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college physics reasoning

Questions and Answers of College Physics Reasoning

\({ }^{235} \mathrm{U}\) decays to \({ }^{207} \mathrm{~Pb}\) via the decay series shown in Figure 30.15. The first decay in the chain, that of \({ }^{235} \mathrm{U}\), has a half-life of \(7.0
A firecracker explodes on the ground in front of Martin just as Lisa passes by at 0.5c. 30 μ,s later, according to Martin, a second firecracker explodes in front of him. Using what you've learned
Which metals in Table 28.1 exhibit the photoelectric effect for(a) light with \(\lambda=400 \mathrm{~nm}\) and(b) light with \(\lambda=250 \mathrm{~nm}\) ? TABLE 28.1 The work functions for some
3.0 eV photons excite a gas of atoms from their ground state to then = 3 excited state. The atoms are then observed emitting 2.0 eV photons.Using what you learned in the table above, what other
The molecule whose energy-level diagram is shown in Figure P29.38 is illuminated by \(2.7 \mathrm{eV}\) photons. What is the longest wavelength of light that the molecule can emit?Figure P29.38
A \(20 \mathrm{MeV}\) alpha particle is fired toward a \({ }^{238} \mathrm{U}\) nucleus. It follows the path shown in Figure P29.53. What is the alpha particle's speed when it is closest to the
The first three energy levels \(E(\mathrm{eV})\) of the fictitious element \(\mathrm{X}\) are \(\ldots . . \ldots\) shown in Figure P29.56.a. What wavelengths are observed in the absorption spectrum
A sodium atom in the \(3 p\) state emits a photon, decreasing the energy of the atom by \(2.10 \mathrm{eV}\). By how much does the orbital angular momentum of the atom change? Does it increase or
A 1.5 V D-cell battery is rated at \(15,000 \mathrm{~mA} \cdot \mathrm{h}\). For how long could such a battery power a flashlight bulb rated at \(1.5 \mathrm{~W}\) ?
a. For the allowed energies of a particle in a box to be large, should the box be very big or very small? Explain.b. Which is likely to have larger values for the allowed energies: an atom in a
The molecules in the rods and cones in the eye are tuned to absorb photons of particular energies. The retinal molecule, like many molecules, is a long chain. Electrons can freely move along one
What is the daughter nucleus of the decay?The Curiosity rover sent to explore the surface of Mars has an electric generator powered by heat from the radioactive decay of \({ }^{238} \mathrm{Pu}\), a
What was the approximate activity of the plutonium source at the start of the mission?A. \(2 \times 10^{21} \mathrm{~Bq}\)B. \(2 \times 10^{19} \mathrm{~Bq}\)C. \(2 \times 10^{17} \mathrm{~Bq}\)D.
The generator initially provided \(125 \mathrm{~W}\) of power. If you assume that the power of the generator is proportional to the activity of the plutonium, by approximately what percent did the
What statement can be made about the masses of atoms in the above reaction?A. \(m\left({ }_{92}^{235} \mathrm{U}\right)>m\left({ }_{56}^{141} \mathrm{Ba}\right)+m\left({ }_{36}^{92}
Because the decay products in the above fission reaction are neutron rich, they will likely decay by what process?A. Alpha decayB. Beta decayC. Gamma decayThe uranium isotope \({ }^{235} \mathrm{U}\)
If a \({ }_{92}^{238} \mathrm{U}\) nucleus is struck by a neutron, it may absorb the neutron. The resulting nucleus then rapidly undergoes betaminus decay. The daughter nucleus of that decay is A.
