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physics
university physics

Questions and Answers of University Physics

Neuronsare components of the nervous system of the body that transmit signals as electrical impulses travel along their length. These impulses propagate when charge suddenly rushes into and then out
An uncharged metal sphere hangs from a nylon thread. When a positively charged glass rod is brought close to the metal sphere, the sphere is drawn toward the rod. But if the sphere touches the rod,
Some critics of biological evolution claim that it violates the second law of thermodynamics, since evolution involves simple life forms developing into more complex and more highly ordered
An insulating sphere of radius R = 0.160 m has uniform charge density p = +7.20 x 10-9 C/m3. A small object that can be treated as a point charge is released from rest just outside the surface of the
An electron is released from rest at a distance of 0.300 m from a large insulating sheet of charge that has uniform sur-face charge density .(a) How much work is done on the electron by the electric
At time t = 0 a proton is a distance of 0.360 m from a very large insulating sheet of charge and is moving parallel to the sheet with speed 9.70 × 102 m/s. The sheet has uniform surface charge
A very small object with mass 8.20 × 10-9 kg and positive charge 6.50 × 10-9 C is projected directly toward a very large insulating sheet of positive charge that has uniform surface charge density
As discussed in Section 22.5, human nerve cells have a net negative charge and the material in the interior of the cell is a good conductor. If a cell has a net charge of -8.65 pC, what are the
The pV-diagram in Fig. 20.5 shows a cycle of a heat engine that uses 0.250 mole of an ideal gas having y = 1.40.The curved part a of the cycle is adiabatic. (a) Find the pressure of the gas at
(a) One-third of a mole of He gas is taken along the path a b c shown as the solid line in Fig. P19.49. Assume that the gas may be treated as ideal. How much heat is transferred into or out of the
The graph in Fig. P19.48 shows a pV-diagram for 3.25 moles of ideal helium (He) gas. Part ca of this process is isothermal. (a) Find the pressure of the He at point a. (b) Find the
One mole of ideal gas is slowly compressed to one-third of its original volume. In this compression, the work done on the gas has magnitude 600 J. For the gas, CP = 7R/2. (a) If the process is
The process abc shown in the pV-diagram in Fig. E19.11 involves 0.0175 mole of an ideal gas. (a) What was the lowest temperature the gas reached in this process? Where did it
The graph in Fig. E19.4 shows a pV-diagram of the air in a human lung when a person is inhaling and then exhaling a deep breath. Such graphs, obtained in clinical practice, are normally
The speed of propagation of a sound wave in air at 27oC is about 350 m/s. Calculate, for comparison,(a) vrms for nitrogen molecules(b) The rms value of vx at this temperature. The molar mass of
A hot-air balloon stays aloft because hot air at atmospheric pressure is less dense than cooler air at the same pres-sure. If the volume of the balloon 500.0 m3 is and the surrounding air is at
If deep-sea divers rise to the surface too quickly, nitrogen bubbles in their blood can expand and prove fatal. This phenomenon is known as the bends. If a scuba diver rises quickly from a depth of
If deep-sea divers rise to the surface too quickly, nitrogen bubbles in their blood can expand and prove fatal. This phenomenon is known as the bends. If a scuba diver rises quickly from a depth of
A physics lecture room has a volume of 216 m3.(a) For a pressure of 1.00 atm and a temperature of 27.0oC, use the ideal-gas law to estimate the number of air molecules in the room. Assume all the air
A container with volume 1.48 L is initially evacuated. Then it is filled with 0.226 g of N2. Assume that the pressure of the gas is low enough for the gas to obey the ideal-gas law to a high degree
(a) Calculate the mass of nitrogen present in a volume of 3000 cm3 if the temperature of the gas is 22.0°C and the absolute pressure of 2.00 × 10–13 atm is a partial vacuum easily obtained in
If a certain amount of ideal gas occupies a volume V at STP on earth, what would be its volume (in terms of V) on Venus, where the temperature is 1003°C and the pressure is 92 atm?
a. Calculate the change in air pressure you will experience if you climb a 1000-m mountain, assuming that the temperature and air density do not change over this distance and that they were 22°C and
The coefficient of performance K = H/P is a dimension-less quantity. Its value is independent of the units used for H and P, as long as the same units, such as watts, are used for both quantities.
