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physics
conceptual physical science
Conceptual Integrated Science 2nd Edition Paul G Hewitt, Suzanne A Lyons - Solutions
What is gene flow? Use an example to explain how gene flow can cause a population to evolve.
Why are genetic mutations and sexual reproduction important to creating and maintaining variation in populations?
What is a species?
Explain the difference between allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation. Which is more common?
What is an adaptive radiation, and when does it most commonly occur?
What is artificial selection? Why does artificial selection provide evidence for evolution?
Why does the similarity of the mammalian limb in all different species of mammals provide evidence for evolution?
How does biogeography provide evidence for evolution?
What important feature of modern humans can already be seen in 4-million-year-old Australopithecus fossils?
What was the first species of hominid to leave Africa and spread throughout Europe and Asia?
How old is our species, the modern humans known as Homo sapiens sapiens?
Why do some NASA scientists think that life on Earth could originally have come from Mars?
If life on Earth did originate on Mars, how did it get here?
Why are some people skeptical that the supposed Martian fossils are of bacteria?
Why is the surface-area-to-volume ratio important in thermoregulation?
Recall that the amount of caramel on a caramel-covered apple is determined by the apple’s surface area, and the amount of apple is determined by the apple’s volume.If you like to eat a lot more caramel than apple, should you choose one large caramel apple or two smaller caramel apples with the
You are studying a species of tropical goat and comparing it with a related Arctic species. Based on your knowledge of thermoregulation in mammals and its effect on the size and shape of organisms, predict some of the differences you might see between the tropical and Arctic species.
Explain how the fossil whales that have been discovered support Darwin’s theory of evolution.
What does the fossil Archaeopteryx tell us about bird evolution?
Look at these photos, taken from Kettlewell’s original publication on peppered moths. If you were the primary predator of peppered moths, would there be natural selection for color? Why or why not? (How many moths do you see in each photo? Which one did you see first?)
Take a hike or a walk in your neighborhood, and examine some of the plants, insects, birds, and other organisms that you come across. For each organism, note one or two traits that make it adapted to its environment.Did you notice any adaptations that keep organisms from being eaten by potential
Here’s one more thing to think about during your walk. The species you see (whether they are pigeons, squirrels, mice, robins, sow bugs, or others) all share the ability to coexist with humans in a human-created environment. What adaptations allow these species to thrive in human communities?
Three bears are shown. Rank the bears according to how well suited they are to living (and thermoregulating) in a cold climate, from best suited to least suited. A
Peppered moths collected from three different areas are shown. Rank the habitats the moths live in, from most sooty to least sooty.Let’s look at how natural selection causes advantageous traits to become more common in populations. Suppose there is a population of bugs in which some individuals
How many brown and green bugs are there in generation 2? Calculate the number of brown and green bugs there are in generations 1 to
Show that 50, of the bugs in generation 1 are brown, 94, in generation 5 are brown, and more than 99, in generation 10 are brown. What is happening?
Let’s consider a very small population of snapdragons, one with only two individuals. One snapdragon has two red alleles for flower color—it is RR. The other snapdragon has a red allele and a white allele for flower color—it is RW. Show that the frequency of the red allele R in the population
Now let’s assume that the two snapdragons in our tiny population mate and produce a single offspring with genotype RR. We now have a snapdragon population with only one individual. Calculate the allele frequencies of the red and white alleles in the population. Is this an example of genetic drift?
What types of experiments showed that living organisms are not spontaneously generated in nonliving matter?Why do you think the idea of spontaneous generation survived so long—that is, why was spontaneous generation so difficult to disprove?
Why do scientists consider Miller and Urey’s experiment important?
How are liposomes similar to cells? How are they different from real cells?
What are some human traits that do not show variation?What are some that do show variation? What are some heritable human traits? Some nonheritable human traits?
How would you determine whether a trait you were interested in studying is heritable?