If a \({ }_{92}^{238} \mathrm{U}\) nucleus is struck by a neutron, it may absorb the neutron. The resulting nucleus then rapidly undergoes betaminus decay. The daughter nucleus of that decay isA. \({
The intensity of sunlight at the top of the earth's atmosphere is approximately \(1400 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}\). Mars is about 1.5 times as far from the sun as the earth. What is the
In Figure VI.1, what is the direction of the electric field in the region between the cathode and the target electrode?A. To the left B. To the right C. Toward the top of the page D. Toward the
Averaged over day, night, seasons, and weather conditions, a square meter of the earth's surface receives an average of \(240 \mathrm{~W}\) of radiant energy from the sun. The average power radiated
The thermal radiation from the earth's surface peaks at a wavelength of approximately \(10 \mu \mathrm{m}\). If the surface of the earth warms, this peak willA. Shift to a longer wavelength.B. Stay
The thermal radiation from the earth's surface peaks at a wavelength of approximately \(10 \mu \mathrm{m}\). What is the energy of a photon at this wavelength?A. \(2.4 \mathrm{eV}\)B. \(1.2
Electromagnetic waves in certain wavelength ranges interact with water molecules because the molecules have a large electric dipole moment. The electric field of the waveA. Exerts a net force on the
What, physically, does the product of a current (in \(\mathrm{mA}\) ) and a time (in s) represent?A. Energy in \(\mathrm{mJ}\)B. Potential difference in \(\mathrm{mV}\)C. Charge in \(\mathrm{mC}\)D.
If the distance between the cathode and the target electrode is approximately \(1.0 \mathrm{~cm}\), what will be the maximum acceleration of the free electrons? Assume that the electric field is
During the \(0.75 \mathrm{~s}\) that the tube is running, what is the electric power?A. \(7.0 \mathrm{~kW}\)B. \(700 \mathrm{~W}\)C. \(70 \mathrm{~W}\)D. \(7.0 \mathrm{~W}\)\(\mathrm{X}\) rays are a
What is the maximum energy of the emitted \(x\)-ray photons?A. \(70 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{~J}\)B. \(1.1 \times 10^{-11} \mathrm{~J}\)C. \(1.1 \times 10^{-14} \mathrm{~J}\)D. \(1.6 \times 10^{-18}
If approximately \(1 \%\) of the electric energy ends up in the \(x\)-ray beam (a typical value), what is the approximate total energy of the \(\mathrm{x}\) rays emitted?A. \(500 \mathrm{~J}\)B. \(50
A typical home's electric system can provide \(100 \mathrm{~A}\) at a voltage of \(220 \mathrm{~V}\). If you had a charger that ran at this full power, approximately how long would it take to charge
The Tesla Roadster, a production electric car, has a \(375 \mathrm{~V}\) battery system that can provide a power of \(200 \mathrm{~kW}\). At this peak power, what is the current supplied by the
One design challenge for a capacitor-powered electric car is that the voltage would change with time as the capacitors discharged. If the capacitors in a car were discharged to half their initial
To charge the batteries in a Tesla Roadster, a transformer is used to step up the voltage of the household supply. If you step a \(220 \mathrm{~V}, 100\) A system up to \(400 \mathrm{~V}\), what is
At a particular moment, the current in the primary coil is clockwise, as viewed from the secondary coil. At the center of the secondary coil, the field from the primary coil isA. To the right.B. To
At a particular moment, the magnetic field from the primary coil points to the right and is increasing in strength. The field due to the induced current in the secondary coil isA. To the right.B. To
What are the rms and peak currents for a \(60 \mathrm{~W}\) bulb? (The rms voltage is the usual \(120 \mathrm{~V}\).)A. \(0.71 \mathrm{~A}, 0.71 \mathrm{~A}\)B. \(0.71 \mathrm{~A}, 0.50
The power supply drives the primary coil at \(9.9 \mathrm{MHz}\). If this frequency is doubled, how must the capacitor in the secondary circuit be changed?A. Increase by a factor of 2 B. Increase by
A \(20 \Omega\) resistor is connected across a \(120 \mathrm{~V}\) source. The resistor is then lowered into an insulated beaker, containing \(1.0 \mathrm{~L}\) of water at \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\),
As shown in Figure VI.3, a square loop of wire, with a mass of \(200 \mathrm{~g}\), is free to pivot about a horizontal axis through one of its sides. A \(0.50 \mathrm{~T}\) horizontal magnetic field
The car is moving at 10 m/s relative to Bill. How fast does Amy see the car as moving?A. 5 m/s B. 10 m/s C. 15 m/s D. 20 m/s Amy Bill Speed relative to Amy 5 m/s
You are in an airplane cruising smoothly at \(600 \mathrm{mph}\). What experiment, if any, could you do that would demonstrate that you are moving, while those on the ground are at rest?
