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college physics reasoning

Questions and Answers of College Physics Reasoning

The uranium in the earth's crust is \(0.7 \%{ }^{235} \mathrm{U}\) and \(99.3 \%{ }^{238} \mathrm{U}\). Two billion years ago, \({ }^{235} \mathrm{U}\) comprised approximately \(3 \%\) of the uranium
Suppose you have a \(1 \mathrm{~g}\) sample of \({ }^{226} \mathrm{Ra}\), half-life 1600 years. How long will it be until only \(0.1 \mathrm{~g}\) of radium is left? \(\begin{array}{llll}\text { A. }
A sample of \({ }^{131} \mathrm{I}\), half-life 8.0 days, is registering 100 decays per second. How long will be it before the sample registers only 1 decay per second?A. 8 days B. 53 days C. 80 days
What is the activity, in \(\mathrm{Bq}\) and \(\mathrm{Ci}\), of \(1.0 \mathrm{~g}\) of \({ }^{226} \mathrm{Ra}\) ? Marie Curie was the discoverer of radium; can you see where the unit of activity
The complete expression for the decay of the radioactive hydrogen isotope tritium may be written as \({ }^{3} \mathrm{H} \rightarrow{ }^{3} \mathrm{He}+\mathrm{X}+\mathrm{Y}\). The symbols
The quark compositions of the proton and neutron are, respectively, uud and udd, where \(\mathrm{u}\) is an up quark (charge \(+\frac{2}{3} e\) ) and \(\mathrm{d}\) is a down quark (charge
An investigator collects a sample of a radioactive isotope with an activity of \(370,000 \mathrm{~Bq}\). 48 hours later, the activity is 120,000 Bq. What is the half-life of the sample?
A passenger on an airplane flying across the Atlantic receives an extra radiation dose of about \(5 \mu \mathrm{Sv}\) per hour from cosmic rays. How many hours of flying would it take in one year for
A gamma scan showing the active volume of a patient's lungs can be created by having a patient breathe the radioactive isotope \({ }^{133} \mathrm{Xe}\), which undergoes beta-minus decay with a
The decay chain of uranium includes radon, a noble gas. When uranium in the soil decays to radon, it may seep into houses; this can be a significant source of radiation exposure. Most of the exposure
\(1 \mid 1{ }^{90} \mathrm{Sr}\) decays with the emission of a \(2.8 \mathrm{MeV}\) beta particle Strontium is chemically similar to calcium and is taken up by bone. A \(75 \mathrm{~kg}\) person
A patient receives a gamma scan/ of his liver. He ingests 3.7 MBq of \({ }^{198} \mathrm{Au}\), which decays with a 2.7 day half-life by emitting a \(1.4 \mathrm{MeV}\) beta particle. Medical tests
A \(75 \mathrm{~kg}\) patient swallows a \(30 \mu \mathrm{Ci}\) beta emitter with a half life of 5.0 days, and the radioactive nuclei are quickly distributed throughout his body. The beta particles
What are the minimum energies of the two oppositely directed gamma rays in a PET procedure?
Positive and negative pions, denoted \(\pi^{+}\)and \(\pi^{-}\), are antiparticles of each other. Each has a rest mass of \(140 \mathrm{MeV} / \mathrm{c}^{2}\). Suppose a collision between an
In a particular beta-minus decay of a free neutron (that is, one not part of an atomic nucleus), the emitted electron has exactly the same kinetic energy as the emitted electron antineutrino. What is
What is the activity in \(\mathrm{Bq}\) and in \(\mathrm{Ci}\) of a \(2.0 \mathrm{mg}\) sample of \({ }^{3} \mathrm{H}\) ?
