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college physics reasoning

College Physics Reasoning and Relationships 2nd edition Nicholas Giordano - Solutions

Consider a hypothetical cluster of galaxies distributed in space as shown in the top part of Figure P31.28, where each galaxy is positioned on a grid with a spacing of two million lightyears. Four
Consider the decay of an excited hyperon described in Figure P31.26. This figure shows a “cascade” of decay reactions, producing many particles along the way. (a) How many particles, including
Based on his data in Figure 31.12, Hubble proposed that the velocity v of a galaxy relative to the Earth is related to its distance d from the Earth by what is now known as Hubble’s law (Eq. 31.5).
(a) At what frequency fmax does the cosmic microwave background radiation from the Big Bang have its greatest intensity? (b) Our galaxy moves at a speed of about 300 km/s relative to the source of
A particle with nonzero velocity enters a region of space that has a uniform magnetic field directed into the page as depicted in Figure Q31.11. The resulting path (trajectory) followed by the
Consider the hypothetical reaction in Figure Q31.4 in which an electron (e-) annihilates a positron (e+), with the positron initially at rest. Can this reaction result in a single emitted photon?
How many different hadrons are stable outside the nucleus? They are all listed in Table 31.3.
The sunlight that reaches the outer solar system is too feeble to power a spacecraft with solar panels. Space probes like Cassini, sent to explore Saturn and its moons, use a radioisotope
At a relatively close 51.4 kiloparsecs away from the Earth, the supernova of 1987 was the closest nova to occur since telescopes were invented, and it allowed a unique opportunity to confirm that
In 1942, the world’s first nuclear fission reactor was built and operated by a team of physicists headed by Enrico Fermi under the bleachers of an abandoned stadium (Fig. P30.86) at the University
A Rutherford scattering experiment is performed in which alpha particles are directed at a flat sheet of carbon. This sheet contains a single layer of carbon atoms arranged on a square grid (Fig.
Ordinary soil contains typically 1 part per million (ppm) of uranium by mass. (a) How many uranium nuclei are in the top 10 m of soil under a typical house (20 m 20 m)? (b) Only 0.72% of the
Some smoke detectors (Fig. P30.69) use the radiation produced by the decay of 24 95 1Am (half-life 432 yr) to ionize air molecules, which in turn produces a steady current across two electrodes. If
In 1991, hikers in the Alps discovered the remains of a man who had been trapped in a glacier (Fig. P30.67). Carbon dating revealed the 146C/ 126C ratio in the remains to be 6.8x1013. How old are the
What is the approximate activity (in units of Bq and Ci) of a banana? Assume all the activity is from the 40K content of the banana (Fig. P30.62). An average banana has about 600 mg of potassium. You
A typical exposure from a dental X-ray is 10 mrem. (See Table 30.4.) (a) Approximately how much energy is deposited to your head when you get a dental X-ray? (b) An object of mass 1 kg falls on
Use the RBE factors in Table 30.3 to compare the damage produced by alpha particles, gamma rays, and fast neutrons. For the same dose (measured in rads), rank these three types of radiation in order
The largest fusion bomb ever detonated (called the Tsar Bomba) was tested by the Soviet Union in 1961. The explosion from the device shown in Figure P30.48 released an energy of approximately
Use the mass data in Table A.4 to calculate (a) The total binding energy (b) The binding energy per nucleon of 126C, 31H, 5626Fe, and 23592U.
The sketch in Figure 30.11 shows a nuclear decay in which two product nuclei are produced. Why do they travel away in opposite directions? Figure 30.11
Do you expect that 5626Fe would undergo fusion? Explain why or why not. Use the binding energy curve in Figure 30.18.
