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physics
university physics

Questions and Answers of University Physics

A 84.0-nF capacitor is charged to 12.0 V, then disconnected from the power supply and connected in series with a coil that has L = 0.0420 H and negligible resistance. At an instant when the charge on
(a) Take first and second derivatives with respect to time of q given in Eq. (30.28), and show that it is a solution of Eq (30.27).(b) At t = 0 the switch shown in Fig. 30.17 is thrown so that it
In a proton accelerator used in elementary particle physics experiments, the trajectories of protons are controlled by bending magnets that produce a magnetic field of 4.80 T. What is the
A long, straight solenoid has 800 turns. When the current in the solenoid is 2.90 A, the average flux through each turn of the solenoid is 3.25 × 10-3 Wb. What must be the magnitude of the rate of
A 2.50-mH toroidal solenoid has an average radius of 6.00 cm and a cross-sectional area of 2.00 cm2.(a) How many coils does it have?(b) At what rate must the current through it change so that a
Many biologically important molecules are optically active. When linearly polarized light traverses a solution of compounds containing these molecules, its plane of polarization is rotated. Some
A ray of light traveling in a block of glass (n = 1.52) is incident on the top surface at an angle of 57.2° with respect to the normal in the glass. If a layer of oil is placed on the top surface of
Light of original intensity l0passes through two ideal polarizing filters having their polarizing axes oriented as shown in Fig. E33.32. You want to adjust the angle Ï• so that the
(a) At what angle above the horizontal is the sun if sun-light reflected from the surface of a calm lake is completely polarized?(b) What is the plane of the electric-field vector in the reflected
Unpolarized light with intensity l0 is incident on two polarizing filters. The axis of the first filter makes an angle of 60.0° with the vertical, and the axis of the second filter is horizontal.
A narrow beam of white light strikes one face of a slab of silicate flint glass. The light is traveling parallel to the two adjoining faces, as shown in Fig. E33.25. For the transmitted light inside
A piece of glass with a flat surface is at the bottom of a tank of water. If a ray of light traveling in the glass is incident on the interface with the water at an angle with respect to the normal
Light enters a solid pipe made of plastic having an index of refraction of 1.60. The light travels parallel to the upper part of the pipe (Fig. E33.17). You want to cut the face AB so that all the
A flat piece of glass covers the top of a vertical cylinder that is completely filled with water. If a ray of light traveling in the glass is incident on the interface with the water at an angle of
As shown in Fig. E33.11, a layer of water covers a slab of material Xin a beaker. A ray of light traveling upward follows the path indicated. Using the information on the figure, find (a) The
A laser beam shines along the surface of a block of transparent material (see Fig. E33.8.). Half of the beam goes straight to a detector, while the other half travels through the block and then hits
The vitreous humor, a transparent, gelatinous fluid that fills most of the eyeball, has an index of refraction of 1.34. Visible light ranges in wavelength from 380 nm (violet) to 750 nm (red), as
The electron in a hydrogen atom can be considered to be in a circular orbit with a radius of 0.0529 nm and a kinetic energy of 13.6 eV. If the electron behaved classically, how much energy would it
You want to support a sheet of fireproof paper horizontally, using only a vertical upward beam of light spread uniformly over the sheet. There is no other light on this paper. The sheet measures 22.0
Very short pulses of high-intensity laser beams are used to repair detached portions of the retina of the eye. The brief pulses of energy absorbed by the retina weld the detached portions back into
He–Ne lasers are often used in physics demonstrations. They produce light of wavelength 633 nm and a power of 0.500 mW spread over a cylindrical beam 1.00 mm in diameter (although these quantities
If the eye receives an average intensity greater than 1.0 x 102 W/m2, damage to the retina can occur. This quantity is called the damage thresholdof the retina.(a) What is the largest average power
Scientists are working on a new technique to kill cancer cells by zapping them with ultrahigh-energy (in the range of 1012 W) pulses of light that last for an extremely short time (a few
If the entire apparatus of Exercise 35.11 (slits, screen, and space in between) is immersed in water, what then is the distance between the second and third dark lines?Exercise 35.11Two slits spaced
Two identical audio speakers connected to the same amplifier produce in-phase sound waves with a single frequency that can be varied between 300 and 600 Hz. The speed of sound is 340 m/s. You find
Two speakers that are 15.0 m apart produce in-phase sound waves of frequency 250.0 Hz in a room where the speed of sound is 340.0 m/s. A woman starts out at the midpoint between the two speakers. The
