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college physics reasoning

Questions and Answers of College Physics Reasoning

Resonances of the ear canal lead to increased sensitivity of hearing, as we've seen. Dogs have a much longer ear canal\(5.2 \mathrm{~cm}\)-than humans. What are the two lowest frequencies at which
Figure P16.6 is a snapshot graph at \(t=0 \mathrm{~s}\) of a pulse on a string moving to the right at \(1 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). The string is fixed at \(x=5 \mathrm{~m}\). Draw a history graph
An experimenter finds that standing waves on a string fixed at both ends occur at \(24 \mathrm{~Hz}\) and \(32 \mathrm{~Hz}\), but at no frequencies in between.a. What is the fundamental frequency?b.
Ocean waves of wavelength \(26 \mathrm{~m}\) are moving directly toward a concrete barrier wall at \(4.4 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). The waves reflect from the wall, and the incoming and reflected
An organ pipe is made to play a low note at \(27.5 \mathrm{~Hz}\), the same as the lowest note on a piano. Assuming a sound speed of \(343 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\), what length open-open pipe is
The speed of sound in room temperature \(\left(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)\) air is \(343 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\); in room temperature helium, it is \(1010 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). The
Some pipe organs create sounds lower than humans can hear. This "infrasound" can still create physical sensations. What is the fundamental frequency of the sound from an open-open pipe that is 32
Although the vocal tract is quite complicated, we can make a simple model of it as an open-closed tube extending from the opening of the mouth to the diaphragm, the large muscle separating the
You know that you sound better when you sing in the shower. This has to do with the amplification of frequencies that correspond to the standing-wave resonances of the shower enclosure. A shower
When a sound wave travels directly toward a hard wall, the incoming and reflected waves can combine to produce a standing wave. There is an antinode right at the wall, just as at the end of a closed
The first formant of your vocal system can be modeled as the resonance of an open-closed tube, the closed end being your vocal cords and the open end your lips. Estimate the frequency of the first
When you voice the vowel sound in "hat," you narrow the opening where your throat opens into the cavity of your mouth so that your vocal tract appears as two connected tubes. The first is in your
The first and second formants when you make an "ee" vowel sound are approximately \(270 \mathrm{~Hz}\) and \(2300 \mathrm{~Hz}\). The speed of \(\mathbb{N} T\) sound in your vocal tract is
Two loudspeakers in a \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) room emit \(686 \mathrm{~Hz}\) sound waves along the \(x\)-axis. What is the smallest distance between the speakers for which the interference of the
In noisy factory environments, it's possible to use a loudspeaker to cancel persistent low-frequency machine noise at the position of one worker. The details of practical systems are complex, but we
Figure P16.40 shows the circular wave fronts emitted by two sources. Make a table with rows labeled P, Q, and R and columns labeled \(r_{1}, r_{2}, \Delta r\), and \(\mathrm{C} / \mathrm{D}\). Fill
Two identical loudspeakers \(2.0 \mathrm{~m}\) apart are emitting \(1800 \mathrm{~Hz}\) sound waves into a room where the speed of sound is \(340 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). Is the point \(4.0
An engine whose sparkplugs fire 120 times a second generates noise at \(120 \mathrm{~Hz}\). The sound level can be reduced by fitting the engine with an exhaust resonator that cancels this primary
Musicians can use beats to tune their instruments. One flute is properly tuned and plays the musical note A at exactly \(440 \mathrm{~Hz}\). A second player sounds the same note and hears that her
A student waiting at a stoplight notices that her turn signal, which has a period of \(0.85 \mathrm{~s}\), makes one blink exactly in sync with the turn signal of the car in front of her. The blinker
A child's train whistle replicates a classic conductor's whistle from the early 1900 s. This whistle has two open-open tubes that produce two different frequencies. When you hear these two different
