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college physics reasoning

Questions and Answers of College Physics Reasoning

A wire has a resistance of \(0.010 \Omega\). What will the wire's resistance be if it is stretched to twice its original length without changing the volume of the wire?
Resistivity measurements on the leaves of corn plants are a good way to assess stress and overall health. The leaf of a corn plant has a resistance of \(2.0 \mathrm{M} \Omega\) measured between two
The femoral artery is the large artery that carries blood to the leg. A person's femoral artery has an inner diameter of \(1.0 \mathrm{~cm}\). What is the resistance of a 20-cm-long column of blood
A 1.0-mm-diameter, 20-cm-long copper wire carries a \(3.0 \mathrm{~A}\) current. What is the potential difference between the ends of the wire?
The relatively high resistivity of dry skin, about\(1 \times 10^{6} \Omega \cdot \mathrm{m}\), can safely limit the flow of current into deeper tissues of the body. Suppose an electrical worker
The aluminum wire in a high-voltage transmission line is \(2.7 \mathrm{~cm}\) in diameter. It is designed to carry a current of \(1100 \mathrm{~A}\). What is the voltage drop across a
Figure P22.29 shows the current-versus-potential-difference graph for a resistor.a. What is the resistance of this resistor?b. Suppose the length of the resistor is doubled while keeping its cross
In Example 22.6 the length of a \(60 \mathrm{~W}, 240 \Omega\) lightbulb filament was calculated to be \(60 \mathrm{~cm}\).a. If the potential difference across the filament is \(120 \mathrm{~V}\),
A copper wire is \(1.0 \mathrm{~mm}\) in diameter and carries a current of \(20 \mathrm{~A}\). What is the electric field strength inside this wire?
A \(1.5 \mathrm{~V}\) battery moves \(2000 \mathrm{C}\) of charge around a circuit. By how much does the chemical energy of the battery decrease?
Every second, a battery increases the electric potential energy of the \(1.2 \mathrm{C}\) of charge passing through it by \(7.2 \mathrm{~J}\). What is the battery's emf?
A \(70 \mathrm{~W}\) electric blanket runs at \(18 \mathrm{~V}\).a. What is the resistance of the wire in the blanket?b. How much current does the wire carry?
An electric eel develops a potential difference of \(450 \mathrm{~V}\), driving a current of \(0.80 \mathrm{~A}\) for a \(1.0 \mathrm{~ms}\) pulse. For this pulse, find(a) the power,(b) the total
The total charge a household battery can supply is given in units of \(\mathrm{mA} \cdot \mathrm{h}\). For example, a \(9.0 \mathrm{~V}\) alkaline battery is rated \(450 \mathrm{~mA} \cdot
A \(3.0 \mathrm{~V}\) battery powers a flashlight bulb that has a resistance of \(6.0 \Omega\). How much charge moves through the battery in \(10 \mathrm{~min}\) ?
A heating element in a toaster dissipates \(900 \mathrm{~W}\) when run at \(120 \mathrm{~V}\). How much charge passes through the heating element in 1 minute?
Older freezers developed a coating of ice inside that had to be melted periodically; an electric heater could speed this defrosting process. Suppose you're melting ice from your freezer using a
The hot dog cooker described in the chapter heats hot dogs by connecting them to \(120 \mathrm{~V}\) household electricity. A typical hot dog has a mass of \(60 \mathrm{~g}\) and a resistance of
Air isn't a perfect electric insulator, but it has a very high resistivity. Dry air has a resistivity of approximately \(3 \times 10^{13} \Omega \cdot \mathrm{m}\). A capacitor has square plates \(10
High-resolution measurements have shown that an ion channel is a 0.30-nm-diameter cylinder with length of \(5.0 \mathrm{~nm}\). The intracellular fluid filling the ion channel has resistivity \(0.60
When an ion channel opens in a cell wall, monovalent (charge \(e\) ) ions flow through the channel at a rate of \(1.0 \times 10^{7} \mathrm{ions} / \mathrm{s}\).a. What is the current through the
The total charge a battery can supply is rated in \(\mathrm{mA} \cdot \mathrm{h}\), the product of the current (in \(\mathrm{mA}\) ) and the time (in \(\mathrm{h}\) ) that the battery can provide
The heating element of a simple heater consists of a \(2.0-\mathrm{m}-\) long, 0.60 -mm-diameter nichrome wire. When plugged into a \(120 \mathrm{~V}\) outlet, the heater draws \(8.0 \mathrm{~A}\) of
Variations in the resistivity of blood can give valuable clues to changes in the blood's viscosity and other properties. The resistivity is measured by applying a small potential difference and
It Wires aren't really ideal. The voltage drop across a currentcarrying wire can be significant unless the resistance of the wire is quite low. Suppose a \(50 \mathrm{ft}\) extension cord is being
The two segments of the wire in Figure P22.59 have equal diameters and equal lengths but different resistivities \(ho_{1}\) and \(ho_{2}\) Current \(I\) passes through this wire. If the resistivities
A long wire used as a heating element carries a current of \(0.80 \mathrm{~A}\). It dissipates \(6.0 \mathrm{~W}\) for every meter of length. What is the electric field strength inside this wire?