Frame \(S^{\prime}\) moves relative to frame \(S\) as shown in Figure Q27.2.a. A ball is at rest in frame \(S^{\prime}\). What are the speed and direction of the ball in frame \(\mathrm{S}\) ?b. A
Which of these is an inertial reference frame (or a very good approximation)?A. Your bedroom B. A car rolling down a steep hill C. A train coasting along a level track D. A rocket being launched E. A
a. Two balls move as shown in Figure Q27.3. What are the speed and direction of each ball in a reference frame that moves with ball 1 ?b. What are the speed and direction of each ball in a reference
Ocean waves are approaching the beach at 10 m/s. A boat heading out to sea travels at 6 m/s. How fast are the waves moving in the boat's reference frame?A. 16 m/s B. LO m/s C. 6 m/s D. 4 m/s
A boy on a skateboard coasts along at \(5 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). He has a ball that he can throw at a speed of \(10 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). What is the ball's speed relative to the ground if
As a rocket passes the earth at \(0.75 c\), it fires a laser perpendicular to its direction of travel as shown in Figure Q27.5.a. What is the speed of the laser beam relative to the rocket?b. What is
A carpenter is working on a house two blocks away. You notice a slight delay between seeing the carpenter's hammer hit the nail and hearing the blow. At what time does the event "hammer hitsnail"
A lighthouse beacon alerts ships to the danger of a rocky coastline.a. According to the lighthouse keeper, with what speed does the light leave the lighthouse?b. A boat is approaching the coastline
A tree and a pole are 3000 m apart. Each is suddenly hit by a bolt of lightning. Mark, who is standing at rest midway between the two, sees the two lightning bolts at the same instant of time. Nancy
A tree and a pole are 3000 m apart. Each is suddenly hit by a bolt of lightning. Mark, who is standing at rest midway between the two, sees the two lightning bolts at the same instant of time. Nancy
At the instant that a clock standing next to you reads \(t=1.0 \mu \mathrm{s}\), you look at a second clock, \(300 \mathrm{~m}\) away, and see that it reads \(t=0 \mu \mathrm{s}\). Are the two clocks
An assembly line has a staple gun that rolls to the left at \(1.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) while parts to be stapled roll past it to the right at \(3.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). The staple gun
Molly flies her rocket past Nick at constant velocity v. Molly and Nick both measure the time it takes the rocket, from nose to tail , to pass Nick.Which of the following is true?A. Both Molly and
Your clocks and calendars are synchronized with the clocks and calendars in a star system exactly 10 ly from earth that is at rest relative to the earth. You receive a TV transmission from the star
Peggy, standing on a moving railroad car, passes Ryan at velocity v. Peggy and Ryan both measure the length of the car, from one end to the other. The length Peggy measures is ___ the length Ryan
Sam flies past earth at 0.75c. As he goes by, he fires a bullet forward at 0.75c. Suzy, on the earth, measures the bullet's speed to be A. 1.5c D. 0.75c B.c E. Less than 0.75c C. Between 0.75c and c
You are flying at \(0.99 c\) with respect to Kara. At the exact instant you pass Kara, she fires a very short laser pulse in the same direction you're heading.a. After \(1.0 \mathrm{~s}\) has elapsed
You are standing at the point \(x=300 \mathrm{~m}, y=400 \mathrm{~m}\) in a reference frame with synchronized clocks. What time does your clock show at the instant you see the clock at the origin
Two trees are \(600 \mathrm{~m}\) apart. You are standing exactly halfway between them and your lab partner is at the base of tree 1. Lightning strikes both trees.a. Your lab partner, based on
Lauren is flying in her spaceship at 0.3c. If she doubles her speed to 0.6c, her momentum A. Doubles. B. More than doubles. C. Less than doubles.
