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physics
conceptual physical science
Conceptual Integrated Science 2nd Edition Paul G Hewitt, Suzanne A Lyons - Solutions
Photosynthesizing plants are(a) producers.(b) primary consumers.(c) secondary consumers.(d) decomposers.
Why do populations that live in unstable environments often grow exponentially and then crash?
No two species in a community can occupy the same(a) ecosystem.(b) biome.(c) niche.(d) level of the food chain.
Describe logistic growth. Under what conditions do populations experience logistic growth?
The relationship between a flea and its host is an example of(a) parasitism.(b) commensalism.(c) symbiosis.(d) parasitism and symbiosis.
What are the differences between Type I, Type II, and Type III survivorship?
Which biome is characterized by deciduous trees?(a) tropical forest(b) temperate forest(c) coniferous forest(d) chaparral
Explain how global human population size is expected to change during the 21st century.
Which biogeochemical cycle(s) would be impossible without bacteria?(a) the water cycle(b) the carbon cycle(c) the nitrogen cycle(d) the carbon and nitrogen cycles
What is the age structure of a population? What can you learn from a population’s age structure?
Which of these statements about energy flow in ecosystems is false?(a) Energy from sunlight enters the biotic world when plants and other photosynthesizers use it to build organic molecules.(b) Tropical forests and coral reefs have high primary productivity.(c) About 90, of the energy at one level
What is an ecological footprint? What does the ecological footprint tell us about how the global human population is consuming resources today?
During ecological succession(a) the activities of earlier waves of colonizers allow later colonizers to thrive.(b) biodiversity typically decreases.(c) early colonizers typically remain in the habitat.(d) biomass typically decreases.
What is the name for a diagram of who eats whom in a community?
Explain the difference between a producer and a consumer.
What is a decomposer? What organisms function as decomposers in most communities?
Can two species have the exact same niche in a community?Why or why not?
What types of living things do scientists use to classify Earth’s terrestrial habitats into biomes?
Which biome includes more living things than all other biomes combined?
Why are fires important in savannas?
Describe the photic zone of ocean habitats.
What are some of the challenges that organisms face in the intertidal zone? What adaptations do intertidal organisms have for dealing with these challenges?
All organisms need energy in order to grow, reproduce, and perform the activities necessary for survival. Where does this energy ultimately come from?
How does sunlight energy enter the biotic world?
On average, how much of the energy at one level of the food chain becomes available to the next level? What happens to the rest of the energy?
Why are the later colonizers of a habitat dependent on earlier waves of colonizers?
What usually happens to the total biomass in an ecosystem during succession? Does the number of species present in an ecosystem usually change as succession continues?
Why can regular disturbance sometimes contribute to the biodiversity of a habitat?
How does carbon enter the biotic world? How is it returned to the abiotic world by organisms?
What role do nitrogen-fixing bacteria and nitrifying bacteria play in the nitrogen cycle?
Is energy lost when glucose is converted into ATP during cellular respiration?
Think about the ecology of you! What are some biotic and abiotic features of your environment? What species form part of your community? How do the abiotic features of your environment affect your life and activities?
Model exponential growth using pennies. Think of a penny as a single-celled organism that reproduces by dividing into two once each day. On day 1, you have one penny. On day 2, you have two pennies. Continue the exercise out to at least 10 days. How many pennies do you have at the end of that time?
A number of online websites, such as http://www.footprintnetwork.org, allow you to calculate your personal ecological footprint. Use one of these sites to calculate your ecological footprint. What are five things you could do to reduce your ecological footprint?
Draw a food web that includes humans. What are some of the things we eat? Are we primary consumers? Secondary consumers? A top predator?
Rank the following from lowest in the food chain to highest in the food chain: secondary consumer, primary consumer, top predator, producer.
Rank the following biomes from least precipitation to most precipitation: coniferous forest, desert, tropical forest, temperate forest.
In a population of songbirds, 100 young are born in the year 2010. Each year, 10 individuals die. Make a table showing how many individuals are alive in each year from 2010 to 2020. Now draw a survivorship curve for the population. Does this songbird population have Type I, Type II, or Type III
In a population of insects, 1 million young are born in the year 2010. Each year, 95, of the living individuals die. Make a table showing how many individuals are alive in each year from 2010 to 2015 (you can round off your answers). Now draw a survivorship curve for the population. Does this
A patch of grassland is home to five carnivores that are secondary consumers in the ecosystem. Each of the carnivores uses 2000 kcal of energy over the course of a day.Assume that 10, of the energy available at each level of the food chain moves up to the next level of the food chain. Show that the
A scientist studies how the number of coyotes in San Diego County has changed over the last decade. Is this a population-level study, a community-level study, or an ecosystem-level study? Defend your answer.
Compare exponential growth and logistic growth.Under what circumstances can populations grow exponentially?
The graph shows the growth of a population of single-celled Paramecium in the lab. Did the population grow exponentially or logistically?Can you estimate the carrying capacity of the habitat? Number of Paramecium 1000 800 600 400 200 0- 0 5 10 15 Time (days)
What factors could cause population growth to slow as population size increases?
The figure below shows the age structures for the world human population in 1950 and 2010 as well as a projection for the year 2100. How did the age structure of the world population change between 1950 and 2010? How is it expected to change between 2010 and 2100? World 1950 World 2010 World 2100
The graph above shows survivorship curves for males and females in Great Britain and India in 1999 as well as in 17th-century England. What differences do you see between Great Britain and India in 1999? What might explain these differences? How did survivorship in England change from the 17th
All else being equal, will a person who eats a vegetarian diet or a person who eats meat regularly have a larger ecological footprint? Defend your answer.