The filament of a \(100 \mathrm{~W}(120 \mathrm{~V})\) lightbulb is a tungsten wire \(0.035 \mathrm{~mm}\) in diameter. At the filament's operating temperature, the resistivity is \(5.0 \times
If resistors 1 and 2 are connected to identical batteries, resistor 1 dissipates 3.0 times more power than resistor 2 . What is the ratio \(P_{1} / P_{2}\) of their power dissipations if the same
The graph in Figure P22.66 shows the current through a \(1.0 \Omega\) resistor as a function of time.a. How much charge flowed \(I(\mathrm{~A})\)through the resistor during the \(10 \mathrm{~s}\)
It's possible to estimate the percentage of fat in the body by measuring the resistance of the upper leg rather than the upper arm; the calculation is similar. A person's leg measures \(40
If you touch the two terminals of a power supply with your two fingertips on opposite hands, the potential difference will produce a current through your torso. The maximum safe current is
The average resistivity of the human body (apart from surface resistance of the skin) is about \(5.0 \Omega \cdot \mathrm{m}\). The conducting path between the right and left hands can be
For the bulb in Figure P22.70, what is the approximate resistance of the bulb at a potential difference of \(6.0 \mathrm{~V}\) ?A. \(7.0 \Omega\)B. \(17 \Omega\)C. \(27 \Omega\)D. \(37 \Omega\)You've
As the bulb ages, the resistance of the filamentA. Increases.B. Decreases.C. Stays the same.You've probably observed that the most common time for an incandescent lightbulb to fail is the moment when
Which of the curves in Figure P22.72 best represents the expected variation in current as a function of time in the short time interval immediately after the bulb is turned on?You've probably
There are devices to put in a light socket that control the current through a lightbulb, thereby increasing its lifetime. Which of the following strategies would increase the lifetime of a bulb
Rank in order, from smallest to largest, the resistances R1 to R4 of the four resistors. 2 V 2 V IV IV IA 2 A IA 2A R R R3 R
Which of these diagrams represent the same circuit? ww A. C. www ww D. B. ww HH
What is the potential difference across resistor R?A. - 3.0V B. - 4.0Vc. - 5.0 v D. - 6.0V E. - 10V 10 V 1=1.0 A www-ww 602 R
Rank in order from brightest to dimmest, the identical bulbs A to D. A B D
Which is the right way to connect the meters to measure the potential difference across and the current through the resistor? ww R ww R ww R ww 3 R A. B. C. D.
Rank in order, from brightest to dimmest, the identical bulbs A to D. A E B c e D
Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the equivalent capacitance (Ceq)A to (Ceq)c of circuits A to C. 3 F 3 F 3 F 3F 3 F A. B. C.
The time constant for the discharge of this capacitor is.A. 5 s B. 4 s C. 2 s D. 1 s ww 202 20 ww HH 1 F
In the axon model of Figure 23.50, if the thickness of the myelin sheath were increased, the propagation speed of nerve impulses would A. Increase. B. Decrease. C. Remain the same. FIGURE 23.50 A
A flashlight bulb is connected to a battery and is glowing; the circuit is shown in Figure Q23.2. Is current \(I_{2}\) greater than, less than, or equal to current \(I_{1}\) ? Explain. 12 FIGURE Q23.2
Current \(I_{\text {in }}\) flows into three resistors connected together one after the other as shown in Figure Q23.3. The accompanying graph shows the value of the potential as a function of
Figure Q23.7 shows two circuits. The two batteries are identical and the four resistors all have exactly the same resistance.a. Is \(\Delta V_{\mathrm{ab}}\) larger than, smaller than, or equal to
Figure Q23.8 shows two circuits. The two batteries are identical and the four resistors all have exactly the same resistance.a. Compare \(\Delta V_{\mathrm{ab}}, \Delta V_{\mathrm{cd}}\), and
