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physics
conceptual physical science
Conceptual Integrated Science 2nd Edition Paul G Hewitt, Suzanne A Lyons - Solutions
When during pregnancy do the major organs of the body develop?
How does a signal from a motor neuron result in the contraction of a muscle?
At what point in the process of muscle contraction is ATP required?
Why do action potentials travel more quickly down thicker axons than thinner ones?
What is the problem with achieving rapidly traveling action potentials through large numbers of giant axons?
How does myelination speed the propagation of action potentials?
What are endorphins, and what causes cells in the brain to release them?
Why do endorphins have effects similar to those of drugs like morphine and heroin?
What is the effect of endorphins?
You have a blind spot where your optic nerve exits your retina. Because of the presence of the optic nerve, there are no rods or cones in this spot. Why is there no obvious blind spot in your field of vision? The brain cleverly fills in this area using visual information from surrounding areas.
Is what you think of as “taste” largely smell? Cut up an apple and a pear, hold your nose, and chew. Can you tell which is which? Now release your nose and allow yourself to smell as you eat. Now can you tell which is which?This exploration can also be performed with different flavors of candy,
Rank the following from the smallest to the largest level of organization: organ, organ system, tissue, cell.
The membrane potential is the electric potential across the cell membrane of a neuron. Rank the following from smallest to largest electric potential: resting potential, membrane potential during action potential, threshold.
Rank the two types of light-sensitive cells, rods and cones, in terms of(a) ability to see in dim light,(b) ability to make out fine details, and(c) ability to distinguish different colors.
Two different types of neurons transmit pain signals to the central nervous system. The faster type transmits signals at 25 m>s. The slower type transmits signals at 0.5 m>s. The distance from your hand to your central nervous system is about 1 m. Suppose that you touch a hot stove. Show that you
The human retina has an area of about 1000 mm2. If 125 million rods and 6.5 million cones are found there, show that you have about 131,500 sensory cells per square millimeter in your retina.
You have about 1000 different kinds of smell receptors.Each of these receptors is a distinct protein coded for by a specific gene. In Chapter 16, you learned that the Human Genome Project revealed that humans have a total of about 22,000 genes. Show that about 4.5, of your genes are dedicated to
The egg is a large cell and contributes almost all the nutrients present in a fertilized egg. The sperm contributes little more than its set of chromosomes. Just how much bigger is a human egg than a human sperm? The human egg is about 100 micrometers in diameter. The head of a human sperm is about
The brain is an organ and, like all organs, it is composed of multiple tissues. What are some of the tissues that make up the brain?
The figure shows a map of the motor control area of the brain, found in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum. Why is such a large part of the brain responsible for controlling the actions of the hands and lips? Why is only a small part of the brain responsible for controlling the trunk? Frontal lobe-
When you move your body, is your cerebrum in complete control? What other parts of your brain are involved?Explain.
Of the three types of neurons (sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons), which type goes to your biceps muscle and tells you to bend your elbow? Which type tells you whether your feet feel cold?
Is a neuron that slows your heartbeat part of the somatic or autonomic nervous system? Is this neuron part of the sympathetic or parasympathetic division?
What would be the effect of removing the myelin sheath from the axon of a neuron?
Do neurotransmitters enter the target cell? If not, how do they have an effect on the target cell?
What determines whether a target cell responds to a specific type of neurotransmitter?
Why do a lot of nocturnal animals have only rods in their retinas?
Are your rods or cones more important for reading a book?
In some people, the bones of the middle ear stiffen with age. This can result in deafness. Why?
Suppose you know that the receptor for a hormone you are studying is found in the target cell’s cytoplasm.Are you studying a protein hormone or a steroid hormone?
On a brilliant, sunny day, you take a long hike through open country. You sweat a lot, losing a lot of water. What hormone does your body release? Why?
What are the roles of mitosis and meiosis in human reproduction and development?
Vasectomy is a form of male sterilization in which a section of each vas deferens is removed. How does this cause sterility, preventing a man from fathering children?
Does a fertilized human egg make anything other than the embryo?
What are the functions of bone marrow?
Does maintaining homeostasis of body temperature involve feedback regulation? Explain.
Animals vary in how “wrinkled” their brains are.Some animals have very wrinkled brains, while others have smooth brains. What would you predict about an animal that has a wrinkled brain rather than a smooth one?
You talk with a friend on the telephone. Which parts of your brain do you use?
If a signaling neuron has an excitatory effect on a target cell, does it increase or decrease the membrane potential of the target cell? Defend your answer.
Stars come in different colors depending on their surface temperatures (see Chapter 29). But when you look up at a starry night sky, all the stars look like they are the same color. Why?
Osteoporosis is a disease that primarily affects postmenopausal women, causing decreased bone density and brittle bones that are vulnerable to fracture. The hormone calcitonin is sometimes used to treat osteoporosis. Why?
Jet lag describes the fatigue and disorientation that result from flying across many time zones. What causes jet lag, and how does the body eventually adjust to a new time zone?Why is there no such thing as “train lag” or “bicycle lag”?
How has natural selection acted on testosterone levels in men? Is there an ideal testosterone level for all phases of a man’s life?
Only one sperm fertilizes an egg. If this is the case, why can low sperm count be a factor in infertility?
