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physics
conceptual physical science

Questions and Answers of Conceptual Physical Science

What are three components of the cell membrane?
The products of photosynthesis are(a) carbon dioxide and water.(b) carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.(c) glucose.(d) glucose and oxygen.
How are phospholipids arranged in the cell membrane?
Which of the following processes requires oxygen?(a) glycolysis(b) Krebs cycle and electron transport(c) fermentation(d) none of these
Name three molecules that are able to move directly across the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane.
What is diffusion?
What distinguishes passive transport from active transport?
How do endocytosis and exocytosis move materials into and out of cells?
Describe what happens when a message molecule binds to a receptor on the cell membrane.
Does one receptor bind to many different kinds of message molecules?
What are the stages of the cell cycle? What happens during synthesis (S)?
What are the end products of mitosis?
Why do cells need catalysts? What are the catalysts in cells?
How do cells regulate enzymes?
How does penicillin kill bacteria?
Why is almost all life on Earth dependent either directly or indirectly on photosynthesis?
What happens during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?What happens during the light-independent reactions?
In the chemical reaction for photosynthesis, what are the reactants and what are the products?
Describe the process of glycolysis. Is ATP produced during glycolysis?
About how many ATP molecules does a cell obtain from one molecule of glucose through cellular respiration?What other products result from cellular respiration?
What are the products of alcoholic fermentation?
Give two examples of cells in the human body that use lactic acid fermentation. Why does each of these use lactic acid fermentation?
What are some of the different functions of proteins?
Describe the structure of DNA.
Explain this statement: Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids are called macromolecules because they are composed of smaller units joined together.
Why are light microscopes of limited use to cell biologists?
Why are electron microscopes particularly useful to cell biologists?
How does ATP provide energy for cells?
Describe how the sodium-potassium pump works.Which step in the active transport of sodium and potassium ions requires ATP?
Is the amount of energy it takes to make ATP the same as the amount of energy that cells eventually get out of ATP?
Does a pound of lipid (such as fat or oil) really store more energy than a pound of carbohydrate? Examine the nutrition labels on a bag of sugar and a stick of butter or a bottle of cooking oil. How
Carefully place a teabag in a mug of very still hot water and observe what happens. Why is the water darker closer to the teabag than farther away from it? If you remove the teabag and wait, will
Find a recipe and mix up some bread dough. Is yeast one of the ingredients? (You may also be able to buy some fresh dough at a supermarket; some supermarkets sell dough for making pizza crusts.)
Rank these three living things from largest to smallest:(a) a tuberculosis bacterium, a prokaryote;(b) baker’s yeast, a single-celled eukaryote;(c) a human, a multicellular eukaryote.
Rank the molecules in order of the amount of energy they contain, from most to least:(a) ATP,(b) starch,(c) glucose.
Rank the processes in order of how much ATP they produce, from most to least:(a) glycolysis,(b) electron transport,(c) fermentation.
As energy-storage substances, carbohydrates produce about 4 kilocalories of energy per gram, whereas fats produce about 9 kilocalories of energy per gram. The American black bear hibernates for as
A typical cell in the body makes about 10 million molecules of ATP per second. Show that the cell breaks down about 263,158 molecules of glucose per second.
Two different bacteria have radii of 1 micrometer and 5 micrometers. What is the surface area of each cell?How does the surface area compare with the volume for each cell—that is, what is the
Proteins are folded chains of amino acids. All the proteins in living organisms are made up of only 20 different amino acids. Show that there are 400 different ways to make a string of two amino
What are some features of living organisms? Describe how human beings show each of these features.
Bacteria reproduce by dividing in two. Is this an example of asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction? Defend your answer.
When birds migrate south for the winter, they may fly hundreds or even thousands of kilometers in a relatively short period of time. Why do birds put on a layer of fat before their annual migration?
DNA uses only four different kinds of nucleotides. How can only four nucleotides code for all the different kinds of genes that are found in different living things?
You look at a cell under a microscope and discover that the cell has mitochondria and chloroplasts. Is the cell a eukaryotic cell or a prokaryotic cell? Is the cell from a plant or from an animal?
Some cells in the body have more mitochondria than others. For example, nerve cells, muscle cells, and liver cells have lots of mitochondria. Bone cells and fat cells have very few mitochondria. Why
Certain cells in the body make protein hormones that they release into the bloodstream via exocytosis. Trace the path of one such hormone from its assembly in the cell to its release.
How is the function of a cell wall different from the function of a cell membrane? Do you have cell walls, cell membranes, both, or neither?
Transport proteins and the molecules they transport are described as fitting together like a lock and key. Why is it important that they have such a specific fit?
Glucose moves into many cells through facilitated diffusion.This works because there is usually a higher concentration of glucose molecules outside the cell than inside the cell. Why is this the
In plants, roots absorb water (among other functions). Why are the roots of many plants highly branched?
What is the difference between endocytosis and using a transport protein to cross the cell membrane?
Message molecules and their receptors are described as fitting together like a lock and key. Why is it important that they have such a specific fit?
Imagine that a cell goes through all the stages in the cell cycle, except that cytokinesis doesn’t happen.How will that cell be different from normal cells?
The figure below shows a cell in the process of cell division.In which stage of the cell cycle is it?