The activity of a sample of the cesium isotope \({ }^{137} \mathrm{Cs}\) is \(2.0 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{~Bq}\). Many years later, after the sample has fully decayed, how many beta particles will have
You are assisting in an anthropology lab over the summer by carrying out \({ }^{14} \mathrm{C}\) dating. \(\mathrm{A}\) graduate student found a bone he believes to be 20,000 years old. You extract
A sample contains radioactive atoms of two types, A and B. Initially there are five times as many A atoms as there are B atoms. Two hours later, the numbers of the two atoms are equal. The half-life
The technique known as potassiumargon dating is used to date volcanic rock and ash, and thus establish dates for nearby fossils, like this 1.8 -millionyear-old hominid skull. The potassium isotope
About \(12 \%\) of your body mass is carbon; some of this is radioactive \({ }^{14} \mathrm{C}\), a beta-emitter. If you absorb \(100 \%\) of the\(49 \mathrm{keV}\) energy of each \({ }^{14}
Ground beef may be irradiated with high-energy electrons from a linear accelerator to kill pathogens. In a standard treatment, \(1.0 \mathrm{~kg}\) of beef receives \(4.5 \mathrm{kGy}\) of radiation
Most battery-powered devices won't work if you put the battery in backward. But for a device that you plug in, you can often reverse the orientation of the plug with no problem. Explain the
If a lightbulb is connected to a \(120 \mathrm{~V}, 60 \mathrm{~Hz}\) electric outlet, how many times a second does the bulb reach peak brightness?
A soldering gun contains a transformer that lowers the \(120 \mathrm{~V}\) from an outlet to a few volts. It's possible to have a current of \(150 \mathrm{~A}\) in the tip of the soldering iron even
Figure Q26.7 shows three wires wrapped around an iron core. The figure shows the number of turns and the direction of each of the windings. At one particular instant,
If you work out enough to visibly increase the diameter of your biceps, will this increase or decrease your susceptibility to electric shock? Explain.
The peak current through a resistor is \(2.0 \mathrm{~A}\). What is the peak current ifa. The resistance \(R\) is doubled?b. The peak emf \(\mathcal{E}_{0}\) is doubled?c. The frequency \(f\) is
The peak current through a capacitor is \(2.0 \mathrm{~A}\). What is the peak current ifa. The peak emf \(\mathcal{E}_{0}\) is doubled?b. The capacitance \(C\) is doubled?c. The frequency \(f\) is
An inductive loop buried in a roadway detects the presence of cars above it, as described in the chapter. If the loop is connected to an AC supply, will the current increase or decrease when a car
Figure Q26.17 shows two inductors and the potential difference across them at time \(t=0 \mathrm{~s}\).a. Can you tell which of these inductors has the larger current flowing through it at \(t=0
The peak current passing through an inductor is \(2.0 \mathrm{~A}\). What is the peak current ifa. The peak emf \(\mathcal{E}_{0}\) is doubled?b. The inductance \(L\) is doubled?c. The frequency
The resonance frequency of a driven \(R L C\) circuit is \(1000 \mathrm{~Hz}\). What is the resonance frequency ifa. The resistance \(R\) is doubled?b. The inductance \(L\) is doubled?c. The
Consider the four circuits in Figure Q26.22. They all have the same resonance frequency \(f_{0}\) and are driven by the same emf. Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the maximum currents
An inductor is connected to an \(\mathrm{AC}\) generator. As the generator's frequency is increased, the current in the inductor A. Increases.B. Decreases.C. Does not change.
A capacitor is connected to an AC generator. As the generator's frequency is increased, the current in the capacitorA. Increases.B. Decreases.C. Does not change.
The circuit shown in Figure Q26.28 has a resonance frequency of \(15 \mathrm{kHz}\). What is the value of \(L\) ?A. \(1.6 \mu \mathrm{H}\)B. \(2.4 \mu \mathrm{H}\)C. \(5.2 \mu \mathrm{H}\)D. \(18 \mu
At resonance, a driven \(R L C\) circuit has \(V_{\mathrm{C}}=5.0 \mathrm{~V}\), \(V_{\mathrm{R}}=8.0 \mathrm{~V}\), and \(V_{\mathrm{L}}=5.0 \mathrm{~V}\). What is the peak voltage across the entire
A driven \(R L C\) circuit has \(V_{\mathrm{C}}=5.0 \mathrm{~V}, V_{\mathrm{R}}=7.0 \mathrm{~V}\), and \(V_{\mathrm{L}}=9.0 \mathrm{~V}\). The driving frequency is A. Higher than the resonance
Figure P26.2 shows voltage and current graphs for a resistor.a. What is the value of the resistance \(R\) ?b. What is the emf frequency \(f\) ? FIGURE P26.2 VR 10 V- Voltage Current 0.50 A 0+ 0.00 s
A small electric space heater uses a wire that has a resistance of \(24 \Omega\). When it is connected to a \(120 \mathrm{~V}\) electric outlet, what is the power output?
