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physics
conceptual physical science

Questions and Answers of Conceptual Physical Science

Is the following rock a sedimentary rock, igneous rock, or metamorphic rock? Why do you think so? Sand grains Cement Pore space (open space filled with water)
The silicates are the largest mineral group because silicon and oxygen are(a) the hardest elements on Earth’s surface.(b) the two most abundant elements on Earth’s surface.(c) found in the common
What physical change in metamorphic rock signals the end of metamorphism?(a) freezing(b)melting(c) crystallization(d) evaporation
Wow! You find a rock that contains a fossil. The rock could be(a) diamond.(b) sandstone.(c) marble.(d) basalt.
Which of these does not belong in your mineral collection?(a) table salt(b) diamond(c) quartz(d) coal
Igneous rocks are the most common of the three types of rocks. Yet they are not often observed because they are typically buried under(a) metamorphic rocks.(b) sedimentary rocks.(c) minerals.
Large crystals are usually associated with(a) intrusive igneous rocks.(b)metamorphic rocks.(c) extrusive igneous rocks.(d) minerals.
During the early stages of Earth’s development, when the entire planet was molten, there were no rocks. What kind of rocks must have been the first to form?(a) igneous rocks(b) sedimentary rocks(c)
Magma transfers heat to the surrounding rock as it rises toward Earth’s surface. The rocks that absorb this heat may undergo(a) compaction.(b) regional metamorphism.(c) contact metamorphism.(d)
Conglomerate is a sedimentary rock that consists of large, rounded pieces of other rocks embedded in mineral “cement.” What type of sedimentary rock is conglomerate?(a) foliated(b) chemical(c)
An igneous rock can be transformed into a metamorphic rock by(a) weathering, erosion, deposition, then compaction to become a sedimentary rock, then heat and pressure.(b) being squeezed by great
What percentage of the Earth is covered with ocean?
What is Earth’s highest point? How high is it? What is Earth’s lowest point? How deep is it?
(a) Identify and describe the three types of stress a rock may experience. (b) Describe the three ways in which rock can respond to applied stress.
Why does folding occur deep below Earth’s surface?
Name three kinds of faults and distinguish among them.
Why are faults worth knowing about?
(a) Name four types of mountains, classified by common structural features. (b) Give an example of each of the four types of mountains.
How do hot spots produce mountains?
What are the three different types of volcanoes?
What is the difference between a plain and a plateau?
Why do plains usually extend out from the base of a mountain?
(a) Where is most of Earth’s water? What percentage of it resides there? (b) Where is most of Earth’s fresh water?
(a) Describe the hydrologic cycle. (b) What part of the hydrologic cycle has particular relevance to the shaping of Earth’s landforms?
(a) Describe the three parts of a passive continental margin. (b) Describe the parts of an active continental margin.
Describe the overall topography of the ocean floor.
Approximately what percentage of Earth’s fresh water is frozen in ice caps and glaciers? About what percentage is in groundwater? About what percentage is in streams and lakes?
What happens to rainwater when it falls to Earth?
Do you live in a watershed? Defend your answer.
Where are all the pore spaces in rocks and sediments filled with water?
In what way is the water table different from a table?
What is the water that resides in the saturation zone called?
Besides runoff from precipitation, what is the source of Earth’s fresh water? Explain.
Why are glaciers called “rivers of ice”?
What percentage of the world’s glacial ice is included in the Antarctic Ice Sheet?
Why do we infer that salts must be removed from seawater about as fast as they are deposited?
The salinity of seawater is almost constant over time.Provide an explanation.
If you drink too much ocean water you will die of dehydration. Explain how this is so.
Where does the salt in ocean water come from?
Name one biological water pollutant, one physical water pollutant, and one chemical water pollutant.
There is a saying: “The solution to pollution is dilution.”Do you think this is a good general rule? What might be some limitations of this approach to controlling water pollution?
Compare the permeability and porosity of several soil samples. To do so, collect several samples of soil taken from various locations and put them in different containers.Look at each one, and
The volume of solids in a sediment sample is 975 cm3, and the volume of open space is 325 cm3. What is the porosity of the sediment? Describe what the result of your calculation means in physical
Show that liquid fresh water makes up about 0.50, of the water on Earth based on the data in Figure 24.18.Figure 24.18 Salt water in oceans: 97.6% Ice caps and glaciers: 1.9% Groundwater: 0.49%
A factory emits steam into the air. How could those same water molecules eventually reside in the ocean? In a river?In groundwater? In a bear’s body?
Some people “fold” under stress. Others “crack up.” How is this like what happens to rock?
Where would you expect to see more runoff—along a city street or in a prairie meadow? Why?
Most glacial ice is stored in polar regions. Why, then, would a severe melting of glacial ice cause the sea level to rise off the coasts of countries located near the equator?
What immediately happens to rainwater when it falls to Earth? What eventually happens to it?
List five major landforms in the United States, and describe them in as much geologic detail as you can.
Why must aquifers consist of material that has both high permeability and high porosity?
What are the two different kinds of continental margins?How do they differ?
