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college physics reasoning
Questions and Answers of
College Physics Reasoning
30 seconds of exposure to \(115 \mathrm{~dB}\) sound can damage your hearing, but a much quieter \(94 \mathrm{~dB}\) may begin to cause damage after 1 hour of continuous exposure. You are going to an
A woman wearing an in-ear hearing aid listens to a television set at a normal volume of approximately \(60 \mathrm{~dB}\). To hear it, she requires an amplification of \(30 \mathrm{~dB}\), so the
An osprey's call is a distinct whistle at \(2200 \mathrm{~Hz}\). An osprey calls while diving at you, to drive you away from her nest. You hear the call at \(2300 \mathrm{~Hz}\). How fast is the
An echocardiogram uses \(4.4 \mathrm{MHz}\) ultrasound to measure blood flow in the aorta. The blood is moving away from the probe at \(1.4 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). What is the frequency shift of
A train whistle is heard at \(300 \mathrm{~Hz}\) as the train approaches town. The train cuts its speed in half as it nears the station, and the sound of the whistle is then \(290 \mathrm{~Hz}\).
A 2.0 -m-long string is under \(20 \mathrm{~N}\) of tension. A pulse travels the length of the string in \(50 \mathrm{~ms}\). What is the mass of the string?
A female orb spider has a mass of \(0.50 \mathrm{~g}\). She is suspended from a tree branch by a \(1.1 \mathrm{~m}\) length of \(0.0020-\mathrm{mm}\)-diameter silk. Spider silk has a density of
A spider spins a web with silk threads of density \(1300 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\) and diameter \(3.0 \mu \mathrm{m}\). A typical tension in the radial threads of such a web is \(7.0
In 2003, an earthquake in Japan generated \(1.1 \mathrm{~Hz}\) waves that traveled outward at \(7.0 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{s} .200 \mathrm{~km}\) to the west, seismic instruments recorded a maximum
A coyote can locate a sound source with good accuracy by comparing the arrival times of a sound wave at its two ears. Suppose a coyote is listening to a bird whistling at \(1000 \mathrm{~Hz}\). The
Figure P15.62 shows two snapshot graphs taken \(10 \mathrm{~ms}\) apart, with the blue curve being the first snapshot. What are the (a)wavelength,(b) speed,(c) frequency, and(d) amplitude of this
An earthquake produces longitudinal \(P\) waves that travel outward at \(8000 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) and transverse \(S\) waves that move at \(4500 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). A seismograph at
Low-frequency vertical oscillations are one possible cause of motion sickness, with \(0.30 \mathrm{~Hz}\) having the strongest effect. Your boat is bobbing in place at just the right frequency to
A wave is described by the expression \(y(x, t)=(3.0 \mathrm{~cm}) \times\) \(\cos (1.5 x-50 t)\), where \(x\) is in \(\mathrm{m}\) and \(t\) is in \(\mathrm{s}\). What is the speed of the wave and
A point on a string undergoes simple harmonic motion as a sinusoidal wave passes. When a sinusoidal wave with speed \(24 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\), wavelength \(30 \mathrm{~cm}\), and amplitude of
A dark blue cylindrical bottle is \(22 \mathrm{~cm}\) high and has a diam-\(\mathbb{N T}\) eter of \(7.0 \mathrm{~cm}\). It is filled with water. The bottle absorbs \(60 \%\) of the light that shines
The total power consumption by all humans on earth is approximately \(10^{13} \mathrm{~W}\). Let's compare this to the power of incoming solar radiation. The intensity of radiation from the sun at
Assume that the opening of the ear canal has a diameter of\(7.0 \mathrm{~mm}\). For this problem, you can ignore any focusing of energy into the opening by the pinna, the external folds of the ear.a.
The sound intensity \(50 \mathrm{~m}\) from a wailing tornado siren is \(0.10 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}\). What is the sound intensity level \(300 \mathrm{~m}\) from the siren?