A science hobbyist has purchased a surplus transformer that converts \(7.2 \mathrm{kV}\) from neighborhood distribution lines into \(120 \mathrm{~V}\) for homes. He connects the transformer
A generator produces \(250 \mathrm{~kW}\) of electric power at \(7.2 \mathrm{kV}\). The current is transmitted to a remote village through wires with a total resistance of \(15 \Omega\).a. What is
In an old house, the wires leading to a \(120 \mathrm{~V}\) outlet have a total resistance of \(0.45 \Omega\). When you plug in a hair dryer, it draws a 12 A current.a. How much does the outlet
A typical American family uses \(1000 \mathrm{kWh}\) of electricity a month. What is the average rms current in the \(120 \mathrm{~V}\) power line to a typical house?
The wiring in the wall of your house to and from an outlet\(\mathbb{N T}\) has a total resistance of typically \(0.10 \Omega\). Suppose a device plugged into a \(120 \mathrm{~V}\) outlet draws \(10.0
Your refrigerator uses \(220 \mathrm{~W}\) when the compressor is running, and the compressor runs \(30 \%\) of the time. How many \(\mathrm{kWh}\) will your refrigerator use over the course of a
The manufacturer of an electric table saw claims that it has a 3.0 horsepower motor. 1 horsepower is approximately \(750 \mathrm{~W}\). It is designed to be used on a normal \(120 \mathrm{~V}\)
John is changing a lightbulb in a lamp. It's a warm summer B10 evening, and the resistance of his damp skin is only \(4000 \Omega\). While one hand is holding the grounded metal frame of the lamp,
In some countries AC outlets near bathtubs are restricted to a Bi. 0 maximum of \(25 \mathrm{~V}\) to minimize the chance of dangerous shocks while bathing. A man is in the tub; the lower end of his
Electrodes used to make electrical measurements of the body (such as those used when recording an electrocardiogram) use a conductive paste to reduce the skin resistance to very low values. Great
A bird is perched on the wire with its feet \(2.0 \mathrm{~cm}\) apart. What INT BIO is the potential difference between its feet?Concern a high-voltage transmission line. Such lines are made of bare
Would it be possible for a person to safely hang from this wire? Assume that the hands are \(15 \mathrm{~cm}\) apart, and assume a skin resistance of \(2200 \Omega\).Concern a high-voltage
The peak current through a capacitor is \(10.0 \mathrm{~mA}\). What is the current ifa. The emf frequency is doubled?b. The emf peak voltage is doubled (at the original frequency)?c. The frequency is
A capacitor is connected to a \(15 \mathrm{kHz}\) oscillator that produces an rms voltage of \(6.0 \mathrm{~V}\). The peak current is \(65 \mathrm{~mA}\). What is the value of the capacitance \(C\) ?
What is the potential difference across a \(10 \mathrm{mH}\) inductor if the current through the inductor drops from \(150 \mathrm{~mA}\) to \(50 \mathrm{~mA}\) in \(10 \mu \mathrm{s}\) ?
The peak current through an inductor is \(10.0 \mathrm{~mA}\). What is the current ifa. The emf frequency is doubled?b. The emf peak voltage is doubled (at the original frequency)?c. The frequency is
An inductor is connected to a \(15 \mathrm{kHz}\) oscillator that produces an rms voltage of \(6.0 \mathrm{~V}\). The peak current is \(65 \mathrm{~mA}\). What is the value of the inductance \(L\) ?