Two small stereo speakers A and B that are 1.40 m a part are sending out sound of wavelength 34 cm in all directions and all in phase. A person at point P starts out equidistant from both speakers
If the person in Problem 34.56 chooses ordinary glasses over contact lenses, what power lens (in diopters) does she need to correct her vision if the lenses are 2.0 cm in front of the eye?Problem
A person can see clearly up close but cannot focus on objects beyond 75.0 cm. She opts for contact lenses to correct her vision.(a) Is she nearsighted or farsighted?(b) What type of lens (converging
Contact lenses are placed right on the eyeball, so the distance from the eye to an object (or image) is the same as the distance from the lens to that object (or image). A certain person can see
For each thin lens shown in Fig. E34.35, calculate the location of the image of an object that is 18.0 cm to the left of the lens. The lens material has a refractive index of 1.50, and the radii of
The cornea behaves as a thin lens of focal length approximately 1.8 cm, although this varies a bit. The material of which it is made has an index of refraction of 1.38, and its front surface is
The crystalline lens of the human eye is a double-convex lens made of material having an index of refraction of 1.44 (although this varies). Its focal length in air is about 8.0 mm, which also
A person is lying on a diving board 3.00 m above the surface of the water in a swimming pool. The person looks at a penny that is on the bottom of the pool directly below her. The penny appears to
A person swimming 0.80 m below the surface of the water in a swimming pool looks at the diving board that is directly overhead and sees the image of the board that is formed by refraction at the
The thin glass shell shown in Fig. E34.12 has a spherical shape with a radius of curvature of 12.0 cm, and both of its surfaces can act as mirrors. A seed 3.30 mm high is placed 15.0 cm from the
A pencil that is 9.0 cm long is held perpendicular to the surface of a plane mirror with the tip of the pencil lead 12.0 cm from the mirror surface and the end of the eraser 21.0 cm from the mirror
Two protons are moving away from each other. In the frame of each proton, the other proton has a speed of 0.600c. What does an observer in the rest frame of the earth measure for the speed of each
The maximum resolution of the eye depends on the diameter of the opening of the pupil (a diffraction effect) and the size of the retinal cells. The size of the retinal cells (about 5.0 μm in
In a laboratory, light from a particular spectrum line of helium passes through a diffraction grating and the second-order maximum is at 18.9° from the center of the central bright fringe.The same
Although we have discussed single-slit diffraction only for a slit, a similar result holds when light bends around a straight, thin object, such as a strand of hair. In that case, a is the width of
The VLBA (Very Long Baseline Array) uses a number of individual radio telescopes to make one unit having an equivalent diameter of about 8000 km. When this radio telescope is focusing radio waves of
Monochromatic x rays are incident on a crystal for which the spacing of the atomic planes is 0.440 nm. The first-order maximum in the Bragg reflection occurs when the incident and reflected x rays
When laser light of wavelength 632.8 nm passes through a diffraction grating, the first bright spots occur at ±17.8° from the central maximum.(a) What is the line density (in lines cm) of this
In a setup similar to that of Problem 35.41, the glass has an index of refraction of 1.53, the plates are each 8.00 cm long, and the metal foil is 0.015 mm thick. The space between the plates is
After an eye examination, you put some eye drops on your sensitive eyes. The cornea (the front part of the eye) has an index of refraction of 1.38, while the eye drops have a refractive index of
Eyeglass lenses can be coated on the inner surfaces to reduce the reflection of stray light to the eye. If the lenses are medium flint glass of refractive index 1.62 and the coating is fluorite of
A certain atom has an energy level 3.50 eV above the ground state. When excited to this state, it remains 4.0 μs, on the average, before emitting a photon and returning to the ground state.(a) What
The silicon–silicon single bond that forms the basis of the mythical silicon-based creature the Horta has a bond strength of 3.80 eV. What wavelength of photon would you need in a (mythical) phasor
(a) What accelerating potential is needed to produce electrons of wavelength 5.00 nm?(b) What would be the energy of photons having the same wavelength as these electrons?(c) What would be the
A horizontal beam of laser light of wavelength 585 nm passes through a narrow slit that has width 0.0620 mm. The intensity of the light is measured on a vertical screen that is 2.00 m from the
An x ray with a wavelength of 0.100 nm collides with an electron that is initially at rest. The x ray’s final wavelength is 0.110 nm. What is the final kinetic energy of the electron?
