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physics
conceptual physical science

Questions and Answers of Conceptual Physical Science

Name two things that happen during RNA processing.
Describe the role of tRNA in translation.
What is a point mutation?
What is a frameshift mutation, and what is its effect on a protein?
What is crossing over? Why is crossing over important to genetic diversity?
What are the products of meiosis?
When Mendel bred pea plants that differed in a single trait, what did he see in the offspring? When Mendel allowed these offspring to self-fertilize, what did he see?
What does Mendel’s principle of independent assortment tell us?
What is codominance? Provide an example of codominance.
Why does Mendel’s law of independent assortment hold for his pea traits but not for all genes?
Why are recessive sex-linked traits seen more often in males than in females?
How many genes does a human have?
What is an SNP?
Is cancer usually the result of a single genetic mutation?
Use examples to describe how transgenic organisms are useful to humans.
Explain how a mammal is cloned.
Describe some of the safety, social, and ethical concerns that relate to genetically modified (GM) crops.
Why is DNA often described as a double helix?
How is DNA like a ladder? What are the “sides” of the ladder, and what are the “rungs”?
What are the four nucleotides found in DNA? How do they pair?
Explain how DNA is damaged by exposure to radioactive materials.
Which cells are most vulnerable to ionizing radiation?
Why is radiation used to treat some forms of cancer?
What are some of the most important cancer-related environmental risk factors?
How is the loss of ozone from Earth’s atmosphere related to cancer?
Trace the inheritance of blood type in your immediate family. What is your blood type? What blood-type alleles do you have? (Note: You may be able to say for sure what alleles you have, or you may
Answer the questions in Exercise 37 for the presence versus absence of dimples and for straight hairline versus widow’s peak hairline.Exercise 37Trace the inheritance of blood type in your
How different is mouse growth hormone from human growth hormone? Nucleotide sequences for the two genes are available at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Web site at
Rank these types of human cells in order of the number of chromosomes they have, from most to least:(a) a sperm cell, (b) a brain cell, (c) a red blood cell
Let’s assume that human height is a polygenic trait determined by three genes: A, B, and C. For each gene, there is a tall allele and a short allele. We’ll use T and S to indicate these. Seven
The human genome includes all the DNA found in all of our chromosomes. Rank these parts of the human genome from highest percentage of our total DNA to lowest percentage of our total DNA: (a) DNA
If an organism’s diploid cells have 64 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will its haploid cells have?
One strand of DNA has the nucleotide sequence CTGAGGTCAGGA. What are the nucleotides on the opposite strand?
A section of DNA with the nucleotide sequence CTGAGGTCAGGA is transcribed. What will the nucleotide sequence of the RNA transcript be?
Suppose an mRNA molecule with the nucleotide sequence AGUCGUUGGCAGGAAGUA is translated.What sequence of amino acids will be produced?
Suppose an mRNA molecule has the nucleotide sequence AGUCGUUGGCAGGAAGUA. What point mutation in this sequence will produce a nonsense mutation?
Suppose an mRNA molecule has the nucleotide sequence AGUCGUUGGCAGGAAGUA. Give two examples of point mutations in this sequence that will not affect the protein that the sequence codes for.
Look at your finger. Is it made of diploid cells or haploid cells?
What kind of sex chromosomes do you have? Where in your body are sex chromosomes found?
Explain why every new DNA molecule has one old strand and one new strand.
Can RNA replicate the way DNA replicates? Why or why not?
We compared mRNA processing to editing “aggfr uidosa to be dfjklsdf or rewerwe not to be” to obtain “to be or not to be.” In this comparison, is “aggfr” an exon or an intron? Is “not”
Do all codons code for amino acids? If not, what else can they code for?
Examine the genetic code in Table 16.1. Are point mutations in the first, second, and third positions of a codon equally likely to cause a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein? What type of
Can you tell what alleles a pea plant with round seeds has? Can you tell what alleles a red snapdragon has? Why are your answers different?
If you have dimples, will all your children have dimples? (Remember that “dimples” is a dominant trait.)
If you do not have dimples, will all your children lack dimples too? (Remember that “no dimples” is a recessive trait.)
You are in an accident and you need a blood transfusion, but you have forgotten your blood type. Which type of blood should you be given? Does this explain why people with type O blood are called
Universal receivers are people who can safely receive any blood type during a blood transfusion. Which blood type do universal receivers have? Explain your answer.
Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy is a condition that affects many more males than females. Knowing only this, how do you think the condition is inherited?
At their genetic counseling session, a couple learns that one partner is a carrier of cystic fibrosis but the other is not. Are their children at risk for inheriting the condition? Could their
If two genes are found on the same chromosome, are they always inherited together? Why or why not?