An \(R L C\) circuit with a \(10 \mu \mathrm{F}\) capacitor is connected to a variable-frequency power supply with an rms output voltage of \(6.0 \mathrm{~V}\). The rms current in the circuit as a
A series \(R L C\) circuit consists of a \(280 \Omega\) resistor, a \(25 \mu \mathrm{H}\) inductor, and an \(18 \mu \mathrm{F}\) capacitor. What is the rms current if the emf is supplied by a
Electric outlets in England are 230 V. Alice brings her electric kettle from England, where it draws \(13 \mathrm{~A}\), and wants to use it in the United States. She uses a step-up transformer to
The voltage-to-current ratio in the primary coil of a transformer can be thought of as the transformer's effective resistance. A step-down transformer converts \(120 \mathrm{~V}\) at the primary to
A 15 -km-long, \(230 \mathrm{kV}\) aluminum transmission line delivers 34 MW to a city. If we assume a solid cylindrical cable, what minimum diameter is needed if the voltage decrease along this run
The voltage across a \(60 \mu \mathrm{F}\) capacitor is described by the equation \(v_{\mathrm{C}}=(18 \mathrm{~V}) \cos (200 t)\), where \(t\) is in seconds.a. What is the voltage across the
The voltage across a \(75 \mu \mathrm{H}\) inductor is described by the equation \(v_{\mathrm{L}}=(25 \mathrm{~V}) \cos (60 t)\), where \(t\) is in seconds.a. What is the voltage across the inductor
An electronics hobbyist is building a radio set to receive the \(\mathrm{AM}\) band, with frequencies from \(520 \mathrm{kHz}\) to \(1700 \mathrm{kHz}\). The antenna, which also serves as the
For the circuit of Figure P26.59,a. What is the resonance frequency?b. At resonance, what is the peak current through the circuit? FIGURE P26.59 1092 (10 V) cos (2ft) 10 mH 10 F
For the circuit of Figure P26.60,a. What is the resonance frequency?b. At resonance, what is the peak current through the circuit? FIGURE P26.60 (10 V) cos (2ft) i eeee-ww 1002 1.0 mH 1.0 F
An \(R L C\) circuit consists of a \(48 \Omega\) resistor, a \(200 \mu \mathrm{F}\) capacitor, and an inductor. The rms current is \(2.5 \mathrm{~A}\) when the circuit is connected to a \(120
If the frequency is doubled to \(80 \mathrm{kHz}\) and the current is kept the same, what will be the peak out-of-phase voltage?A. \(0.32 \mathrm{~V}\)B. \(0.16 \mathrm{~V}\)C. \(0.080
What is the approximate capacitance of the cell membrane?A. \(20 \times 10^{-11} \mathrm{~F}\)B. \(10 \times 10^{-11} \mathrm{~F}\)C. \(5.0 \times 10^{-11} \mathrm{~F}\)D. \(2.5 \times 10^{-11}
If the capacitance of a cell membrane is measured to be \(6.0 \times 10^{-11} \mathrm{~F}\), what is the area?A. \(6.0 \times 10^{-13} \mathrm{~m}^{2}\)B. \(6.0 \times 10^{-11} \mathrm{~m}^{2}\)C.
If the investigator applies a \(1.0 \mu \mathrm{A}\) peak current at \(40 \mathrm{kHz}\) to a cell with twice the membrane area of the cell noted in the passage, what will be the peak out-of-phase
The \(12 \mathrm{~V}\) rating of the bulb refers to the rms voltage. What is the peak voltage across the bulb?A. \(8.5 \mathrm{~V}\)B. \(12 \mathrm{~V}\)C. \(17 \mathrm{~V}\)D. \(24
Suppose the transformer in the base of the lamp has 500 turns of wire on its primary coil. How many turns are on the secondary coil?A. 50B. 160C. 500D. 5000Halogen bulbs have some differences from
How much current is drawn by the lamp at the outlet? That is, what is the rms current in the primary?A. \(0.42 \mathrm{~A}\)B. \(1.3 \mathrm{~A}\)C. \(4.2 \mathrm{~A}\)D. \(13 \mathrm{~A}\)Halogen
What will be the voltage across the bulb if the lamp's power cord is accidentally plugged into a \(240 \mathrm{~V}, 60 \mathrm{~Hz}\) outlet?A. \(2 \mathrm{~V}\)B. \(24 \mathrm{~V}\)C. \(36
An electron is released from rest at the dot. Afterward, the electron A. Starts moving to the right.B. Starts moving to the left.C. Remains at rest. 100 V 200 V 300 V
The discharge of a capacitor lights three bulbs. Comparing the current in bulbs 1 and 2, we can say that A. The current in bulb l is greater than the current in bulb 2.B. The current in bulb l is
A battery produces a current in a wire. As the current continues, which of the following quantities (perhaps more than one) decreases?A. The positive charge in the battery B. The emf of the
In Figure 22.16 the wire is changed to a new one, leading to an increased current in the wire. Compared to the original wire, the potential difference across the ends of this new wire is A. Larger.