How is the story of the myxoma virus and Australian rabbits similar to the story of antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
Nancy Burley of the University of California, Irvine, ran the following experiment: She placed red color bands on the feet of some male birds and green color bands on the feet of other male birds. Females preferred to mate with males that had red color bands. Is this an example of natural
In recent decades, average human height has increased in many parts of the world. Do you think this is an example of evolution?
On islands, many large animals—such as elephants—evolve to become miniaturized. On the other hand, many small animals—including some rodents—evolve to be exceptionally large. Why might natural selection produce these results? Do you think this phenomenon sheds light on Homo floresiensis,
Male birds of many species have brighter feathers than females. Bright colors on males are often adaptations for winning mates, as in the case of birds of paradise and peacocks, discussed in this chapter. Is being less colorful adaptive for female birds? Defend your answer.
Two species of foxes are shown here. One is a kit fox in Arizona. The other is an Arctic fox. Which is which?How can you tell? Describe at least two traits that make each animal well adapted to its environment.
You are studying a population of beetles that includes some red individuals and some yellow individuals. You know that color is a heritable trait in the population. By counting the number of red and yellow beetles over a period of 5 years, you notice that the proportion of red individuals is
In a population of mice that you are studying, tail length appears to be increasing over time. However, you find no evidence that natural selection is acting on tail length.What are two alternative explanations for your observation?
Individuals of two different fish species sometimes mate, but their offspring die soon after hatching. Is this an example of a prezygotic or postzygotic reproductive barrier?
Finches on two closely situated islands look different; on one island, they have brown tail feathers, and on the other island, they have black tail feathers. Can you conclude that these are two different species? How could you determine whether they are in fact distinct species?
At your field site, there are butterflies with yellow wings and butterflies with orange wings. After observing them carefully, you notice that the yellow butterflies always mate in shady areas under trees, whereas the orange butterflies always mate in sunny meadows. Can you conclude that they are
Many of the living organisms in Hawaii are found nowhere else on Earth. Hawaii has numerous unique species of plants, birds, insects, mammals, mushrooms, and other living things. Why?
Islands tend to have fewer species than the mainlands they resemble. Furthermore, island species often include many flying organisms and few terrestrial ones. Do these biogeographic patterns support evolution or the purposeful distribution of organisms? Why?
Laura says she doesn’t believe that humans were at one time chimpanzees or gorillas. Jeff says he doesn’t believe it either. Explain why biologists also don’t believe that humans are descended from chimps or gorillas.
Write a letter to Grandma telling her about drug resistance in living organisms. Explain to her why drug resistance is such a common phenomenon—including why insects become more resistant to pesticides over time, and why diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria have become harder to treat in
During a drought, the supply of seeds available to a finch population decreases. The smaller, softer seeds, which are easier to crack, are quickly eaten up. Finches with larger, stronger beaks are better able to crack the larger seeds that remain. What evolutionary changes do you expect to see in
Caterpillars of the Monarch butterfly eat plants that are toxic to other animals so that their tissues become toxic. Birds that try to eat Monarchs vomit and then avoid the striking orange-and-black pattern in the future.The viceroy is another species of butterfly. Viceroys resemble monarchs, but
You are eating a salad when you almost bite down on a green insect hidden among the lettuce leaves. The friend who is eating with you says, “That would have been gross, but I don’t think it would have poisoned you.” Do you agree?
A population of beetles that includes both sandy and green individuals is introduced into a grassy environment.How do you expect the population to evolve due to natural selection? Now suppose that another beetle population lives in a nearby sandbank. Most of the individuals in this population are
Islands tend to have fewer species than an equally sized area of the mainland. Is this consistent with the idea that species were spread around Earth purposefully? Is it consistent with evolution?
Scientific theories must be falsifiable. Is evolution falsifiable?For example, can you imagine some biogeographic evidence that would not be consistent with evolution?Has any evidence of this sort been found?
Scientists who are searching for new fossils of early hominids usually look in Africa. Does this make sense, or should they expand their search?