Each time myosin heads pull on actin, the sarcomere contracts only about 10 nm (10-9 meter). Given that, how are you able to produce large motions with your muscles?
Explain what happens when you wiggle your toe. Start with the decision to wiggle your toe, which occurs in your brain, and end with a description of the activity of your muscles and bones.
Which two organ systems work together to supply the body with oxygen?
How does getting rid of cellular wastes require the integrated efforts of multiple body systems?
Which blood vessels are responsible for nutrient and waste exchange with tissues?
Which of the following does not occur in the small intestine?(a) Bile from the gall bladder breaks fats into small droplets.(b) Nutrients are absorbed into the body.(c) Proteins are broken down.(d) A highly acidic environment kills bacteria present in food.
Trace the path of blood through the body, beginning with blood returning from the tissues to the heart. Be sure to name each of the chambers of the heart.
Aside from Calories, what else do you need to obtain through your diet?(a) a complete protein(b) a complete carbohydrate(c) vitamins and minerals(d) both a complete protein and vitamins and minerals
What are the three types of blood cells, and what is the function of each?
Trace the path of air as it moves to the alveoli.
The stretchy sac where urine is temporarily stored is the(a) renal pelvis.(b) bladder.(c) ureter.(d) urethra.
How do the structures of the alveoli and their surrounding capillaries facilitate gas exchange?
Which of the following is not associated with the innate immune system?(a) skin(b) tears(c) the inflammatory response(d) antibodies
How do you inhale?
A difference between the innate immune system and the acquired immune system is(a) the innate immune system includes many more different types of receptors than the acquired immune system.(b) the acquired immune system response is immediate, whereas the innate immune response is delayed, peaking
What does digestion accomplish?
What are the functions of saliva?
What happens to food while it is in the stomach?
What structures increase the surface area available for nutrient absorption in the small intestine?
Why is it important for you to eat a complete protein regularly?
What are some of the important minerals you obtain from your food?
What is urea?
How does fluid move from the circulatory system into a nephron?
What happens to the filtrate in the proximal tubule?
What is the function of the loop of Henle?
How does antidiuretic hormone affect how concentrated urine becomes?
What features of skin make it good at keeping pathogens out of the body?
Why is a single innate immune cell able to respond to many different pathogens?
What is an antigen?
Explain what happens when a B cell first encounters a pathogen and binds to an antigen on the pathogen.
What is the function of a memory cell?
What is the structure of hemoglobin? Which part of the hemoglobin molecule binds to oxygen?
How many oxygen molecules can one molecule of hemoglobin carry?
Explain how hemoglobin’s oxygen affinity is affected by blood pH, and how this change in oxygen affinity is adaptive.
How does a low-Calorie diet help you lose weight?
How does exercise help you lose weight?
Do low-carb diets work? How do they help people lose weight?
What are some potential problems with low-carb diets?
Your heart rate is the number of times your heart beats in a minute. It changes over the course of the day as your activity level increases or decreases. Begin by measuring your resting heart rate. Ideally, you should do this when you first wake up in the morning. Now measure your heart rate during
How healthy is your diet? Write down everything you eat and drink for a day. Note the number of Calories when you can. About how many Calories do you consume per day? How does your diet compare to that recommended by MyPlate? What are you eating too much of? Not enough of?
The body mass index (BMI) adjusts your weight for your height. You can calculate your BMI as follows:What does BMI mean? BMI tells you if you are underweight or overweight.Note, however, that BMI does not measure body fat, as the figure below should convince you. BMI your mass in kilograms (your
Rank the following from highest oxygen content to lowest: the air inside the alveoli, a working arm muscle, arteries to the arm, capillaries that supply the arm muscle.
Show that your blood supply can carry as many as 3 х 1022 molecules of oxygen. Here’s some information you may find useful: You have 25 trillion red blood cells.Each red blood cell contains 300 million molecules of hemoglobin. Each molecule of hemoglobin can carry four molecules of oxygen.
A red blood cell has no nucleus and is therefore unable to make the proteins necessary to maintain itself.Because of this, red blood cells have a relatively short life span of about 120 days. Given that we have about 25 trillion red blood cells, show that more than 208 billion red blood cells die
A typical person has a heart rate of 70 beats per minute and takes 12 breaths in a minute. Show that her heart beats about 4200 times an hour, 100,800 times a day, and 36.8 million times a year. Show also that she takes about 720 breaths per hour, 17,280 breaths per day, and 6.3 million breaths per
How does reproduction require the integrated work of multiple organ systems?
In a developing embryo, the heart begins to beat long before developing nerves reach it. How is the embryonic heart able to beat without nervous system control?
Why do you think the atria of the heart are less muscular than the ventricles? Why is the left ventricle more muscular than the right ventricle?
The pumping of the heart does most of the work that is required to move blood around the body. How do your voluntary movements contribute?
Where in the body is blood most oxygenated?
How does the body control the amount of blood that different tissues receive?
Which functions, other than acquiring oxygen for the body, require the work of the respiratory system?
As food moves down your esophagus, your esophagus bulges. Why doesn’t this cause the trachea, which lies adjacent to it, to become closed off?
Is breathing a voluntary or involuntary action?
Having the openings to both the trachea and the esophagus in the pharynx is problematic because it can lead to choking. Are there any advantages to this arrangement?
How do tears help defend your body against pathogens?
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