A wire connected between the terminals of a battery carries a current. The wire is removed and stretched, decreasing its cross-section area and increasing its length. When the wire is reconnected to
Two identical batteries are connected in series in a circuit with a single resistor. V = 0 V at the negative terminal of the lower battery. Rank in order, from highest to lowest, the potentials VA to
Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the powers PA to PDdissipated in resistors A to D. AV 2AV R R A. B. ucati AV R D.
An electrolyte contains equal numbers of positive and negative ions in solution. When an electric field is applied, the positive ions move in the direction of the field and the negative ions move
a. Which direction-clockwise or counterclockwise-does an electron travel through the wire in Figure Q22.9? Explain.b. Does an electron's electric potential energy increase, decrease, or stay the same
The two circuits in Figure Q22.12 use identical batteries and wires made of the same material and of equal diameters. Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the currents \(I_{1}, I_{2}, I_{3}\),
The two circuits in Figure Q22.13 use identical batteries and wires made of the same material and of equal diameters. Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the currents \(I_{1}\) to \(I_{7}\) at
The circuit in Figure Q22.16 has three batteries of emf \(\mathcal{E}\) in series. Assuming the wires are ideal, sketch a graph of the potential as a function of distance traveled around the circuit,
A \(100 \mathrm{~W}\) lightbulb is brighter than a \(60 \mathrm{~W}\) lightbulb when both operate at the same voltage of \(120 \mathrm{~V}\). If, instead, they were both operated at the same current
A copper wire is stretched so that its length increases and its diameter decreases. As a result, A. The wire's resistance decreases, but its resistivity stays the same.B. The wire's resistivity
The potential difference across a length of wire is increased. Which of the following does not increase as well?A. The electric field in the wire B. The power dissipated in the wire C. The resistance
A resistor connected to a \(3.0 \mathrm{~V}\) battery dissipates \(1.0 \mathrm{~W}\). If the battery is replaced by a \(6.0 \mathrm{~V}\) battery, the power dissipated by the resistor will be A.
Three wires meet at a junction. Wire 1 has a current of \(0.40 \mathrm{~A}\) into the junction. The current of wire 2 is \(0.65 \mathrm{~A}\) out of the junction.(a) How many electrons per second
What are the values of currents \(I_{\mathrm{B}}\) and \(I_{\mathrm{C}}\) in Figure P22.11? The directions of the currents are as noted. 5A Ic 7 A 3 A FIGURE P22.11
The currents through several segments of a wire object are shown in Figure P22.12. What are the magnitudes and directions of the currents \(I_{\mathrm{B}}\) and \(I_{\mathrm{C}}\) in segments
How much electric potential energy does \(1.0 \mu \mathrm{C}\) of charge gain as it moves from the negative terminal to the positive terminal of a \(1.5 \mathrm{~V}\) battery?
What is the emf of a battery that increases the electric potential energy of \(0.050 \mathrm{C}\) of charge by \(0.60 \mathrm{~J}\) as it moves it from the negative to the positive terminal?
A wire with resistance \(R\) is connected to the terminals of a \(6.0 \mathrm{~V}\) battery. What is the potential difference \(\Delta V_{\text {ends }}\) between the ends of the wire and the current

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