In the mid-1800s, the elements of the periodic table were being identified and discovered, yet for many decades element 43, between molybdenum and ruthenium (Fig. Q30.7), remained unfound. Technetium
A quantum system (a molecule) has the energy levels shown in Figure P29.59. A large number of these molecules in their ground states make up a gas. (a) Suppose we want to excite these molecules to
Suppose a certain ionized atom produces an emission line in accordance with the Bohr model, but the number of protons in the nucleus Z is not known. A group of lines in the spectrum forms a series in
Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) is a technique for identifying and quantifying the elemental composition of a sample. Volumes as small as a few cubic micrometers can be probed using EDS. The
Table 29.4 lists the electron configurations of various atoms in their ground (lowest energy) states. The configuration notation can also describe atoms in their excited states. Which of the
In the Bohr model, the energy of the different electron states depends on the value of n (Eq. 29.16). (a) Compute the energies of the states with n = 1, 2, 3, and 4. (b) Plot your results from part
A hypothetical atom contains energy levels as sketched in Figure P29.5. What are the energies of all possible emission lines involving these levels?
Consider a Rutherford scattering experiment in which an alpha particle is fired at a sheet of atoms only one atomic layer thick (Fig. P29.3). The radius of an alpha particle is about 1 fm (1x10-15 m)
Electrons are accelerated through a potential difference of 20 kV in a vacuum tube to create a beam directed along the y axis. The beam passes through a 1.0-mm-wide slit and hits a fluorescent
Using the Apache Point Observatory Lunar Laser-Ranging Operation (Fig. P23.61, page 822), the distance to the Moon is determined by how long it takes for a laser pulse to travel from the Earth to the
In 1983, a hypothesized heavy force-carrying particle called the Z boson was discovered by studying the collisions of protons at the European Particle Physics laboratory, CERN. Just as a photon
Estimate the photon energies at which the blue, green, and red cone cells in Figure 28.19 are most sensitive. Figure 28.19
When a particle such as an electron in an STM tunnels through a barrier, the Heisenberg uncertainty relation can be applied to get an approximate upper limit on the tunneling distance. Suppose an
The spin s of an electron is a type of angular momentum. It is quantized and is equal to s = ±1/2ℏ, where the symbol h with a slash through the top is the reduced Planck’s constant ℏ =
The de Broglie relation for the wavelength of a particle-wave (Eq. 28.8) is valid for relativistic particles (i.e., particles moving at speeds approaching the speed of light c) provided the
Crystals can be used to do interference experiments with photons (as for electrons in Fig. 28.8). Consider a crystal with a 0.40-nm spacing between atoms. (a) If the photon wavelength must be
The color of a blackbody is related to its temperature through Wien’s law (Eq. 28.7). Estimate the energy of a typical photon emitted by (a) An ice cube, (b) A human being, (c) An oven baking a
Explain why a classical picture cannot account for the Stern– Gerlach experiment with electrons (Fig. 28.11). The Stern– Gerlach experiment can also be done with nuclei, and it is found that
The expression for the relativistic momentum (Eq. 27.24) contains the factor m0√1 - 2 v2/c2. For a moving electron, suppose this factor is equal to the rest mass of a neutron. Find the speed of
The expression for the relativistic momentum (Eq. 27.24) contains the factor m0√1- v2/c2. For an electron, if this factor is five times the rest mass, what is the speed of the electron?
If the two spacecrafts in Problem 28 are initially 5.0 × 1010 m apart according to an observer on the Earth, how long does it take for them to meet as measured by the Earthly observer?Data From
A spacecraft travels at a speed of 0.75c relative to the Earth. The spacecraft then launches a probe at speed v relative to the spacecraft (Fig. P27.26). If the probe has a speed of 0.90c relative to
Ted is traveling on his railroad car (length 25 m, as measured by Ted) at speed v = 0.95c (Fig. P27.18). As measured on Alice’s clock, how long does it take for Ted’s railroad car to pass Alice?
Ted is traveling on his railroad car (length 25 m, as measured by Ted) at a speed of 0.95c. Ted arranges for two small explosions to occur on the ends of the railroad car (Fig. P27.14). According to
Ted is traveling on his railroad car (length 25 m as measured by Ted) at a speed of 0.95c. Alice arranges for two small explosions to occur on the ground next to the ends of the railroad car (Fig.