a. In Figure Q23.9, what fraction of current \(I\) goes through the \(3 \Omega\) resistor?b. If the \(9 \Omega\) resistor is replaced with a larger resistor, will the fraction of current going
Two of the three resistors in Figure Q23.10 are unknown but equal. Is the total resistance between points \(a\) and \(b\) less than, greater than, or equal to \(50 \Omega\) ? Explain. a R 500 R wwww
Two of the three resistors in Figure Q23.11 are unknown but equal. Is the total resistance between points a and b less than, greater than, or equal to \(200 \Omega\) ? Explain. R ww 200 ww R ww
Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the currents \(I_{1}, I_{2}\), and \(I_{3}\) in the circuit diagram in Figure Q23.12. R = 3R www R = 2R ww ww T FIGURE Q23.12
a. The three bulbs in Figure Q23.16 are identical. Rank the bulbs from brightest to dimmest. Explain.b. Suppose a wire is connected between points 1 and 2 . What happens to each bulb? Does it get
Initially, bulbs A and B in Figure Q23.17 are both glowing. Bulb B is then removed from its socket. Does removing bulb B cause the potential difference \(\Delta V_{12}\) between points 1 and 2 to
a. Consider the points \(\mathrm{a}\) and \(\mathrm{b}\) in Figure Q23.18. Is the potential difference \(\Delta V_{\mathrm{ab}}\) between points a and \(\mathrm{b}\) zero? If so, why? If not, which
When the switch in Figure Q23.19 is closed,a. Does the current through the battery increase, decrease, or stay the same? Explain.b. Does the current through \(R_{1}\) increase, decrease, or stay the
Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the equivalent capacitances \(\left(C_{\mathrm{eq}}\right)_{1}\) to \(\left(C_{\mathrm{eq}}\right)_{4}\) of the four groups of capacitors shown in Figure
Figure Q23.23 shows a circuit consisting of a battery, a switch, two identical lightbulbs, and a capacitor that is initially uncharged.a. Immediately after the switch is closed, are either or both
What is the value of resistor \(R\) in Figure Q23.34?A. \(4.0 \Omega\)B. \(12 \Omega\)C. \(36 \Omega\)D. \(72 \Omega\)E. \(96 \Omega\) ww AV=8.0 V 2.0 A R ww 15 ww 1002 FIGURE Q23.34
Two capacitors are connected in series. They are then reconnected to be in parallel. The eapacitance of the parallel combinationA. Is less than that of the series combination.B. Is more than that of
In Figure P23.4, what is the current in the wire above the junction? Does charge flow toward or away from the junction? -6V+ ww 20 50 pyri ww FIGURE P23.4 + 10 V h
The lightbulb in the circuit diagram of Figure P23.5 has a resistance of \(1.0 \Omega\). Consider the potential difference between pairs of points in the figure.a. What are the magnitudes of \(\Delta
a. What is the potential difference across each resistor in Figure P23.8?b. Draw a graph of the potential as a function of the distance traveled through the circuit, traveling clockwise from \(V=0
I What is the equivalent resistance of each group of resistors shown in Figure P23.10? (a) wwwwww 2.00 3.00 6.0 (b) ww FIGURE P23.10 3.00 3.0 2 ww 3.0
What is the equivalent resistance of each group of resistors shown in Figure P23.11? (a) 2.00 ww 3.00 www. 6.00 www FIGURE P23.11 (b) (c) 2.00 ww 1.0 3.0 3.0.2 3.00 ww 2.0 01 www
Three resistors in parallel have an equivalent resistance of \(5.0 \Omega\). Two of the resistors have resistances of \(10 \Omega\) and \(30 \Omega\). What is the resistance of the third resistor?
Three identical resistors have an equivalent resistance of \(30 \Omega\) when connected in parallel. What is their equivalent resistance when connected in series?
You have a collection of \(1.0 \mathrm{k} \Omega\) resistors. How can you connect four of them to produce an equivalent resistance of \(0.25 \mathrm{k} \Omega\) ?
You have a collection of six \(1.0 \mathrm{k} \Omega\) resistors. What is the smallest resistance you can make by combining them?