In addition to producing images, ultrasound can be used to heat tissues of the body for therapeutic purposes. An emitter is placed against the surface of the skin; the amplitude of the ultrasound
A \(12 \mathrm{~kg}\) hanging sculpture is suspended by a \(90-\mathrm{cm}-\) long, \(5.0 \mathrm{~g}\) steel wire. When the wind blows hard, the wire hums at its fundamental frequency. What is the
A \(40-\mathrm{cm}-\) long tube has a \(40-\mathrm{cm}-\) long insert that can be pulled in and out, as shown in Figure P16.59. A vibrating tuning fork is held next to the tube. As the insert is
The width of a particular microwave oven is exactly right to support a standing-wave mode. Measurements of the temperature across the oven show that there are cold spots at each edge of the oven and
Two loudspeakers \(42.0 \mathrm{~m}\) apart and facing each other emit identical \(115 \mathrm{~Hz}\) sinusoidal sound waves in a room where the sound speed is \(345 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). Susan
Piano tuners tune pianos by listening to the beats between the harmonics of two different strings. When properly tuned, the note A should have the frequency \(440 \mathrm{~Hz}\) and the note
Police radars determine speed by measuring the Doppler shift of \(\mathbb{N T}\) radio waves reflected by a moving vehicle. They do so by determining the beat frequency between the reflected wave and
An ultrasound unit is being used to measure a patient's heart-beat by combining the emitted \(2.0 \mathrm{MHz}\) signal with the sound waves reflected from the moving tissue of one point on the
What is the beat frequency between the second harmonic of \(\mathrm{G}\) and the third harmonic of \(\mathrm{C}\) ?A. \(1 \mathrm{~Hz}\)B. \(2 \mathrm{~Hz}\)C. \(4 \mathrm{~Hz}\)D. \(6 \mathrm{~Hz}\)
Would a G-flat (frequency \(370 \mathrm{~Hz}\) ) and a C played together be consonant or dissonant?A. ConsonantB. Dissonant.You know that certain musical notes sound good together harmonious-whereas
An organ pipe open at both ends is tuned so that its fundamental frequency is a G. How long is the pipe?A. \(43 \mathrm{~cm}\)B. \(87 \mathrm{~cm}\)C. \(130 \mathrm{~cm}\)D. \(173 \mathrm{~cm}\)You
If the \(\mathrm{C}\) were played on an organ pipe that was open at one end and closed at the other, which of the harmonic frequencies in Figure P16.70 would be present?A. All of the harmonics in the
Rank from fastest to slowest the following waves according to their speed of propagation:A. An earthquake wave B. A tsunami C. A sound wave in air D. A light wave
The increase in height as a tsunami approaches shore is due to A. The increase in frequency as the wave approaches shore.B. The increase in speed as the wave approaches shore.C. The decrease in
In the middle of the Indian Ocean, the tsunami referred to in the passage was a train of pulses approximating a sinusoidal wave with speed \(200 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) and wavelength \(150
If a train of pulses moves into shallower water as it approaches a shore, A. The wavelength increases.B. The wavelength stays the same.C. The wavelength decreases.
The tsunami described in the passage produced a very erratic pattern of damage, with some areas seeing very large waves and nearby areas seeing only small waves. Which of the following is a possible
Approximately how much time elapses between one crest reaching your ship and the next?A. \(3 \mathrm{~s}\)B. \(5 \mathrm{~s}\)C. \(7 \mathrm{~s}\)D. \(12 \mathrm{~s}\)Water waves are called
The captain starts the engines and sails directly opposite the motion of the waves at \(4.5 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). Now how much time elapses between one crest reaching your ship and the next?A.
In the deep ocean, a longer-wavelength wave travels faster than a shorter-wavelength wave. Thus, a higher-frequency wave travels a lower-frequency wave.A. Faster than B. At the same speed as C.
A beam of \(1.0 \mathrm{MHz}\) ultrasound begins with an intensity of \(1000 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}\). After traveling \(12 \mathrm{~cm}\) through tissue with no significant reflection, the
A physician is making an image with ultrasound of initial intensity \(1000 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}\). When the frequency is set to \(1.0 \mathrm{MHz}\), the intensity drops to \(500 \mathrm{~W}
A physician is using ultrasound to make an image of a patient's heart. Increasing the frequency will provide A. Better penetration and better resolution.B. Less penetration but better resolution.C.