The cathode-ray tubes that generated the picture in early color televisions were sources of x rays. If the acceleration voltage in a television tube is 15.0 kV, what are the shortest-wavelength x
When ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 400.0 nm falls on a certain metal surface, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photo electrons is measured to be 1.10 eV. What is the maximum kinetic
(a) A molecule decreases its vibrational energy by 0.250 eV by giving up a photon of light. What wavelength of light does it give up during this process, and in what part of the electromagnetic
If the energy of the H2 covalent bond is -4.48 eV, what wavelength of light is needed to break that molecule apart? In what part of the electromagnetic spectrum does this light lie?
In terms of the ground-state energy, what is the energy E1,1,1, of the highest level occupied by an electron when 10 electrons are placed into a cubical box?
The energies for an electron in the K, L, and M shells of the tungsten atom are -69,500 eV, and -22,000 eV, respectively. Calculate the wavelengths of the Kα and Kβ x rays of tungsten.
For magnesium, the first ionization potential is 7.6 eV. The second ionization potential (additional energy required to remove a second electron) is almost twice this, 15 eV, and the third ionization
(a) Write out the ground-state electron configuration (1s2, 2s2,) for the carbon atom.(b) What element of next-larger Z has chemical properties similar to those of carbon? Give the ground-state
Model a hydrogen atom as an electron in a cubical box with side length L. Set the value of L so that the volume of the box equals the volume of a sphere of radius a = 5.29 x 10-11 m,, the Bohr
A positive pion at rest decays into a positive muon and a neutrino.(a) Approximately how much energy is released in the decay? (Assume the neutrino has zero rest mass. Use the muon and pion masses
A proton and an antiproton annihilate, producing two photons. Find the energy, frequency, and wavelength of each photon(a) If the p and p̅ are initially at rest.(b) If the p and p̅ collide head-on,
For the nuclear reaction given in Eq. (44.2) assume that the initial kinetic energy and momentum of the reacting particles are negligible. Calculate the speed of the α particle immediately after it
The starship Enterprise, of television and movie fame, is powered by combining matter and antimatter. If the entire 400 kg antimatter fuel supply of the Enterprise combines with matter, how much
An electron with a total energy of 20.0 GeV collides with a stationary positron.(a) What is the available energy? (b) If the electron and positron are accelerated in a collider, what total
(a) A high-energy beam of alpha particles collides with a stationary helium gas target. What must the total energy of a beam particle be if the available energy in the collision is 16.0 GeV?(b) If
How much energy is released when a μ- muon at rest decays into an electron and two neutrinos? Neglect the small masses of the neutrinos.
What is the mass (in kg) of the Z0? What is the ratio of the mass of the Z0 to the mass of the proton?
If a Σ+ at rest decays into a proton and a π0, what is the total kinetic energy of the decay products?
What is the total kinetic energy of the decay products when an upsilon particle at rest decays to τ + + τ–?
A parallel-plate vacuum capacitor has 8.38 J of energy stored in it. The separation between the plates is 2.30 mm. If the separation is decreased to 1.15 mm, what is the energy stored (a) If the
For the system of capacitors shown in Fig. E24.21, a potential difference of 25 V is maintained across ab. (a) What is the equivalent capacitance of this system between a and b? (b) How
Will a light bulb glow more brightly when it is connected to a battery as shown in Fig. Q25.16a, in which an ideal ammeter A is placed in the circuit, or when it is connected as shown in Fig. 25.16b,
Electric eels generate electric pulses along their skin that can be used to stun an enemy when they come into contact with it. Tests have shown that these pulses can be up to 500 V and produce
A heart defibrillator is used to enable the heart to start beating if it has stopped. This is done by passing a large current of 12 A through the body at 25 V for a very short time, usually about 3.0
A Nichrome heating element that has resistance 28.0Ω is connected to a battery that has emf 96.0 V and internal resistance . An aluminum 1.2Ω cup with mass 0.130 kg contains 0.200 kg of water.