Give an example of a trait that is determined partly by an organism’s genes and partly by the organism’s environment.Give an example of a trait that is determined primarily by genes—that is, a
Cancer is caused by “genes gone awry”—yet cancer is not usually an inherited genetic condition. Explain why.
Write a letter to Grandpa telling him about transgenic organisms. Tell him why the development of this technology could result in many practical applications. Also tell him about the potential
What are the three types of RNA, and what is the function of each type?
A friend in your study group says that an RNA molecule can sometimes stick to itself, forming a stem and loop that sort of look like a hairpin. “But I thought RNA was single-stranded!” another
Explain how a mistake during meiosis can result in trisomy 21.
In the case of linked genes, explain why two genes are more likely to be inherited together the closer together they are on a chromosome.
“Listen to this,” your friend says, reading from a newspaper article. “’Scientists believe that most genetic mutations have no effect on organisms, a small number have a disadvantageous
You learned that when red snapdragons are bred with white snapdragons, the offspring are pink snapdragons—an example of incomplete dominance. What happens when you breed a pink snapdragon with
If humans had only 2 chromosomes instead of 46 chromosomes (1 homologous pair instead of 23 homologous pairs), would all the children of two parents be identical?
Artemisinin is a powerful antimalaria drug. Unfortunately, it is expensive and in short supply because it must be extracted from the leaves of the sweet wormwood tree, a rare plant with a very
If you were a lawmaker, what constraints would you place on DNA technology? Should there be different rules regarding applying DNA technology to humans and applying it to other species?
If an organism’s haploid cells have 10 chromosomes, then its diploid cells have(a) 5 chromosomes.(b) 10 chromosomes.(c) 20 chromosomes.(d) none of these
One strand of DNA has the sequence AGCCTG. The opposite strand has the sequence(a) AGCCTG.(b)GATTCA.(c) CTAAGT.(d) TCGGAC.
When DNA is replicated in eukaryotes,(a) the new molecule of DNA consists of two newly synthesized strands.(b) a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA) is constructed using DNA as a template.(c) each
Which of these statements regarding transcription and translation is false?(a) mRNA includes the bases A, C, G, and U.(b) The RNA transcript may contain sections that are removed before
A mutation that creates a stop codon in the middle of a protein-coding sequence is(a) a nonsense mutation.(b) a frameshift mutation.(c) both a nonsense and a frameshift mutation.(d) neither a
Crossing over occurs during which phase of meiosis?(a) metaphase I(b) prophase I(c) anaphase II(d) prophase II
If having dimples is dominant and not having dimples is recessive, then(a) all the children of two nondimpled parents will have no dimples.(b) some of the children of two dimpled parents will have no
The sickle-cell allele for hemoglobin, which affects both red blood cell shape and resistance to malaria, provides an example of(a) codominance.(b) pleiotropy.(c) incomplete dominance.(d) a polygenic
Which of these statements about the human genome is true?(a) About 50, of nucleotides are identical in all humans.(b)Humans have about 100,000 genes.(c) About 90, of the human genome carries
Cancer(a) is usually caused by a single mutation in a key gene.(b) is more likely to develop in younger people or people who have been exposed to mutagens (mutation-causing agents).(c) requires a
How did Pasteur disprove the idea of spontaneous generation?
What experiment did Miller and Urey perform? What were their results?
How do liposomes resemble real cells?
Why is RNA, rather than DNA, believed to be the first genetic material?
Why was the evolution of autotrophs an important event in the history of life on Earth?
What fundamental change in Earth’s environment is attributed to the cyanobacteria?
How did the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells originate?
What was Lamarck’s theory about how evolutionary change occurred?
What impressed Darwin about the finches on the Galápagos Islands?
How did the work of Thomas Malthus influence Darwin?
How did Charles Lyell’s work influence Darwin?
What is variation?
What is a heritable trait?
Describe how natural selection occurs.
From the point of view of natural selection, why is it important for an organism to survive?
Define sexual selection, and provide some examples of adaptations that evolved as a result of sexual selection.
Why is parental care adaptive in certain species?
Does natural selection act on genotype or phenotype?
Define genetic drift, and provide an example of how genetic drift can cause a population to evolve.
What is gene flow? Use an example to explain how gene flow can cause a population to evolve.
Why are genetic mutations and sexual reproduction important to creating and maintaining variation in populations?
What is a species?
Explain the difference between allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation. Which is more common?
What is an adaptive radiation, and when does it most commonly occur?
What is artificial selection? Why does artificial selection provide evidence for evolution?
Why does the similarity of the mammalian limb in all different species of mammals provide evidence for evolution?

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