In Figure Q27.12, clocks \(\mathrm{C}_{1}\) and \(C_{2}\) in frame \(S\) are synchronized. Clock \(\mathrm{C}^{\prime}\) moves at speed \(v\) relative to frame S. Clocks \(\mathrm{C}^{\prime}\) and
An electron moves through the lab at a speed such that ϒ =1.5.The electron's kinetic energy isA. Greater than its rest energy.B. Equal to its rest energy.C. Less than its rest energy.
A meter stick passes you at a speed of \(0.5 c\). Explain clearly how you would measure the length of this fast-moving object.
You're passing a car on the highway. You want to know how much time is required to completely pass the car, from no overlap between the cars to no overlap between the cars. Call your car A, the car
A light flashes at position \(x=0 \mathrm{~m}\). One microsecond later, a light flashes at position \(x=1000 \mathrm{~m}\). In a second reference frame, moving along the \(x\)-axis at speed \(v\),
Your friend flies from Los Angeles to New York. He determines the distance using the tried-and-true \(d=v t\). You and your assistants on the ground also measure the distance using meter sticks and
Your 1000-m-long starship has warning lights at each end that, to you, flash simultaneously every minute. You are moving directly away from the planet Zerkon at \(0.70 c\). To a Zerkonian, do the
The rocket speeds shown in Figure Q27.18 are relative to the earth. Is the speed of A relative to \(B\) greater than, less than, or equal to \(0.8 c\) ? 0.5c FIGURE Q27.18 Earth 0.3c
Dan picks up a \(15-\mathrm{m}\)-long pole and begins running very fast, holding the pole horizontally and pointing in the direction he's running. He heads toward a barn that is \(12 \mathrm{~m}\)
There is a lightbulb exactly halfway between the front and rear of a long hallway in your spaceship. Your ship is traveling at \(0.5 \mathrm{c}\) relative to the earth. The bulb is suddenly turned
Can a particle of mass \(m\) have total energy less than \(m c^{2}\) ? Explain.
At what speed relative to a laboratory does a clock tick at half the rate of an identical clock at rest in the laboratory? Give your answer as a fraction of \(c\).
In your chemistry classes, you have probably learned that, in a chemical reaction, the mass of the products is equal to the mass of the reactants. That is, the mass of the substances produced in a
Lee and Leigh are twins. At their first birthday party, Lee is placed on a spaceship that travels away from the earth and back at a steady \(0.866 \mathrm{c}\). The spaceship eventually returns,
A space cowboy wants to eject from his spacecraft \(100,000 \mathrm{~km}\) after passing a space buoy, as seen by spectators at rest with respect to the buoy. To do this, the cowboy sets a timer on
A lamp flashes at the origin. Then, \(1 \mu\) s later, a lamp flashes at a point \(150 \mathrm{~m}\) from the origin. How fast, as a fraction of \(c\), would an astronaut need to travel so that he
Energy in the sun is produced by the fusion of four protons into a helium nucleus. The process involves several steps, but the net reaction is simply \(4 \mathrm{p} \rightarrow{ }^{4} \mathrm{He}+\)
The X-15 rocket-powered plane holds the record for the fastest speed ever attained by a manned aircraft, at \(2020 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). At this speed, by how much is the
A particle moving at speed \(0.40 c\) has momentum \(p_{0}\). The speed of the particle is increased to \(0.80 c\). Its momentum is now \(\begin{array}{lll}\text { A. Less than } 2 p_{0} & \text { B.