One of the loudest sound generators ever created is the Danley Sound Labs Matterhorn. When run at full power, the device uses an input power of \(40,000 \mathrm{~W}\). The output power registers \(94
A harvest mouse can detect sounds below the threshold of human hearing, as quiet as \(-10 \mathrm{~dB}\). Suppose you are sitting in a field on a very quiet day while a harvest mouse sits nearby. A
A speaker at an open-air concert emits \(600 \mathrm{~W}\) of sound power, radiated equally in all directions.a. What is the intensity of the sound \(5.0 \mathrm{~m}\) from the speaker?b. What sound
A physics professor demonstrates the Doppler effect by tying \(\mathbb{N T}\) a \(600 \mathrm{~Hz}\) sound generator to a 1.0 -m-long rope and whirling it around her head in a horizontal circle at
When the heart pumps blood into the aorta, the pressure gradient-the difference between the blood pressure inside the heart and the blood pressure in the artery-is an important diagnostic
Although we can't hear them, the ultrasonic pulses are very loud. In order not to be deafened by the sound they emit, bats can temporarily turn off their hearing. Muscles in the ear cause the bones
Bats are sensitive to very small changes in frequency of the reflected waves. What information does this allow them to determine about their prey?A. Size B. Speed C. Distance D. Species As
Some bats have specially shaped noses that focus ultrasound echolocation pulses in the forward direction. Why is this useful?A. Increasing intensity reduces the time delay for a reflected pulse.B.
Some bats utilize a sound pulse with a rapidly decreasing frequency. A decreasing-frequency pulse has A. Decreasing wavelength.B. Decreasing speed.C. Increasing wavelength.D. Increasing speed.Many
A blender does 5000 J of work on the food in its bowl. During the time the blender runs, 2000 J of heat is transferred from the warm food to the cooler environment. What is the change in the thermal
Which system contains more atoms: 5 mol of helium (A = 4)or 1 mol of neon (A = 20)?A. Helium B. Neon C. They have the same number of atoms.
A sample of ideal gas is in a sealed container. The temperature of the gas and the volume of the container are both increased. What other properties of the gas necessarily change? (More than one
What is the ratio Tf/Ti for this process? A. 1/4 B. 1/2 C. 1 (no change) D. 2 E. 4 F. There is not enough information to decide. p (atm) 4 3- 2 1 0- 0 2 -V (m)
An aluminum ring is tight around a solid iron rod. If we wish to loosen the ring to remove it from the rod, we should A. Increase the temperature of the ring and rod.B. Decrease the temperature of
Jn Figure 12.22, by comparing the slope of the graph during the time the liquid water is warming to the slope as steam is warming, we can say that A. The specific heat of water is larger than that of
1 kg of barely molten lead, at 328°C, is poured into a large beaker holding liquid water r ight at the boiling point, l00°C. What is the mass of the water that will be boiled away as the lead
1 kg of lead at 100°C is dropped into a container holding 1 kg of water at G°C. Once the lead and water reach thermal equilibrium, the final temperature is A. < 50°C B. 50°C C. > 50°C
Suppose you are an astronaut in the vacuum of space, hard at work in your sealed spacesuit. The only way that you can transfer heat to the envi ronment is by A. Conduction. B. Convection. C.
If the temperature \(T\) of an ideal gas doubles, by what factor does the average kinetic energy of the atoms change?
A common trick for opening a stubborn lid on a jar is to run very hot water over the lid for a short time. Explain how this helps to loosen the lid. Role
In some expensive cookware, the pot is made of copper but the handle is made of stainless steel. Explain why this is so.
Three identical beakers each hold \(1000 \mathrm{~g}\) of water at \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). \(100 \mathrm{~g}\) of liquid water at \(0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is added to the first beaker, \(100
Steam at \(100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) causes worse burns than liquid water at \(100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). This is because A. The steam is hotter than the water.B. Heat is transferred to the skin as
The lowest pressure ever obtained in a laboratory setting is \(4.0 \times 10^{-11} \mathrm{~Pa}\). At this pressure, how many molecules of air would there be in a \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\)
Helium has the lowest condensation point of any substance; the gas liquefies at 4.2 K. \(1.0 \mathrm{~L}\) of liquid helium has a mass of \(125 \mathrm{~g}\). What is the volume of this amount of
A gas with initial conditions \(p_{\mathrm{i}}, V_{\mathrm{i}}\), and \(T_{\mathrm{i}}\) expands isothermally until \(V_{\mathrm{f}}=2 V_{\mathrm{i}}\). What are (a) \(T_{\mathrm{f}}\) and (b)
\(0.0040 \mathrm{~mol}\) of gas follows the hyperbolic trajectory shown in Figure P12.26.a. What type of process is this?b. What are the initial and final temperatures?c. What is the final volume
A circular hole in a steel plate is \(2.000 \mathrm{~cm}\) in diameter. By how much should the temperature of the plate be increased to expand the diameter of the hole to \(2.003 \mathrm{~cm}\) ?