The deadly nerve gas sarin binds to an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase, which breaks down acetylcholine in the body. If acetylcholine is not broken down, muscles are unable to relax after
Enzymes and their substrates are described as having a lock-and-key fit. Why is it important that they have such a specific fit?
Global warming has occurred because of the large amounts of carbon dioxide released by the burning of fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide traps heat. Why might the loss of forests also contribute to global
What are some differences between fermentation and cellular respiration? Which process produces more ATP?Why do some cells in the human body use fermentation?
Where do the bubbles in champagne come from?
Some animals that live in desert environments, such as this kangaroo rat, never drink water. Kangaroo rats live entirely on the starches and lipids in the dry seeds they eat. Yet we know that all
Write a letter to Grandma telling her about stem cells. Be sure to tell her how stem cells are different from all the other cells in our bodies and why scientists believe they may be helpful for
A friend in your study group claims that a change in just one amino acid in an important protein can cause a serious disease. Another friend says this doesn’t make sense because a protein with a
Membrane proteins often have hydrophilic regions as well as hydrophobic regions. Based on your understanding of the structure of the cell membrane, which part of a membrane protein would you predict
A friend in your class is reading about cells that store energy in the form of tiny lipid droplets. He says, “It says here that the membranes around the droplets are just a single phospholipid
You and a friend are eating lunch in the cafeteria. Suddenly, you both smell very strong perfume. “Wow,” your friend says, “I wish they would turn the fan off. It’s blowing that perfume right
You and a friend go to a garden shop to buy fertilizer for your new plants. Your friend says, “Didn’t we just learn that plants make their own organic molecules through photosynthesis? Plants
You are talking with a winemaker about yeast. “I know that yeast can survive under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions,” he says, “but what I don’t understand is why they seem to need so
Which type of radiation—alpha, beta, or gamma—results in the greatest change in mass number? The greatest change in atomic number?
Which of the three rays—alpha, beta, or gamma—has the greatest penetrating power?
What is the half-life of uranium-238?
Who discovered that energy and mass are two different forms of the same thing?
Which type of radiation from cosmic sources predominates on the inside of a high-flying commercial airplane?(a) alpha(b) beta(c) gamma(d)None of these predominates; all three are abundant.
Is it possible for a hydrogen nucleus to emit an alpha particle?Why?(a) yes, because alpha particles are the simplest form of radiation(b) no, because it would require the nuclear fission of
A sample of radioactive material is usually a little warmer than its surroundings because(a) it efficiently absorbs and releases energy from sunlight.(b) its atoms are continuously being struck by
What evidence supports the contention that the strong nuclear force is stronger than the electrical interaction at short internuclear distances?(a) Protons are able to exist side by side in an atomic
When the isotope bismuth-213 emits an alpha particle, what new element results?(a) lead(b) platinum(c) polonium(d) thallium
A certain radioactive element has a half-life of 1 hour. If you start with a 1-g sample of the element at noon, how much of this same element will be left at 3:00 pm?(a) 0.5 g(b) 0.25 g(c) 0.125 g(d)
The isotope cesium-137, which has a half-life of 30 years, is a product of nuclear power plants. How long will it take for this isotope to decay to about one-half its original amount?(a) 0 yr(b) 15
If uranium were to split into 90 pieces of equal size instead of two, would more energy or less energy be released? Why?(a) less energy, because of less mass per nucleon(b) less energy, because of
Which process would release energy from gold—fission or fusion? From carbon?(a) gold: fission; carbon: fusion(b) gold: fusion; carbon: fission(c) gold: fission; carbon: fission(d) gold: fusion;
If an iron nucleus split in two, its fission fragments would have(a) greater mass per nucleon.(b) less mass per nucleon.(c) the same mass per nucleon.(d) either greater or less mass per nucleon.
What is it called when evaporation takes place beneath the surface of a liquid?
How is sublimation different from evaporation?
Why doesn’t the temperature of melting ice rise as the ice is heated?
How much heat is needed to melt 1 gram of ice? Give your answer in joules.
Why might biology be considered a more complex science than chemistry?
Humidity is a measure of the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. Why is humidity always very low inside your kitchen freezer?
Why is perfume typically applied behind the ear rather than on the ear?
When liquid water freezes, is heat released to the surroundings or absorbed from the surroundings?
Why does it take so much more energy to boil 10 grams of liquid water than to melt 10 grams of ice?
Use Exercise 58 as an analogy to describe what occurs in Exercise
Why does it make sense to think that the alcohol is made of very tiny particles (molecules) rather than being an infinitely continuous material?
Each sphere in the diagrams below represents an atom.Joined spheres represent molecules. Which box contains a substance in the liquid phase? Why can’t you assume that box B represents a lower
State whether each of the following is an example of a physical or chemical property of matter: (a) Graphite conducts electricity. (b) Bismuth, Bi, loses its iridescence upon melting. (c) A copper
State whether each of the following is an example of a physical or chemical property of matter: (a) Carbon dioxide escapes when a soda can is opened. (b) A bronze statue turns green. (c) A silver
Classify the following changes as physical or chemical.Even if you are incorrect in your assessment, you should be able to defend your choice. (a) Grape juice turns to wine. (b) Wood burns to ashes.
Elemental copper, Cu, is copper colored. Elemental sulfur, S8, is yellow. What does this tell you about the color of the compound copper sulfide, CuS?
What is the name of the compound with the formula Sr3(PO4)2?
Give the name and the formula for a compound that results from the combination of aluminum, sulfur, and oxygen?

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