Broad-spectrum antibiotics are effective against a wide variety of bacteria. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics are effective against only certain types of bacteria. Public health officials have suggested that one way to combat antibiotic resistance is to use narrow-spectrum antibiotics whenever possible.
An atom loses an electron to another atom. Is this an example of a physical or chemical change?(a) chemical change involving the formation of ions(b) physical change involving the formation of ions(c) chemical change involving the formation of covalent bonds(d) physical change involving the
Aluminum ions carry a 3+ charge, and chloride ions carry a 1- charge. What is the chemical formula for the ionic compound aluminum chloride?(a) Al3Cl(b) AlCl3(c) Al3Cl3(d) AlCl
Why are ores so valuable?(a) They are sources of naturally occurring gold.(b) Metals can be efficiently extracted from them.(c) They tend to occur in scenic mountainous regions.(d) They hold many clues to Earth’s natural history.
In terms of the periodic table, is there an abrupt or gradual change between ionic and covalent bonds?(a) An abrupt change occurs across the metalloids.(b) Actually, any element of the periodic table can form a covalent bond.(c) There is a gradual change; the farther apart the elements, the more
When nitrogen and fluorine combine to form a molecule, the most likely chemical formula is:(a) N3F.(b)N2F.(c) NF4.(d) NF.(e) NF3.
A substance consisting of which of the two molecules shown below should have a higher boiling point? Why?(a) the molecule on the left, SCO, because it comes later in the periodic table (b) the molecule on the left, SCO, because it has less symmetry(c) the molecule on the right, OCO, because it has
Someone argues that you shouldn’t drink tap water because it contains hundreds of molecules of some impurity in each glass. How would you respond in defense of the water’s purity, if it indeed does contain hundreds of molecules of some impurity per glass?(a) Impurities aren’t necessarily bad;
What is the difference between a compound and a mixture?(a) Both consist of atoms of different elements.(b) The difference is the way in which their atoms are bonded together.(c) The components of a mixture are not chemically bonded together.(d) One is a solid and the other is a liquid.
Fish don’t live very long in water that has just been boiled and brought back to room temperature. Why?(a) There is now a higher concentration of dissolved CO2 in the water.(b) The nutrients in the water have been destroyed.(c) Since some of the water was evaporated while boiling, the salts in
How many moles of sugar (sucrose) are there in 5 L of sugar water that has a concentration of 0.5 M?(a) 5.5 moles(b) 5.0 moles(c) 2.5 moles(d) 1.5 moles
How is an acid different from a base?
How many salts are there?
Are there many hydronium ions in neutral water?
As carbon dioxide is absorbed by the ocean, it reacts with water and then carbonate ions to form what?
A material that tends to lose electrons is put into contact with a material that tends to gain electrons. Why won’t electrons flow continuously between these two materials?
Is photosynthesis (see Chapter 15) an exothermic or endothermic process? Please explain.