A physician is using Doppler ultrasound to measure the motion of a patient's heart. The device measures the beat frequency between the emitted and the reflected waves. Increasing the frequency of the
What was the approximate frequency of the sound wave used in this experiment?A. \(250 \mathrm{~Hz}\)B. \(500 \mathrm{~Hz}\)C. \(750 \mathrm{~Hz}\)D. \(1000 \mathrm{~Hz}\)A student investigator is
What can you say about the reflection of sound waves at the ends of a tube?A. Sound waves are inverted when reflected from both open and closed tube ends.B. Sound waves are inverted when reflected
What was the approximate length of the tube?A. \(0.35 \mathrm{~m}\)B. \(0.70 \mathrm{~m}\)C. \(1.4 \mathrm{~m}\)D. \(2.8 \mathrm{~m}\)A student investigator is measuring the speed of sound by looking
An alternative technique to determine sound speed is to measure the frequency of a standing wave in the tube. What is the wavelength of the lowest resonance of this tube?A. \(L / 2\)B. \(L\)C. \(2
You sit on the swing, and your friend gives you a gentle push so that you swing out over the creek. How long will it be until you swing back to where you started?A. \(4.5 \mathrm{~s}\)B. \(3.4
Now you switch places with your friend, who has twice your mass. You give your friend a gentle push so that he swings out over the creek. How long will it be until he swings back to where he
Your friend now pushes you over and over, so that you swing higher and higher. At some point you are swinging all the way across the creek-at the top point of your arc you are right above the
The jumping gait of the kangaroo is efficient because energy is stored in the stretch of stout tendons in the legs; the kangaroo literally bounces with each stride. We can model the bouncing of a
A brand of earplugs reduces the sound intensity level by \(27 \mathrm{~dB}\). By what factor do these earplugs reduce the acoustic intensity?
Sperm whales, just like bats, use echolocation to find prey. A sperm whale's vocal system creates a single sharp click, but the emitted sound consists of several equally spaced clicks of decreasing
Sound waves spread out from two speakers; the circles represent crests of the spreading waves. The interference isA. Constructive at both points 1 and 2.B. Destructive at both points 1 and 2.C.
A light wave travels through three transparent materials of equal thickness. Rank in order, from the highest to lowest, the indices of refraction n1, n2 , and n3. 112 n\ 113
In Figure l 7.6b, suppose that for some point P on the screen r1 = 5,002,248.5A and r2 = 5,002,25 l.5A, where A is the wavelength of the light. The interference at point P is A. Constructive. B.
Light of wavelength λ1 illuminates a double slit, and interference fringes are observed on a screen behind the slits. When the wavelength is changed to λ2 , the fringes get closer together. Is λ2
White light passes through a diffraction grating and forms rainbow patterns on a screen behind the grating. For each rainbow, A. The red side is on the right, the violet side on the left.B. The red
Reflections from a thin layer of air between two glass plates cause constructive interference for a particular wavelength of light A. By how much must the thickness of this layer be increased for the
The figure shows two single-slit diffraction patterns. The distance between the slit and the viewing screen is the same in both cases. Which of the following could be true? A. The slits are the same
Rank in order the following according to their speeds, from slowest to fastest: (i) 425 -nm-wavelength light through a pane of glass, (ii) 500-nm-wavelength light through air, (iii)
The wavelength of a light wave is \(700 \mathrm{~nm}\) in air; this light appears red. If this wave enters a pool of water, its wavelength becomes \(\lambda_{\text {air }} / n=530 \mathrm{~nm}\). If
Light with a wavelength of \(600 \mathrm{~nm}\) is incident on a diffraction grating that has 100 slits. The first-order maximum is observed at a point \(\mathrm{P}\) on a distant screen. How much
White light is incident on a diffraction grating. What color is the central maximum of the interference pattern?
Figure Q17.13 shows a light wave incident on and passing through a thin soap film. Reflections from the front and back surfaces of the film create smaller waves (not shown that travel to the left of
Reflected light from a thin film of oil gives constructive interference for light with a wavelength inside the film of \(\lambda_{\text {film }}\). By how much would the film thickness need to be
You want to estimate the diameter of a very small circular pinhole that you've made in a piece of aluminum foil. To do so, you shine a red laser pointer \((\lambda=632 \mathrm{~nm})\) at the hole and
Two narrow slits are illuminated by light of wavelength \(\lambda\). The slits are spaced 20 wavelengths apart. What is the angle, in radians, between the central maximum and the \(m=1\) bright
Two narrow slits are \(0.12 \mathrm{~mm}\) apart. Light of wavelength \(550 \mathrm{~nm}\) illuminates the slits, causing an interference pattern on a screen \(1.0 \mathrm{~m}\) away. Light from each
In a double-slit experiment, the distance from one slit to the \(m=3\) bright fringe is \(2,000,198.2 \lambda\). What is the distance from this bright fringe to the other, more distant slit?
A 500 line/ \(\mathrm{mm}\) diffraction grating is illuminated by light of wavelength \(510 \mathrm{~nm}\). How many diffraction orders are seen, and what is the angle of each?
A film with \(n=1.60\) is deposited on glass. What is the thinnest film that will produce constructive interference in the reflection of light with a wavelength of \(550 \mathrm{~nm}\) ?
Antireflection coatings can be used on the inner surfaces of eyeglasses to reduce the reflection of stray light into the eye, thus reducing eyestrain.a. A 90-nm-thick coating is applied to the lens.