A resistor with resistance R is connected to a battery that has emf 12.0 V and internal resistance r = 0.40Ω. For what two values of R will the power dissipated in the resistor be 80.0 W?
Lightning strikes can involve currents as high as 25,000 A that last for about 40 μs. If a person is struck by a bolt of lightning with these properties, the current will pass through his body. We
In the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, the electron makes 6.0 × 1015 rev/s around the nucleus. What is the average current at a point on the orbit of the electron?
A resistor with R1 = 25.0 Ω is connected to a battery that has negligible internal resistance and electrical energy is dissipated R1 by at a rate of 36.0 W. If a second resistor with R2 = 15.0
You are working late in your electronics shop and find that you need various resistors for a project. But alas, all you have is a big box of 10.0-Ω resistors. Show how you can make each of the
The batteries shown in the circuit in Fig. E26.24 have negligibly small internal resistances. Find the current through (a) The 30.0-Ω resistor; (b) The 20.0-Ω resistor; (c) The 10.0-V
A 1.00-km cable having a cross-sectional area of 0.500 cm2is to be constructed out of equal lengths of copper and aluminum. This could be accomplished either by making a 0.50-km cable of each one and
Three moles of an ideal gas are in a rigid cubical box with sides of length 0.200 m.(a) What is the force that the gas exerts on each of the six sides of the box when the gas temperature is
A metal tank with volume 3.10 L will burst if the absolute pressure of the gas it contains exceeds 100 atm.(a) If 11.0 mol of an ideal gas is put into the tank at a temperature of to what temperature
A diver observes a bubble of air rising from the bottom of a lake (where the absolute pressure is 3.50 atm) to the surface (where the pressure is 1.00 atm). The temperature at the bottom is and the
The proportions of various gases in the earth’s atmosphere change somewhat with altitude. Would you expect the proportion of oxygen at high altitude to be greater or less than at sea level compared
For carbon dioxide gas the constants in the van der Waals equation are α = 0.364 J · m3/mol2 and(a) If 1.00 mol of gas at 350 K is confined to a volume of find the pressure of the gas using the
If no real engine can be as efficient as a Carnot engine operating between the same two temperatures, what is the point of developing and using Eq. (20.14)?Eq. (20.14) Tc TH – Tc TH (efficiency of
An electric motor has its shaft coupled to that of an electric generator. The motor drives the generator, and some current from the generator is used to run the motor. The excess current is used to
Figure E19.8 shows ap V-diagram for an ideal gas in which its absolute temperature at bis one-fourth of its absolute temperature at a.(a) What volume does this gas occupy at point b? (b)
In deriving the ideal-gas equation from the kinetic-molecular model, we ignored potential energy due to the earth’s gravity. Is this omission justified? Why or why not?
Consider a model of a hydrogen atom in which an electron is in a circular orbit of radius r = 5.29 × 10-11 m around a stationary proton. What is the speed of the electron in its orbit?
At t = 0 a very small object with mass 0.400 mg and charge +9.00 μC is traveling at 125 m/s in the -x direction. The charge is moving in a uniform electric field that is in the +y -direction and
A small 12.3-g plastic ball is tied to a very light 28.6-cm string that is attached to the vertical wall of a room (Fig. P21.73). A uni-form horizontal electric field exists in this room. When the
A point charge is on the x-axis at x = 1.20 m. A second point charge Q is on the x-axis at -0.600. What must be the sign and magnitude of Q for the resultant electric field at the origin to
The two charges q1 and q2shown in Fig. E 21.44 have equal magnitudes. What is the direction of the net electric field due to these two charges at points A(midway between the charges), B, and C
If two electrons are each 1.50 x 10-10m from a proton, as shown in Fig. E 21.37, find the magnitude and direction of the net electric force they will exert on the proton. Figure E21.37 65.0°
Suppose you had two small boxes, each containing 1.0 g of protons.(a) If one were placed on the moon by an astronaut and the other were left on the earth, and if they were connected by a very light

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