At \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), the hole in an aluminum ring is \(2.500 \mathrm{~cm}\) in diameter. You need to slip this ring over a steel shaft that has a room-temperature diameter of \(2.506
Carlos takes a \(10 \mathrm{~kg}\) bag of ice at \(-10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) from a freezer and puts it in the back of his truck. Unfortunately, he forgets about it and the ice melts. How much heat
A copper block is removed from a \(300^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) oven and dropped into \(1.00 \mathrm{~kg}\) of water at \(20.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). The water quickly reaches \(25.5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\)
Native Americans boiled water by adding very hot stones to a leak-tight water vessel. What minimum number of \(1.0 \mathrm{~kg}\) stones at \(550^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) must be added to a vessel
Adding \(150 \mathrm{~J}\) of heat to \(0.50 \mathrm{~mol}\) of a monatomic gas causes the gas to expand at constant pressure. How much work does the gas do as it does so?
Heating \(2.5 \mathrm{~mol}\) of neon in a rigid container causes the temperature to increase by \(15^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). By how much would the temperature increase if the same amount of heat was
The glowing filament in a lamp is radiating energy at a rate of \(60 \mathrm{~W}\). At the filament's temperature of \(1500^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), the emissivity is 0.23 . What is the surface area of
Suppose you inflate your car tires to \(35 \mathrm{psi}\) on a \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) day. Later, the temperature drops to \(0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). What is the pressure in your tires now?
An empty flask is placed in boiling water for a long period of time with the neck of the flask open to the air. The neck is then plugged with a stopper, and the flask is immersed in an ice-water
\(0.10 \mathrm{~mol}\) of gas undergoes the process \(1 \rightarrow 2\) shown in Figure P12.83.a. What are temperatures \(T_{1}\) and \(T_{2}\) ?b. What type of process is this?c. The gas undergoes
A large freshwater fish has a swim bladder with a volume of\(5.0 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{~m}^{3}\). The fish descends from a depth where the absolute pressure is \(3.0 \mathrm{~atm}\) to deeper water
James Joule (after whom the unit of energy is named) claimed that the water at the bottom of Niagara Falls should be warmer than the water at the top, \(51 \mathrm{~m}\) above the bottom. He reasoned
A \(1200 \mathrm{~kg}\) car traveling at \(60 \mathrm{mph}\) quickly brakes to a halt.\(\mathbb{N}\) The kinetic energy of the car is converted to thermal energy of the disk brakes. The brake disks
A \(5000 \mathrm{~kg}\) African elephant has a resting metabolic rate of 2500 W. On a hot day, the elephant's environment is likely to be nearly the same temperature as the animal itself, so cooling
To make some ice cubes, you fill an ice cube tray with \(150 \mathrm{~g}\) of water at \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). How much heat energy must be removed from the water to create ice cubes at a final
An expandable cube, initially \(20 \mathrm{~cm}\) on each side, contains \(3.0 \mathrm{~g}\) of helium at \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C} .1000 \mathrm{~J}\) of heat energy are transferred to this gas. What
What are (a) the heat \(Q_{\mathrm{H}}\) extracted from the hot reservoir and(b) the efficiency for a heat engine described by the \(p V\) diagram of Figure P12.104?Figure P12.104 p (kPa) 300- 200-
Homes are often insulated with fiberglass insulation in their walls and ceiling. The thermal conductivity of fiberglass is \(0.040 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}\). Suppose that the total
The surface area of an adult human is about \(1.8 \mathrm{~m}^{2}\). Suppose \(\mathrm{BIO}\) a person with a skin temperature of \(34^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is standing with bare skin in a room where
If the top \(500 \mathrm{~m}\) of ocean water increased in temperature from \(17^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) to \(18^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), what would be the resulting rise in ocean height?A. \(0.11
Approximately how much energy would be required to raise the temperature of the top layer of the oceans by \(1^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) ? \(\left(1 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\right.\) of water has a mass of \(1000
Water's coefficient of expansion varies with temperature. For water at \(2^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), an increase in temperature of \(1^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) would cause the volume to A. Increase.B. Stay
The ocean is mostly heated from the top, by light from the sun. The warmer surface water doesn't mix much with the colder deep ocean water. This lack of mixing can be ascribed to a lack of A.
Three identical books are stacked vertically. The normal force of book 1 on book 2 is A. Equal to the weight of one book. B. Less than the weight of one book. C. Greater than the weight of one book.
A piece of glass is broken into two pieces of different size. Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the mass densities of pieces 1, 2, and 3.
