (atomic number 32), without significant ill effects. If a proton were added to each germanium nucleus, however, you would not want to swallow the capsule because the germanium would(a) become arsenic.(b) become radioactive.(c) expand and likely lodge in
Why aren’t the atomic masses listed in the periodic table whole numbers?(a) Scientists have yet to make the precise measurements.(b) That would be too much of a coincidence.(c) The atomic masses are average atomic masses.(d) Today’s instruments are able to measure the atomic masses to many
An element found in another galaxy exists as two isotopes.If 80.0% of the atoms have an atomic mass of 80.00 atomic mass units and the other 20.0% have an atomic mass of 82.00 atomic mass units, what is the approximate atomic mass of the element?(a) 80.4 amu(b) 81.0 amu(c) 81.6 amu(d) 64.0 amu(e)
List the following atoms in order of increasing atomic size: thallium, Tl; germanium, Ge; tin, Sn; phosphorus, P.(a) Ge 6 P 6 Sn 6 Tl(b) Tl 6 Sn 6 P 6 Ge(c) Tl 6 Sn 6 Ge 6 P(d) P 6 Ge 6 Sn 6 Tl
Which of these elements has chemical properties the most similar to those of chlorine (Cl, atomic number 17)?(a) O(b)Na(c) S(d) Ar(e) Br
Would you use a physical model or a conceptual model to describe each of the following: the brain, the mind, the solar system, the beginning of the universe?(a) conceptual, physical, conceptual, physical(b) conceptual, conceptual, conceptual, conceptual(c) physical, conceptual, physical,
How does the wave model of electrons orbiting the nucleus account for the fact that the electrons can have only discrete energy values?(a) Electrons are able to vibrate only at particular frequencies.(b)When an electron wave is confined, it is reinforced only at particular frequencies.(c) The
How many electrons are in the third shell of sodium, Na(atomic number 11)?(a) none(b) 1(c) 2(d) 3
What kind of materials are the best conductors?Why are they so good at conducting electricity?
What condition is necessary for heat energy to flow from one end of a metal bar to another? For electric charge to flow?
Why do electrons, rather than protons, make up the flow of charge in a metal wire?
Which has more resistance—a thick wire or a thin wire of the same length? A short wire or a long wire?
What is the effect on the current through a circuit of steady resistance when the voltage is doubled? What is the effect on the current if both voltage and resistance are doubled?
How much current does a radio speaker with a resistance of 8 Ω draw when 12 V is impressed across it?
Which type of circuit is favored for operating several electrical devices, each independently of the other—series or parallel? Defend your answer.
Between a kilowatt and a kilowatt-hour, which is a unit of energy and which is a unit of power?
What is the direction of the magnetic force that acts on a moving charged particle?
What is a galvanometer? What is it called when it is calibrated to read current? To read voltage?
High voltage by itself does not produce electric shock.What does?
What is the source of the electrons that shock you when you touch a charged conductor?
People have wondered about the “mystery” of animal migration for generations. Give one possible, very general explanation as to how animals find their way during migration.
What is the likely cause of Earth’s magnetic field?
Show that the power consumed by a 120-V device that draws 5 A of current is 500 W.
An electric iron connected to 120 V draws 9 A of current. Show that the amount of heat generated in 1 minute is nearly 65,000 J.
The 5000 billion billion freely moving electrons in a penny repel one another. Why don’t they fly out of the penny?
Two equal charges exert equal forces on each other.What if one charge has twice the magnitude of another?How do the forces they exert on each other compare?
Since every iron atom is a tiny magnet, why aren’t all things made of iron also magnets?
What surrounds a stationary electric charge? A moving electric charge?
Lillian is charged to some 50,000 V but is unharmed.Her hair, however, stands out. Why is she not harmed, and why does her hair stand out?
Wai Tsan Lee shows iron nails that have become induced magnets. Is the physics of this situation similar to that of the sticking balloon in Figure 7.5?Discuss and defend your answer. FIGURE 7.5 I
Another person in your discussion group says that a battery provides not a source of electrons, but a means of moving the electrons already in the circuit. Do you agree? Defend your answer.
The electric force of attraction between an electron and a proton is greater on(a) the proton.(b) the electron.(c) neither the proton nor the electron; both are the same.(d) none of these
When a pair of charged particles are brought twice as close to each other, the force between them becomes(a) twice as strong.(b) four times as strong.(c) half as strong.(d) one-quarter as strong.
An electric field surrounds(a) the electric charge.(b) all the electrons.(c) all the protons.(d) all of these
When you double the voltage in a simple electric circuit, you double(a) the current.(b) the resistance.(c) both the current and the resistance.(d) neither the current nor the resistance.
In a simple circuit consisting of a single lamp and a single battery, when the current in the lamp is 2 A, the current in the battery is(a) 1 A.(b) 2 A.(c) dependent on the internal battery resistance.(d)More information is needed.
In a circuit with two lamps in parallel, if the current in one lamp is 2 A, the current in the battery is(a) 1 A.(b) 2 A.(c) greater than 2 A.(d) none of these
If both the current and the voltage in a circuit are doubled, the power(a) remains unchanged if the resistance is constant.(b) is halved.(c) is doubled.(d) is quadrupled.
The essential physics concept in an electric generator is(a) Coulomb’s law.(b) Ohm’s law.(c) Faraday’s law.(d) Newton’s second law.
If you change the magnetic field in a closed loop of wire, you induce a(n)(a) current.(b) voltage.(c) electric field.(d) all of these
The mutual induction of electric and magnetic fields can produce(a) light.(b) sound.(c) both light and sound.(d) neither light nor sound.
What kinds of particle motion account for thermal energy?
Why does a penny become warmer when it is struck by a hammer?
When you touch a cold surface, does cold travel from the surface to your hand or does energy travel from your hand to the cold surface? Explain.
(a) Distinguish between temperature and heat.(b) Distinguish between heat and thermal energy.
Why does ice form at the surface of a pond instead of at the bottom?
Distinguish between a heat conductor and a heat insulator.
Why is a barefoot fire walker able to walk safely on redhot wooden coals?
Describe how convection transfers heat.
(a) What exactly is radiant energy? (b) What is heat radiation?
What is the physicist’s term for the measure of energy dispersal?
Consider the decomposition of water (H2O) to form hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2). At room temperature, the products of this reaction have less entropy than the reactants. Is this reaction thermodynamically favored?Justify your answer.
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