Solar cells are given antireflection coatings to maximize their efficiency. Consider a silicon solar cell \((n=3.50)\) coated with a layer of silicon dioxide \((n=1.45)\). What is the minimum coating
For a demonstration, a professor uses a razor blade to cut a thin slit in a piece of aluminum foil. When she shines a laser pointer \((\lambda=680 \mathrm{~nm})\) through the slit onto a screen \(5.5
What is the width of a slit for which the first minimum is at \(45^{\circ}\) when the slit is illuminated by a helium-neon laser \((\lambda=633 \mathrm{~nm})\) ?
You want to photograph a circular diffraction pattern whose central maximum has a diameter of \(1.0 \mathrm{~cm}\). You have a heliumneon laser \((\lambda=633 \mathrm{~nm})\) and a 0.12 -mm-diameter
Figure P17.42 shows the light intensity on a screen \(2.5 \mathrm{~m}\) behind a double slit. The wavelength of the light is \(532 \mathrm{~nm}\). What is the spacing between the slits? cm FIGURE
White light \((400-700 \mathrm{~nm})\) is incident on a 600 line \(/ \mathrm{mm}\) diffraction grating. What is the width of the first-order rainbow on a screen \(2.0 \mathrm{~m}\) behind the grating?
A miniature spectrometer used for chemical analysis has a diffraction grating with 800 slits \(/ \mathrm{mm}\) set \(25.0 \mathrm{~mm}\) in front of the detector "screen." The detector can barely
The shiny surface of a CD is imprinted with millions of tiny pits, arranged in a pattern of thousands of essentially concentric circles that act like a reflection grating when light shines on them.
If sunlight shines straight onto a peacock feather, the feather appears bright blue when viewed from \(15^{\circ}\) on either side of the incident beam of sunlight. The blue color is due to
Light emitted by element \(X\) passes through a diffraction grating that has 1200 slits \(/ \mathrm{mm}\). The interference pattern is observed on a screen \(75.0 \mathrm{~cm}\) behind the grating.
Light of a single wavelength is incident on a diffraction grating with \(500 \mathrm{slits} / \mathrm{mm}\). Several bright fringes are observed on a screen behind the grating, including one at
A laboratory dish, \(20 \mathrm{~cm}\) in diameter, is half filled with V. water. One at a time, \(0.50 \mu \mathrm{L}\) drops of oil from a micropipette are dropped onto the surface of the water,
A diffraction grating has 500 slits \(/ \mathrm{mm}\). What is the longest wavelength of light for which there will be a third-order maximum?
Figure P17.65 shows the light intensity on a screen behind a single slit. The wavelength of the light is \(500 \mathrm{~nm}\) and the screen is \(1.0 \mathrm{~m}\) behind the slit. What is the width
In the laser range-finding experiments of Example 17.10, the laser beam fired toward the moon spreads out as it travels because it diffracts through a circular exit as it leaves the laser. In order
The coloring of the blue morpho butterfly is protective. As the butterfly flaps its wings, the angle at which light strikes the wings changes. This causes the butterfly's color to change and makes it
The change in color when acetone is placed on the wing is due to the difference between the indices of refraction of ace-tone and air. Consider light of some particular color. In acetone, A. The
The scales on the butterfly wings are actually made of a transparent material with index of refraction 1.56. Light reflects from the surface of the scales because A. The scales' index of refraction
The dark screen has a 2-mm-diameter hole. The bulb is the only source of light. What do you see on the viewing screen? Viewing screen 000 000 A B C D
The only source of light in a room is the lightbulb shown. An opaque disk is placed in front of the bulb.A screen is then placed successively at positions A, B, and C. At which screen position(s)
An object is placed in front of a mirror. The observer is positioned as shown. Which of the points, A, B, or C, best indicates where the observer would perceive the image to be located? Observer
A light ray travels from medium l to medium 3 as shown. For these media, A. nz > n 13 B. n3 = n nz C. n3
An object and lens are positioned to form a well-focused, inverted image on a viewing screen. Then a piece of cardboard is lowered just in front of the lens to cover the top half of the lens. Using
A Jens produces a sharply focused, inverted image on a screen.What will you see on the screen if the lens is removed?A. The image will be inverted and blurry.B. The image will be upright and sharp.C.
A concave mirror of focal length ∫ forms an image of the moon. Where is the image located?A. At the mirror's surface B. Almost exactly a distance ∫ behind the mirror C. Almost exactly a

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