Ted is traveling on his railroad car (Fig. P27.5) with speed 0.85c relative to Alice. Ted travels for 30 s as measured on his watch. (a) Who measures the proper time, Ted or Alice? (b) How much
Ted travels in a railroad car at constant velocity while his motion is watched by Alice, who is at rest on the ground (Fig. P27.1). Ted’s speed v is much less than the speed of light. Ted releases
Completed in 1895, the Yerkes telescope operated by the University of Chicago remains the biggest (largest-diameter) refracting telescope ever built. Figure P26.55 shows a photograph of the telescope
The author has a Cassegrain reflecting telescope (Fig. 26.15B) with a mirror diameter of 10 cm that he is using to study the many rings of Saturn. Figure P26.52 shows a photo taken with the Hubble
The optical fiber in Figure P26.48 has a core of diameter 50 mm and a total diameter of 60 mm. The indices of refraction are ncore = 1.65 and ncladding = 1.55. What is the maximum value of u in
A digital camera uses a CCD detector that is 7.2 mm wide and 5.3 mm tall. (a) If the detector is rated for “4.0 megapixels” and the pixels are equally spaced, what is the distance between the
Consider a reflecting telescope described by the ray diagram in Figure 26.15A. If fM is the focal length of the mirror and feyepiece is the focal length of the eyepiece, the total magnification of
Galileo’s telescope consisted of two lenses, an objective and an eyepiece. Unlike the telescope in Figure 26.12, however, Galileo used a diverging lens as his eyepiece (Fig. P26.30). This telescope
Figure P26.27 shows a typical student microscope with a rotating platform that allows the user to select from three objective lenses. A common model has objective focal lengths of 18 mm, 4.0 mm, and
For the microscope in Problem 22, how would the magnification change if the focal length of the objective lens were decreased by a factor of three? Data From Problem 22A compound microscope in which
In Section 26.1, we designed a set of contact lenses. For a person with a particular value of the near-point distance, we found that lenses with focal length f = 38 cm are required (Eq. 26.7). An
The index of refraction of air increases with density. (Recall that the index of refraction of air at standard atmospheric pressure and temperature is n = 1.0003 and the index of refraction of the
Small binoculars or opera glasses (Fig. Q26.25) are useful in seeing the stage in detail. No prisms or mirrors are used, and yet the magnified image in these glasses is not inverted. Are the
The pupil of the eye (Fig. Q26.19) defines the aperture of the eye and thus determines how much light enters the eye and strikes the retina. If the pupil “opens up,” does the f-number of the eye
Some recent water fountain landscape installations include arcs of water exhibiting laminar flow like those shown in Figure Q26.16. The arc of water is illuminated at the base, and the light appears
Many of the refracting telescopes designed and built in the 18th and 19th centuries were extremely long (Fig. 26.13). Explain why they were made in this way; that is, what desirable property of the
For typical cameras, the f-number can be selected from a set of fixed values such as 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, and 16. Explain why this combination of f-numbers is used. The diameter of the aperture is
Bifocals are eyeglasses that contain two different lenses for each eye (Fig. Q26.7). Each of these lenses is made from one piece of glass. One lens (lens 1) is used when looking at things far away,
A simple experiment can tell the difference between a CD and a higher-data-density DVD. The tracks of pits on an optical data disc can act like a grating when laser light is refl ected from its
The angular resolution of the eye is determined by two factors, diffraction (the Rayleigh criterion) and the density of photoreceptor cells within the retina. Here we investigate which one is more
An astronomical interferometer is an apparatus that combines a number of telescopes into a much larger equivalent light- gathering instrument. The very fi rst extrasolar planet to be discovered was
If a laser is directed at a thin wire or hair, a diffraction pattern will occur similar to that produced by a slit of the same width. If the distance from the thin object to the screen on which the
In the game of baseball, the catcher uses his fingers to send a “sign” to the pitcher, telling him what pitch to throw next (Fig. P25.55). Some center fielders claim that they can tell if a
A device called a Fabry–Perot interferometer contains two parallel mirrors as shown in Figure P25.23. Multiple reflections occur between the inner mirror surfaces, and the waves emitted at the top
A compact disk uses the interference of reflected waves from the CD to encode information. Light from a red laser (λ = 630 nm) is reflected from small pits in the CD, and waves from the bottom of a
A plastic fi lm of thickness 250 nm appears to be green (λgreen = 500 nm) when viewed in refl ection at normal incidence (Fig. P25.18). What is the plastic’s index of refraction?