A particle moving at speed \(0.40 c\) has kinetic energy \(K_{0}\). The speed of the particle is increased to \(0.80 c\). The kinetic energy is now A. Less than \(4 K_{0}\)B. Exactly \(4 K_{0}\)C.
A base on Planet \(X\) fires a missile toward an oncoming space fighter. The missile's speed according to the base is \(0.85 c\). The space fighter measures the missile's speed as \(0.96 c\). How
A \(1.0 \mathrm{~g}\) particle has momentum \(400,000 \mathrm{~kg} \cdot \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}\). What is the particle's speed?
A firecracker explodes at \(x=0 \mathrm{~m}, t=0 \mu \mathrm{s}\). A second explodes at \(x=300 \mathrm{~m}, t=2.0 \mu \mathrm{s}\). What is the proper time between these events?
You're standing on an asteroid when you see your best friend rocketing by in her new spaceship. As she goes by, you notice that the front and rear of her ship coincide exactly with the 400-m-diameter
A subatomic particle moves through the laboratory at \(0.90 c\). Laboratory experimenters measure its lifetime, from creation to annihilation, to be \(2.3 \mathrm{ps}\left(1 \mathrm{ps}=1\right.\)
You and Maria each own identical spaceships. As you fly past Maria, you measure her ship to be \(90 \mathrm{~m}\) long and your own ship to be \(100 \mathrm{~m}\) long.a. How long does Maria measure
A very fast-moving train car passes you, moving to the right at \(0.50 c\). You measure its length to be \(12 \mathrm{~m}\). Your friend David flies past you to the right at a speed relative to you
Two events in reference frame \(\mathrm{S}\) occur \(10 \mu \mathrm{s}\) apart at the same point in space. Frame \(\mathrm{S}^{\prime}\) travels at speed \(v=0.90 c\) relative to frame
A spaceship heads directly toward an asteroid at a relative speed of \(0.75 \mathrm{c}\). When it is \(3.0 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{~m}\) from the asteroid, as measured in the asteroid's frame, the
Because of the earth's rotation, a person living on top of a mountain moves at a faster speed than someone at sea level. The mountain dweller's clocks thus run slowly compared to those at sea level.
Two spaceships approach each other at speeds of \(0.80 c\) and \(0.90 c\) relative to the sun. When they are \(5.0 \times 10^{9} \mathrm{~m}\) apart, as measured in the sun's reference frame, they
A railroad car that is \(20 \mathrm{~m}\) long when at rest passes Rachael, who is standing on the ground. She records that it takes \(120 \mathrm{~ns}\) to go by. How fast is the car moving, as a
A spaceship flies past an experimenter who measures its length to be one-half the length he had measured when the spaceship was at rest. An astronaut aboard the spaceship notes that his clock ticks
Marissa's spaceship approaches Joseph's at a speed of \(0.99 c\). As Marissa passes Joseph, they synchronize their clocks to both read \(t=0 \mathrm{~s}\). When Marissa's clock reads \(100
At a speed of \(0.90 c\), a spaceship travels to a star that is 9.0 ly distant.a. According to a scientist on earth, how long does the trip take?b. According to a scientist on the spaceship, how long
A military jet traveling at \(1500 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) has engine trouble and the pilot must bail out. Her ejection seat shoots her forward at \(300 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) relative to the
A railcar has a velocity of \(0.5 \mathrm{c}\) relative to the ground. To another train traveling on the same track, the railcar's velocity is \(-0.2 c\). What is the velocity of the train relative
James, Daniella, and Tara all possess identical clocks. As Daniella passes James in her rocket, James observes that her clock runs at \(80 \%\) the rate of his clock. As Tara passes in her rocket, in
A space beacon on Planet Karma emits a pulse of light every second. Spaceman Trevor flies directly toward the beacon at a speed of \(0.95 c\). According to Trevor, what is the time between one pulse

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