What coefficients balance this equation?— P4(s) + — H2(g) S — PH3(g)(a) 4, 2, 3(b) 1, 6, 4(c) 1, 4, 4(d) 2, 10, 8
Is the synthesis of ozone, O3, from oxygen, O2, an example of an exothermic or endothermic reaction? Why?(a) exothermic, because ultraviolet light is emitted during its formation(b) endothermic, because ultraviolet light is emitted during its formation(c) exothermic, because ultraviolet light is
How much energy, in kilojoules, is released or absorbed from the reaction of 1 mole of nitrogen, N2, with 3 moles of molecular hydrogen, H2, to form 2 moles of ammonia, NH3? Consult Table 13.1 for bond energies.(a) +899 kJ/mol(b) –993 kJ/mol(c) +80 kJ/mol(d) –80 kJ/mol TABLE 13.1 SELECTED BOND
The yeast in bread dough feeds on sugar to produce carbon dioxide. Why does the dough rise faster in a warmer area?(a) There is a greater number of effective collisions among the reacting molecules.(b) Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing temperature.(c) The yeast tends to “wake up”
What role do CFCs play in the catalytic destruction of ozone?(a) Ozone is destroyed upon binding to a CFC molecule that has been energized by ultraviolet light.(b) There is no strong scientific evidence that CFCs play a significant role in the catalytic destruction of ozone.(c) CFC molecules
What is the relationship between the hydroxide ion and a water molecule?(a) A hydroxide ion is a water molecule plus a proton.(b) A hydroxide ion and a water molecule are the same thing.(c) A hydroxide ion is a water molecule minus a hydrogen nucleus.(d) A hydroxide ion is a water molecule plus two
When the hydronium ion concentration equals 1 mole per liter, what is the pH of the solution? Is the solution acidic or basic?(a) pH = 0; acidic(b) pH = 1; acidic(c) pH = 10; basic(d) pH = 7; neutral
When lightning strikes, nitrogen molecules, N2, and oxygen molecules, O2, in the air react to form nitrates, NO31-, which come down in the rain to help fertilize the soil. Is this an example of oxidation or reduction?(a) The formation of nitrates is an example of reduction.(b) The formation of
Why does a battery that has thick zinc walls last longer than a battery that has thin zinc walls?(a) Thick zinc walls prevent the battery from overheating.(b) Thick zinc walls prevent electrons from being lost into the surrounding environment.(c) Thick zinc walls are chemically resistant to battery
In the lock-and-key model, is a drug viewed as the lock or the key?
What holds a drug to its receptor site?
Which fits better into the opioid receptor site—morphineor methadone?
How many structural isomers are there for hydrocarbons that have the molecular formula C4H10?(a) none(b) one(c) two(d) three
Which contains more hydrogen atoms—a five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon molecule or a five-carbon unsaturated hydrocarbon molecule?(a) The unsaturated hydrocarbon has more hydrogen atoms.(b) The saturated hydrocarbon has more hydrogen atoms.(c) They both have the same number of hydrogen atoms.(d)
Explain why caprylic acid, CH3(CH2)6COOH, dissolves in a 5, aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide but caprylaldehyde, CH3(CH2)6CHO, does not dissolve.(a) With two oxygens, the caprylic acid is about twice as polar as the caprylaldehyde.(b) The caprylaldehyde is a gas at room temperature.(c) The
How many oxygen atoms are bonded to the carbon of the carbonyl of an ester functional group?(a) none(b) one(c) two(d) three
One solution to the problem of our overflowing landfills is to burn plastic objects instead of burying them. What are some advantages and disadvantages of this practice?(a) disadvantage: toxic air pollutants; advantage: reduced landfill volume(b) disadvantage: loss of a vital petroleum-based
Which would you expect to be more viscous—a polymer made of long molecular strands or a polymer made of short molecular stands? Why?(a) long strands, because they tend to tangle among themselves(b) short strands, because of a higher density(c) long strands, because of a greater molecular mass(d)
Aspirin can cure a headache, but when you pop an aspirin tablet, how does the aspirin know to go to your head rather than to your big toe?
Which is better for you—a drug that is a natural productor one that is synthetic?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of living things?(a) use energy(b) maintain themselves(c) have the capacity to reproduce(d) are part of populations that remain constant from one generation to the next
What are some of the characteristics that living organisms share?
The macromolecules made from folded chains of amino acids are(a) proteins.(b) carbohydrates.(c) lipids.(d) nucleic acids.
Describe what it means to say that living things are parts of populations that evolve.
One difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that(a) prokaryotic cells have a nucleus, whereas eukaryotic cells do not.(b) eukaryotic cells have existed on Earth far longer than prokaryotic cells.(c) the DNA of eukaryotic cells is found in linear chromosomes, whereas the DNA of
What are some examples of prokaryotes? What are some examples of eukaryotes?
In plant cells, which organelles break down organic molecules to obtain energy in a form that cells can use?(a) mitochondria(b) ribosomes(c) chloroplasts(d) lysosomes
Describe three or more differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
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