Repeat Problem 16 assuming the soap film rests on a material having an index of refraction n = 1.10. Problem 16An extremely thin film of soapy water (n = 1.35) sits on top of a flat glass plate with
One of the mirrors in a Michelson interferometer (Fig. P25.10) is moved a distance of 2.0 mm. Meanwhile, the interference intensity moves through 7000 dark fringes. What is the wavelength of the
An omni directional speaker that emits sound with a wavelength l is positioned between two vertical walls spaced 2.00 m apart as shown in Figure P25.9. A listener approaches as shown and finds that
Consider again the interfering radio waves in Problem 7, but now assume the amplitude of the reflected wave is exactly half the amplitude of the wave that arrives directly. If the amplitude of the
Waves from a radio station have a wavelength of 250 m. These waves can travel directly from the antenna to a receiver or can reflect from a nearby mountain cliff and then reach the receiver (Fig.
Coherent sound waves with λ = 0.75 m are emitted from points P1 and P2 in Figure P25.3. Do these waves interfere constructively or destructively at point P3?
The sky has a blue color due to the scattering of light by molecules in the air (Fig. 25.39). Explain why the sky’s color can be a deeper blue when viewed through polarizing sunglasses.
You are designing a billboard that will be viewed at night. The letters used on this billboard are made of an array of bright lights like that shown in Figure Q25.17. If you want to make the sign
The eyes of cats, foxes, raccoons, and many other mammals brightly reflect light that shines into them back toward the source and makes the animal’s eyes seem to glow as seen in Figure Q25.16. The
A guitar player is at a rock concert and watches the fingers of the lead guitarist from a few rows back (Fig. Q25.15). She notes that she can see the guitarist’s chord positions clearly when a
Some small, bright lightbulbs on a strand (Fig. Q25.13) are grouped in pairs according to color and then spaced 5 cm apart.(a) From a long distance, it becomes difficult to tell if each color is
Figure Q25.3 shows the bands of color that are produced when a thin soap-bubble film is exposed to white light. What mechanism produces the colors seen here? Is the bubble of uniform thickness? If
Yellow light (wavelength 550 nm) is incident on the surface between a substance with index n and water as shown in Figure P24.109. If the angle of incidence is just large enough to give total
Prior to the development of the photographic camera, artists would use a camera obscura like the one shown in Figure P24.105 to draw the image of a subject. In this figure, light from a subject
Sometimes on hot summer days the road appears to be wet as shown in Figure P24.104. The black surface becomes very hot, heating up the air just above the road. This increase in temperature decreases
The Hockney–Falco theory claims that early Renaissance painters used concave mirrors to aid their depth perception (e.g., Jan van Eyck’s Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini ni and His Wife; Fig.
A material with an index of refraction of 1.80 is machined into the shape of a quarter of a cylinder. The radius of the cylinder is 10 cm; it rests on a flat, horizontal surface; and it is surrounded
A thin, converging lens whose focal length is 80 cm is placed 5.0 m from a convex spherical mirror whose focal length is 50 cm (Fig. P24.99). For an object placed 1.0 m to the left of the lens,
Suppose a beam of white light is incident at a 45° angle upon a glass plate 10 cm thick. The index of refraction of the glass for blue light is 1.65, and for a red light, it is 1.60 (Fig. P24.98).
A swimming pool constructed below ground level is 3.0 m square and 2.0 m deep (Fig. P24.97). A drain is at the bottom center of the pool. How far from the edge of the pool can a person whose eyes are
A more general analysis of refracting surfaces would include the case of refraction of light at a spherical interface such as a fishbowl. Similar to the thin lens equation, the expression relating
A ray of light is incident on the surface of a block of clear ice (n 1.309) at an angle of 30° to the normal (Fig. P24.93). A portion of the light is reflected from the surface, and a portion is
In Problem 87, we saw how reflection can lead to polarization of reflected light. Is this effect important for reflection of sunlight from a car’s windshield? Investigate this question by working

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