A refrigerator has a coefficient of performance of 2.25, runs on an input of 95 W of electrical power, and keeps its inside compartment at 5°C. If you put a dozen 1.0-L plastic bottles of water at
A 4.50-kg block of ice at 0.00°C falls into the ocean and melts. The average temperature of the ocean is 3.50°C, including all the deep water. By how much does the melting of this ice change the
A 10.0-L gas tank containing 3.20 moles of ideal He gas at 20.0°C is placed inside a completely evacuated, insulated bell jar of volume 35.0 L. A small hole in the tank allows the He to leak out
A certain heat engine operating on a Carnot cycle absorbs 150 J of heat per cycle at its hot reservoir at 135°C and has a thermal efficiency of 22.0%. (a) How much work does this engine do per
An average sleeping person metabolizes at a rate of about 80 W by digesting food or burning fat. Typically, 20% of this energy goes into bodily functions, such as cell repair, pumping blood, and
Digesting fat produces 9.3 food calories per gram of fat, and typically 80% of this energy goes to heat when metabolized. (One food calorie is 1000 calories and therefore equals 4186 J.) The body
A large cylindrical tank contains 0.750 m3 of nitrogen gas at 27oC and 7.50 × 103 (absolute pressure). The tank has a tight-fitting piston that allows the volume to be changed. What will be the
(a) Calculate the density of the atmosphere at the surface of Mars (where the pressure is 650 Pa and the temperature is typically 253 K, with a CO2atmosphere), Venus (with an average temperature of
A cylindrical tank has a tight-fitting piston that allows the volume of the tank to be changed. The tank originally contains 0.110 m3 of air at a pressure of 0.355 atm. The piston is slowly pulled
Helium gas with a volume of 2.60 L, under a pressure of 0.180 atm and at a temperature of 41.0oC, is warmed until both pressure and volume are doubled.a. What is the final temperature?b. How many
A 20.0-L tank contains 4.86 × 10–4 of helium at 18.0oC. The molar mass of helium is 4.00 g/mol.(a) How many moles of helium are in the tank?(b) What is the pressure in the tank, in pascals and in
A person who has skin of surface area and temperature 30.0°C is resting in an insulated room where the ambient air temperature is 20.0°C. In this state, a person gets rid of excess heat by
You decide to use your body as a Carnot heat engine. The operating gas is in a tube with one end in your mouth (where the temperature is 37.0°C) and the other end at the surface of your skin, at
“Freeze-drying” food involves the same process as “freezer burn,” referred to in Discussion Question 18.6. For freeze-drying, the food is usually frozen first, and then placed in a vacuum
Unwrapped food placed in a freezer experiences dehydration, known as “freezer burn.” Why?
The coolant in an automobile radiator is kept at a pressure higher than atmospheric pressure. Why is this desirable? The radiator cap will release coolant when the gauge pressure of the coolant
When a car is driven some distance, the air pressure in the tires increases. Why? Should you let out some air to reduce the pressure? Why or why not?
On a chilly morning you can “see your breath.” Can you really? What are you actually seeing? Does this phenomenon depend on the temperature of the air, the humidity, or both? Explain.
In the ideal-gas equation, could an equivalent Celsius temperature be used instead of the Kelvin one if an appropriate numerical value of the constant R is used? Why or why not?
Section 18.1 states that ordinarily, pressure, volume, and temperature cannot change individually without one affecting the others. Yet when a liquid evaporates, its volume changes, even though its
A violinist is tuning her instrument to concert A (440 Hz). She plays the note while listening to an electronically generated tone of exactly that frequency and hears a beat of frequency 3 Hz, which
(a) By how much would the body temperature of the bicyclist in the preceding problem increase in an hour if he were unable to get rid of the excess heat?(b) Is this temperature increase large enough
(a) The average normal body temperature measured in the mouth is 310 K. What would Celsius and Fahrenheit thermometers read for this temperature?(b) During very vigorous exercise, the body’s
Suppose that both ends of the rod in Fig. 17.23a are kept at a temperature of 0oC, and that the initial temperature distribution along the rod is given by T = (100oC) sin Ï€x/L where x is
In the northern hemisphere, June 21 (the summer solstice) is both the longest day of the year and the day on which the sun’s rays strike the earth most vertically, hence delivering the greatest
(a) If the jogger in the preceding problem were not able to get rid of the excess heat, by how much would his body temperature increase above the normal 37°C in a half hour of jogging? The specific