List three examples of producers, primary consumers, and secondary consumers.
The map in Figure 21.15 shows the distribution of biomes on Earth. Strips of tundra are seen in both South America and the U.S. mainland. Is this an error? Explain. 30 N Tropic of Cancer - Equator Tropic of Capricorn 30 S Tropical forest Desert Savanna Chaparral Temperate grassland Coniferous
Some flowering plants rely on insects to carry pollen from male flowers to female flowers. The insects are dusted with pollen as they drink nectar produced by the flowers. Is this an example of parasitism, commensalism, or mutualism?
If you eat a pound of pasta, will you gain a pound of weight? Why not?
Why do legumes grow better in nutrient-poor soil than many other plants?
Why do you think most of the early animal colonizers of Krakatoa were flying insects and birds?
Once a habitat is occupied by its climax community, does its species composition continue to change? Why or why not?
Write a letter to Grandma telling her about how the world human population has grown in the past and how it is expected to grow in the next century. Tell her about ecological footprints and how easy it will be for Earth to support this population.
Describe how their population growth curves differ. What factors could cause one population to have a higher rate of increase than the other?
Two populations of monkeys are growing logistically.One population has carrying capacity K = 1000, and the other population has carrying capacity K = 5000.Describe how their population growth curves differ.What factors could cause one population to have a higher carrying capacity than the other?
A habitat’s carrying capacity for a population can change over time. For example, a forest may be able to support a certain number of bears, but when the trees are cut down and the land is paved over, the carrying capacity drops (probably to zero). What other factors could cause the carrying
What type of survivorship curve characterizes humans?What other characteristics are associated with this type of survivorship curve? Do humans show many of these other characteristics?
Two species of salamanders, Plethodon cinereus and Plethodon hoffmani, overlap in parts of their range in the eastern United States. The two species are very similar in size except in places where both species are found. In places where both species are found, Plethodon cinereus is smaller than it
Some acacia trees have evolved a special relationship with certain species of ants. The trees provide food and nesting sites (in the form of hollow thorns) for the ants.The ants attack insects and other species that try to eat the acacia, and they may also kill plants that grow in the immediate
A single tree can sometimes support many insects and birds. Does this contradict the idea that all ecosystems are characterized by energy pyramids?
Different consumers vary in how efficiently they convert food into biomass. Insects use 10,940, of the energy they absorb (that is, energy not lost in feces) to build biomass.The rest goes to maintenance. Mammals and birds, on the other hand, use only 1,93, of their absorbed energy to build
Which part of the brain controls posture, balance, and fine movements?(a) brainstem(b) cerebellum(c) cerebrum(d) thalamus
Multiple tissues combine to make a(n)____, a structure in the body that has a specific function.
Which part of the brain is responsible for reasoning, language, and the control of voluntary movement?(a) brainstem(b) cerebellum(c) cerebrum(d) thalamus
What is an organ system?
Which part of a neuron receives information from another cell or neuron?(a) dendrite(b) cell body(c) axon(d)myelin sheath
What is homeostasis?
During an action potential,(a) the membrane potential becomes more negative until it hits threshold.(b) the membrane potential increases as potassium ions flow out.(c) the membrane potential increases as sodium ions flow in and then decreases as potassium ions flow out.(d) the membrane potential
Give some examples of variables for which the body maintains homeostasis.
Chemoreception characterizes(a) vision.(b) hearing.(c) touch.(d) taste.
What are some of the functions of the brainstem?
The hormone insulin(a) helps regulate blood glucose levels.(b) is involved in the “fight or flight” response.(c) helps regulate the amount of water in the body.(d) works with another hormone, glucagon, to regulate calcium levels in the blood.
Which part of the brain is responsible for balance and posture?
Which of these statements about human reproduction is false?(a) Cilia sweep the egg down the oviduct to the uterus.(b) Fertilization usually takes place in the uterus.(c) Semen contains fluids that help nourish sperm.(d) After fertilization, the zona pellucida becomes impenetrable to sperm.
Why can damage to one side of the cerebrum affect the functioning of the opposite side of the body?
The structure that provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing embryo is the(a) oviduct.(b) amnion.(c) blastocyst.(d) placenta.
Describe the functions of each of the four lobes of the cerebrum.
The connection between a motor neuron and a muscle cell(a) involves an electrical synapse.(b) determines whether muscles contract or extend.(c) uses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.(d) involves an opiate receptor.
Which structures make up the central nervous system?
During muscle contraction,(a) sodium ions are released by the muscle cell’s endoplasmic reticulum.(b) calcium ions allow myosin heads to bind to actin.(c) ATP causes the myosin heads to pivot, pulling on actin.(d) actin heads repeatedly bind to myosin, pivot, release, extend, attach, and pivot
A typical neuron has dendrites, a cell body, and an axon.What is the function of each of these parts?
What are the functions of sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons?
What kinds of functions are controlled by the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system?
What is a membrane potential?
What happens to the membrane potential of a neuron during an action potential?
Why is an action potential described as an all-or-nothing event?
What causes an action potential to travel down a neuron’s axon?
How does an electrical synapse work?
How does a chemical synapse work?
Describe how sound waves enter the ear and ultimately cause you to hear.
How are action potentials generated in chemosensory cells?
What are proprioceptors?
What are the two types of hormones? How does each type of hormone produce an effect in a target cell?
Why is the anterior pituitary sometimes called the “master gland”?
What hormone made by the hypothalamus helps regulate the amount of water in the body? What is its effect?
Which endocrine organ produces the hormones associated with the “fight or flight” response?
What is unusual about the process of meiosis that produces the egg?
How do sperm get past the zona pellucida that surrounds the egg?
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