The soil under Samantha’s home is rich in clay. The ground therefore has high porosity but low permeability.Would Samantha be able to build a good well in her backyard? Why or why not?
Your friend says that groundwater is a nonrenewable resource. Do you agree?
Rain falls on land. Then what happens to it?
Why does the area of the continental shelf change over geologic time? (Hint: Is sea level constant?)
If surface reservoirs such as lakes and streams suddenly dried up, would people have another source of drinking water? Explain.
What is the relationship between the level of the water table and the depth to which a well must be drilled?
Which surface features record tectonic compression acting on rock? Which features show tectonic tension?
Is groundwater stored in underground rivers? What’s your reasoning?
If you look at a map of any part of the world, you’ll see that older cities are located either next to rivers or where rivers existed at the time the cities were built. Explain.
The Amazon River Basin is a giant watershed with an area of about 6 million square kilometers. What does runoff in the Amazon River Basin flow toward?
Relate the saying “What goes up, must come down” to the water cycle.
Why does kelp, a type of photosynthesizing seaweed, thrive in coastal waters but not in the vicinity of abyssal plains?
How is rock underground like a sponge?
Is the infiltration of water greatest on steep, rocky slopes or on gentle, sandy slopes? Defend your answer.
If the water table at location X is lower than the water table at location Y, does groundwater flow from X to Y or from Y to X?
(a) Refer to the data in Table 24.1. Compare how long a given water molecule remains in each of the following reservoirs, and rank the reservoirs in order from longest to shortest residence time:
Look at Table 24.4. What is easier to control—toxic chemicals leaching out of landfills or toxic chemicals in surface runoff? Defend your answer. TABLE 24.4 COMMON KINDS OF WATER POLLUTANTS Organic
Snow becomes glacial ice when it is subjected to(a) decreasing temperature.(b) pressure.(c) rain.(d) plastic deformation.
When a rock deforms plastically, it(a) fractures.(b) changes its size or shape temporarily.(c) changes its size or shape permanently.(d) changes its mineral composition.
Why are faults important?(a) They are the usual locations of earthquakes.(b) They control the movement of groundwater.(c) They control the subsurface accumulations of fossil fuels.(d) all of these
Approximately what percentage of Earth’s liquid water is fresh water?(a) 3,(b) 25,(c) 0.50,(d) 75,
Which process in the water cycle requires enormous energy input from the Sun?(a) precipitation(b) evaporation(c) condensation(d) percolation
The ocean basin(a) is covered by undersea mountains.(b) is mostly flat but features mountains and trenches.(c) has not been mapped sufficiently to be understood.(d) is an area of low pressure.
The Ogallala Aquifer(a) underlies several states.(b) is being pumped at a high rate.(c) is a source of fresh water.(d) all of these
The salinity of seawater has remained about the same for millions of years—perhaps even a billion years.Why?(a) Salts stopped forming in the ocean long ago.(b) Salts are included in the molecular
Underground water in the saturation zone is called(a) groundwater.(b) soil moisture.(c) the water table.(d) an artesian system.
Fault-block mountains(a) arise from the stretching of Earth’s crust.(b) are formed by the convergence of tectonic plates.(c) originate over hot spots.(d) are produced by upwelling magma.
Another scientist examines how the presence of a nonnative bird species, the starling, affects other species of birds. Is this a population-level study, a community-level study, or an ecosystem-level
What is the function of the placenta?
The cells that carry oxygen to body tissues are(a) red blood cells.(b) white blood cells.(c) platelets.(d) hemoglobin.
What stimulates the heart to beat?
Oxygen moves from the alveoli in the lungs into the bloodstream through the process of(a) active transport.(b) endocytosis.(c) diffusion.(d) exocytosis.
What makes the “lub-dubb” sound of the heartbeat?
Air moves into the lungs when(a) the diaphragm contracts and flattens and the rib cage moves down and into the chest.(b) the diaphragm contracts and flattens and the rib cage moves up and out from
What prevents food from going into the trachea after it is swallowed?
How do the arterioles react when you are running? When you are doing biceps curls? When you are sitting at your desk thinking and doing homework?
All the organisms that live in a specific area make up a(n)(a) population.(b) community.(c) ecosystem.(d) food chain.
Explain the difference between the abiotic features and the biotic features of an organism’s environment.
A Type III population is associated with(a) logistic population growth.(b) long life expectancy.(c) many “inexpensive” offspring.(d) large body size.
The world human population(a) is expected to grow exponentially between now and 2100.(b) is about 6 billion.(c) is expected to start to decline before 2100.(d) is expected to grow more slowly in the
Describe exponential growth. Under what conditions do organisms grow exponentially?
Photosynthesizing plants are(a) producers.(b) primary consumers.(c) secondary consumers.(d) decomposers.
Why do populations that live in unstable environments often grow exponentially and then crash?
No two species in a community can occupy the same(a) ecosystem.(b) biome.(c) niche.(d) level of the food chain.
Describe logistic growth. Under what conditions do populations experience logistic growth?
The relationship between a flea and its host is an example of(a) parasitism.(b) commensalism.(c) symbiosis.(d) parasitism and symbiosis.
What are the differences between Type I, Type II, and Type III survivorship?
Which biome is characterized by deciduous trees?(a) tropical forest(b) temperate forest(c) coniferous forest(d) chaparral

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