Water is slowly poured into the container until the water level has risen into tubes 1, 2, and 3. The water doesn't overflow from any of the tubes.How do the water depths in the three columns compare
A U-shaped tube is open to the atmosphere on both ends. Water is poured into the tube, followed by oil, which floats on the water because it is less dense than water. Which figure shows the correct
The five blocks have the masses and volumes shown. Using what you learned in Figure 13.16, rank in order, from least to greatest, the buoyant forces on the blocks. A 20 g 10 cm B 40 g 20 g 10 cm 40 g
An ice cube is floating in a glass of water that is filled entirely to the brim. When the ice cube melts, the water level will A. Fall. B. Stay the same. C. Ri se, causing the water to spill.
The figure shows volume flow rates (in cm3/s) for all but one tube. What is the volume flow rate through the unmarked tube?Is the flow direction in or out? 10 Flows in cm/s 2 8 1
Rank in order, from highest to lowest, the liquid heights h1 to h4 in tubes 1 to 4. The airflow is from left to right. h Direction of airflow Air pump hy ha
A viscous fluid flows through the pipe shown. The three marked segments are of equal length.Across which segment is the pressure difference the greatest? A B C
A steel cylinder at sea level contains air at a high pressure. Attached to the tank are two gauges, one that reads absolute pressure and one that reads gauge pressure. The tank is then brought to the
Imagine a square column of the atmosphere, \(1 \mathrm{~m}\) on a side, that extends all the way to the top of the atmosphere. How much does this column of air weigh in newtons?
A beaker of water rests on a scale. A metal ball is then lowered into the beaker using a string tied to the ball. The ball doesn't touch the sides or bottom of the beaker, and no water spills from
A heavy lead block and a light aluminum block of equal size sit at rest at the bottom of a pool of water. Is the buoyant force on the lead block greater than, less than, or equal to the buoyant force
The water of the Dead Sea is extremely salty, which gives it a very high density of \(1240 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\). Explain why a person floats much higher in the Dead Sea than in ordinary
Fish can adjust their buoyancy with an organ called the swim bladder. The swim bladder is a flexible gas-filled sac; the fish can increase or decrease the amount of gas in the swim bladder so that it
A tub of water, filled to the brim, sits on a scale. Then a floating block of wood is placed in the tub, pushing some water over the rim. The water that overflows immediately runs off the scale. What
Liquid flows through a pipe as shown in Figure Q13.28. The pipe's constant outer diameter is shown; you can't see into the pipe to know how the inner diameter changes. Rank in order, from largest to
A liquid with negligible viscosity flows through the pipe shown in Figure Q13.29. This is an overhead view.a. Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the flow speeds \(v_{1}\) to \(v_{4}\) at points
Is it possible for a fluid in a tube to flow in the direction from low pressure to high pressure? If so, give an example. If not, why not?
Figure Q13.33 shows a \(100 \mathrm{~g}\) block of copper \((ho=\) \(8900 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\) ) and a \(100 \mathrm{~g}\) block of aluminum \(\left(ho=2700 \mathrm{~kg} /
If you dive underwater, you notice an uncomfortable pressure on your eardrums due to the increased pressure. The human eardrum has an area of about \(70 \mathrm{~mm}^{2}\left(7 \times 10^{-5}
An \(8.0 \mathrm{lb}\) bowling ball has a diameter of 8.5 inches. When lowered into water, this ball will A. Float.B. Sink.C. Have neutral buoyancy.
A large beaker of water is filled to its rim with water. A block of wood is then carefully lowered into the beaker until the block is floating. In this process, some water is pushed over the edge and
An object floats in water, with \(75 \%\) of its volume submerged. What is its approximate density?A. \(250 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\)B. \(750 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\)C. \(1000
Water flows through a 4.0 -cm-diameter horizontal pipe at a speed of \(1.3 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). The pipe then narrows down to a diameter of \(2.0 \mathrm{~cm}\). Ignoring viscosity, what is
A 15-m-long garden hose has an inner diameter of \(2.5 \mathrm{~cm}\). One end is connected to a spigot; \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) water flows from the other end at a rate of \(1.2 \mathrm{~L} /
Christina throws a javelin into the air. As she propels it forward from rest, she does 270 J of work on it. At its highest point, its gravitational potential energy has increased by 70 J. What is the
Crane l uses 10 kJ of energy to lift a 50 kg box to the roof of a building. Crane 2 uses 20 kl to lift a 100 kg box the same distance. Which crane is more efficient?A. Crane 1B. Crane 2C. Both cranes
A runner is moving at a constant speed on level ground.Chemical energy in the runner's body is being transformed into other forms of energy.Most of the chemical energy is transformed intoA. Kinetic
Two samples of ideal gas, sample 1 and sample 2, have the same thermal energy. Sample l has twice as many atoms as sample 2. What can we say about the temperatures of the two samples? A. T>T B. T = T
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