You have probably seen people jogging in extremely hot weather and wondered Why? As we shall see, there are good reasons not to do this! When jogging strenuously, an average runner of mass 68 kg and
The basal metabolic rate is the rate at which energy is produced in the body when a person is at rest. A 75-kg (165-lb) person of height 1.83 m (6 ft) has a body surface area of approximately 2.0
Animals in cold climates often depend on two layers of insulation: a layer of body fat (of thermal conductivity 0.20 W/m ‧ K) surrounded by a layer of air trapped inside fur or down. We can model a
A Styrofoam bucket of negligible mass contains 1.75 kg of water and 0.450 kg of ice. More ice, from a refrigerator at -15.0oC, is added to the mixture in the bucket, and when thermal equilibrium has
A steel rod 0.450 m long and an aluminum rod 0.250 m long, both with the same diameter, are placed end to end between rigid supports with no initial stress in the rods. The temperature of the rods is
(a) Equation (17.12) gives the stress required to keep the length of a rod constant as its temperature changes. Show that if the length is permitted to change by an amount Î”L when its
On a cool (4.0oC) Saturday morning, a pilot fills the fuel tanks of her Pitts S-2C (a two-seat aerobatic airplane) to their full capacity of 106.0 L. Before flying on Sunday morning, when the
A surveyor’s 30.0-m steel tape is correct at a temperature of 20.0oC. The distance between two points, as measured by this tape on a day when its temperature is 5.00oC, is 25.970 m. What is the
You are making pesto for your pasta and have a cylindrical measuring cup 10.0 cm high made of ordinary glass [β = 2.7 × 10–5 (Co)–1] that is filled with olive oil [β = 6.8 × 10–4 (Co)–1]
The blood plays an important role in removing heat from the body by bringing this heat directly to the surface where it can radiate away. Never the-less, this heat must still travel through the skin
Two rods, one made of brass and the other made of cop-per, are joined end to end. The length of the brass section is 0.200 m and the length of the copper section is 0.800 m. Each segment has
An insulated beaker with negligible mass contains 0.250 kg of water at a temperature of 75.0oC. How many kilograms of ice at a temperature of – 20.0oC must be dropped into the water to make the
A 6.00-kg piece of solid copper metal at an initial temperature T is placed with 2.00 kg of ice that is initially at – 20.0oC. The ice is in an insulated container of negligible mass and no heat is
In a container of negligible mass, 0.200 kg of ice at an initial temperature of – 40.0oC is mixed with a mass m of water that has an initial temperature of 80.0oC. No heat is lost to the
If the air temperature is the same as the temperature of your skin (about 30°C), your body cannot get rid of heat by transferring it to the air. In that case, it gets rid of the heat by evaporating
A copper pot with a mass of 0.500 kg contains 0.170 kg of water, and both are at a temperature of 20.0°C. A 0.250-kg block of iron at 85.0°C is dropped into the pot. Find the final temperature of
One suggested treatment for a person who has suffered a stroke is immersion in an ice-water bath at 0°C to lower the body temperature, which prevents damage to the brain. In one set of tests,
A 15.0-g bullet traveling horizontally at 865 m/s passes through a tank containing 13.5 kg of water and emerges with a speed of 534 m/s. What is the maximum temperature increase that the water could
Conventional hot-water heaters consist of a tank of water maintained at a fixed temperature. The hot water is to be used when needed. The drawbacks are that energy is wasted because the tank loses
A circular saw blade with radius 0.120 m starts from rest and turns in a vertical plane with a constant angular acceleration of 3.00 rev/s2. After the blade has turned through 155 rev, a small piece
(a) The range of audible frequencies is from about 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. What is the range of the wavelengths of audible sound in air?(b) The range of visible light extends from 400 nm to 700 nm. What
A fisherman notices that his boat is moving up and down periodically, owing to waves on the surface of the water. It takes 2.5 s for the boat to travel from its highest point to its lowest, a total
The upper end of a 3.80-m-long steel wire is fastened to the ceiling, and a 54.0-kg object is suspended from the lower end of the wire. You observe that it takes a transverse pulse 0.0492 s to travel
One string of a certain musical instrument is 75.0 cm long and has a mass of 8.75 g. It is being played in a room where the speed of sound is 344 m/s.(a) To what tension must you adjust the string so
A wave pulse on a string has the dimensions shown in Fig. E15.30 at t = 0. The wave speed is 40 cm/s.(a) If point O is a fixed end, draw the total wave on the string at t = 15 ms, 20 ms, 25 ms, 30