The currents in two resistors in a circuit are shown in Figure P23.19. What is the value of resistor \(R\) ? FIGURE P23.19 2.5 A ww R ww 200 ww 1.5 A
Two batteries supply current to the circuit in Figure P23.20. The figure shows the potential difference across two of the resistors and the value of the third resistor. What current is supplied by
Part of a circuit is shown in Figure P23.21.a. What is the current through the \(3.0 \Omega\) resistor?b. What is the value of the current \(I\) ? 2.00 ww 3.0 A 3.0 ww FIGURE P23.21
What is the value of resistor \(R\) in Figure P23.22?Figure P23.22 1002 AV = 5.0 V 1532 R wwwwwww I= 100 mA
What are the resistances \(R\) and the emf of the battery in Figure P23.23? E ww R 3.0 A 2.0 A FIGURE P23.23 wwww R 102
Find the current through and the potential difference across each resistor in Figure P23.25. FIGURE P23.25 10 V 5.02 ww ww 15.0 ww $5.00 ww $5.00
Find the current through and the potential difference across each resistor in Figure P23.26. FIGURE P23.26 10 V 5.00 5.02 ww www ww 10 ww 5.0 0
Consider the potential differences between pairs of points in Figure P23.28. What are the magnitudes of the potential differences \(\Delta V_{14}, \Delta V_{24}\), and \(\Delta V_{34}\) ? 10 V wwwwww
A photoresistor, whose resistance decreases with light intensity, is connected in the circuit of Figure P23.30. On a sunny day, the photoresistor has a resistance of \(0.56 \mathrm{k} \Omega\). On a
The two unknown resistors in Figure P23.31 have the same resistance \(R\). When the switch is closed, the current through the battery increases by \(50 \%\). What is \(R\) ? FIGURE P23.31 HilH ww 102
For the circuit of Figure P23.39,a. What is the equivalent capacitance?b. What is the charge of each of the capacitors? 12 V FIGURE P23.39 HHHH 4.0 F 2.0F 1.0 F
After how many time constants has the voltage across a discharging capacitor decayed to \(0.10 \%\) of its initial value?
A capacitor charging circuit consists of a battery, an uncharged \(20 \mu \mathrm{F}\) capacitor, and a \(4.0 \mathrm{k} \Omega\) resistor. At \(t=0 \mathrm{~s}\), the switch is closed; \(0.15
A 9.0-nm-thick cell membrane undergoes an action potential that follows the curve in the table on page 748 . What is the strength of the electric field inside the membrane just before the action
For the real battery shown in Figure P23.55, calculate the power dissipated by a resistor \(R\) connected to the battery when (a) \(R=0.25 \Omega\), (b) \(R=0.50 \Omega\), (c) \(R=1.0 \Omega\), (d)
Batteries are recharged by connecting them to a power supply (i.e., another battery) of greater emf in such a way that the current flows into the positive terminal of the battery being recharged, as
What is the current through the battery in Figure P23.62 when the switch is (a) open and (b) closed? FIGURE P23.62 10 V 2002 6002 www Switch) 40 1002
What is the ratio \(P_{\text {parallel }} / P_{\text {series }}\) of the total power dissipated by two identical resistors connected in parallel to a battery to the total power when they are
There is a current of \(0.25 \mathrm{~A}\) in the circuit of Figure P23.65.a. What is the direction of the current? Explain.b. What is the value of the resistance \(R\) ?c. What is the power
A circuit you're building needs an ammeter that goes from \(0 \mathrm{~mA}\) to a full-scale reading of \(50.0 \mathrm{~mA}\). Unfortunately, the only ammeter in the storeroom goes from \(0 \mu
A circuit you're building needs a voltmeter that goes from \(0 \mathrm{~V}\) to a full-scale reading of \(5.0 \mathrm{~V}\). Unfortunately, the only meter in the storeroom is an ammeter that goes
The capacitor in an \(R C\) circuit with a time constant of \(15 \mathrm{~ms}\) \(\mathbb{N T}\) is charged to \(10 \mathrm{~V}\). The capacitor begins to discharge at \(t=0 \mathrm{~s}\).a. At what
The capacitor in Figure P23.72 is initially uncharged and the switch, in position \(\mathrm{c}\), is not connected to either side of the circuit. The switch is now flipped to position a for \(10
In Example 23.14 we estimated the capacitance of the cell membrane to be \(89 \mathrm{pF}\), and in Example 23.15 we found that approximately \(10,000 \mathrm{Na}^{+}\)ions flow through an ion
The giant axon of a squid is \(0.5 \mathrm{~mm}\) in diameter, \(10 \mathrm{~cm}\)\(\mathrm{BO}\) long, and not myelinated. Unmyelinated cell membranesINT behave as capacitors with \(1 \mu
Which pair of graphs in Figure P23.82 best represents the capacitor voltage and the current through the torso as a function of time after the switch is closed?A defibrillator is designed to pass a
For the values noted in the passage above, what is the time constant for the discharge of the capacitor?A. \(3.2 \mu \mathrm{s}\)B. \(160 \mu \mathrm{s}\)C. \(3.2 \mathrm{~ms}\)D. \(160
If a patient receives a series of jolts, the resistance of the torso may increase. How does such a change affect the initial current and the time constant of subsequent jolts?A. The initial current
In some cases, the defibrillator may be charged to a lower voltage. How will this affect the time constant of the discharge?A. The time constant will increase.B. The time constant will not change.C.

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