A horizontal wire is stretched with a tension of 94.0 N, and the speed of transverse waves for the wire is 492 m s. What must the amplitude of a traveling wave of frequency 69.0 Hz be in order for
A light wire is tightly stretched with tension F. Trans-verse traveling waves of amplitude A and wavelength λ1 carry average power Pav,1 = 0.400 W. If the wavelength of the waves is doubled,
A 1750-N irregular beam is hanging horizontally by its ends from the ceiling by two vertical wires (A and B), each 1.25 m long and weighing 0.360 N. The center of gravity of this beam is one-third of
You are designing a two-string instrument with metal strings 35.0 cm long, as shown in Fig. P15.58. Both strings are under the same tension. String S1has a mass of 8.00 g and produces the note middle
The lower end of a uniform bar of mass 45.0 kg is attached to a wall by a friction-less hinge. The bar is held by a horizontal wire attached at its upper end so that the bar makes an angle of 30.0o
You are exploring a newly discovered planet. The radius of the planet is 7.20 × 107 m. You suspend a lead weight from the lower end of a light string that is 4.00 m long and has mass 0.0280 kg. You
Two small stereo speakers are driven in step by the same variable-frequency oscillator. Their sound is picked up by a microphone arranged as shown in Fig. E16.38. For what frequencies does their
The motors that drive airplane propellers are, in some cases, tuned by using beats. The whirring motor produces a sound wave having the same frequency as the propeller.(a) If one single-bladed
Two swift canaries fly toward each other, each moving at 15.0 m/s relative to the ground, each warbling a note of frequency 1750 Hz.(a) What frequency note does each bird hear from the other one?(b)
The siren of a fire engine that is driving northward at 30.0 m/s emits a sound of frequency 2000 Hz. A truck in front of this fire engine is moving northward at 20.0 m/s.(a) What is the frequency of
A uniform 165-N bar is supported horizontally by two identical wires A and B (Fig. P16.62). A small 185-N cube of lead is placed three-fourths of the way from A to B. The wires are each 75.0 cm long
A bat flies toward a wall, emitting a steady sound of frequency 1.70 kHz. This bat hears its own sound plus the sound reflected by the wall. How fast should the bat fly in order to hear a beat
A person leaning over a 125-m-deep well accidentally drops a siren emitting sound of frequency 2500 Hz. Just before this siren hits the bottom of the well, find the frequency and wavelength of the
A turntable 1.50 m in diameter rotates at 75 rpm. Two speakers, each giving off sound of wavelength 31.3 cm, are attached to the rim of the table at opposite ends of a diameter. A listener stands in
Two loudspeakers, A and B (see Fig. E16.33), are driven by the same amplifier and emit sinusoidal waves in phase. Speaker B is 2.00 m to the right of speaker A. The frequency of the sound waves
You live on a busy street, but as a music lover, you want to reduce the traffic noise.(a) If you install special sound-reflecting windows that reduce the sound intensity level (in dB) by 30 dB, by
Many opera singers (and some pop singers) have a range of about 2 ½ octaves or even greater. Sup-pose a soprano’s range extends from A below middle C (frequency 220 Hz) up to -flat above high C
(a) If two sounds differ by 5.00 dB, find the ratio of the intensity of the louder sound to that of the softer one.(b) If one sound is 100 times as intense as another, by how much do they differ in
At point A, 3.0 m from a small source of sound that is emitting uniformly in all directions, the sound intensity level is 53 dB.(a) What is the intensity of the sound at A?(b) How far from the source
(a) Blue whales apparently communicate with each other using sound of frequency 17 Hz, which can be heard nearly 1000 km away in the ocean. What is the wavelength of such a sound in seawater, where
A fan at a rock concert is 30 m from the stage, and at this point the sound intensity level is 110 dB.(a) How much energy is transferred to her eardrums each second?(b) How fast would a 2.0-mg
Sound is detected when a sound wave causes the tympanic membrane (the eardrum) to vibrate. Typically, the diameter of this membrane is about 8.4 mm in humans.(a) How much energy is delivered to the
(a) Show that for a wave on a string, the kinetic energy per unit length of string is where is the mass per unit length of string is(b) Calculate for a sinusoidal wave given by Eq. (15.7).(c) There
A deep-sea diver is suspended beneath the surface of Loch Ness by a 100-m-long cable that is attached to a boat on the surface (Fig. P15.84). The diver and his suit have a total mass of 120 kg and a
A large rock that weighs 164.0 N is suspended from the lower end of a thin wire that is 3.00 m long. The density of the rock is 3200 kg/m3. The mass of the wire is small enough that its effect on the

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