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college physics reasoning

Questions and Answers of College Physics Reasoning

You have driven your car for a while and now turn off the engine.Your car's radiator is at a higher temperature than the air around it. Considering the radiator as the system, as the radiator cools
Which of the following changes (there may be more than one)would increase the maximum theoretical efficiency of a heat engine?A. Increase THB. Increase TcC. Decrease THD. Decrease Tc
Which of the following changes would allow your refrigerator to use less energy to run? (There may be more than one correct answer.)A. Increasing the temperature inside the refrigeratorB. Increasing
Which of the following processes does not involve a change in entropy?A. An electric heater raises the temperature of a cup of water by 20°C.B. A ball rolls up a ramp, decreasing in speed as it
According to Table 11.4 , cycling at \(15 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}\) requires less metabolic energy than running at \(15 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}\). Suggest reasons why this is the case. TABLE 11.4
A glassblower heats up a blob of glass in a furnace, increasing its temperature by \(1000^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). By how many kelvins does its temperature increase?
One end of a short aluminum rod is in a campfire and the other end is in a block of ice, as shown in Figure Q11.8. If \(100 \mathrm{~J}\) of energy are transferred from the fire to the rod, and if
Two blocks of copper, one of mass \(1 \mathrm{~kg}\) and the second of mass \(3 \mathrm{~kg}\), are at the same temperature. Which block has more thermal energy? If the blocks are placed in thermal
A \(20 \mathrm{~kg}\) block of steel at \(23^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and a \(150 \mathrm{~g}\) piece of brass at \(520^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) are placed in contact inside an insulated container and
If a process removes heat from a system, must the system's temperature decrease in this process? Explain.
A fire piston-an impressive physics demonstration-ignites a fire without matches. The operation is shown in Figure Q11.18. A wad of cotton is placed at the bottom of a sealed syringe with a
According to the second law of thermodynamics, it is impossible for a heat engine to convert thermal energy solely into work without exhausting some thermal energy to a cold reservoir. Is it possible
Assuming improved materials and better processes, can engineers ever design a heat engine that exceeds the maximum efficiency indicated by Equation 11.10? If not, why not? Maximum efficiency. of a
Electric vehicles increase speed by using an electric motor that draws energy from a battery. When the vehicle slows, the motor runs as a generator, recharging the battery. Explain why this means
A person walks \(1 \mathrm{~km}\), turns around, and runs back to where he started. Compare the energy used and the power during the two segments.A. The energy used and the power are the same for
The temperature of the air in a basketball increases as it is pumped up. This means thatA. The total kinetic energy of the air is increasing and the average kinetic energy of the molecules is
\(200 \mathrm{~J}\) of heat is added to two gases, each in a sealed container. Gas 1 is in a rigid container that does not change volume. Gas 2 expands as it is heated, pushing out a piston that
While keeping your food cold, your refrigerator transfers energy from the inside to the surroundings. Thus thermal energy goes from a colder object to a warmer one. What can you say about this?A. It
An electric power plant uses energy from burning coal to generate steam at \(450^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). The plant is cooled by \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) water from a nearby river. If burning coal
A refrigerator's freezer compartment is set at \(-10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\); the kitchen is \(24^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). What is the theoretical minimum amount of electric energy necessary to pump \(1.0
A sleeping \(68 \mathrm{~kg}\) man has a metabolic power of \(71 \mathrm{~W}\). How many Calories does he burn during an 8.0 hour sleep?
Helium has the lowest boiling point of any substance, at 4.2 K. What is this temperature in \({ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and \({ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\) ?
A piece of metal at \(100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) has its Celsius temperature doubled. By what factor does its kelvin temperature increase?
At what temperature does the temperature in kelvin have the same numerical value as the temperature in \({ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\) ?
\(300 \mathrm{~J}\) of energy are transferred to a system in the form of heat while the thermal energy increases by \(150 \mathrm{~J}\). How much work is done on or by the system?
A heat engine extracts \(55 \mathrm{~kJ}\) from the hot reservoir and exhausts \(40 \mathrm{~kJ}\) into the cold reservoir. What are (a) the work done and (b) the efficiency?
A heat engine does \(200 \mathrm{~J}\) of work while exhausting \(600 \mathrm{~J}\) of heat to the cold reservoir. What is the engine's efficiency?
A power plant running at \(35 \%\) efficiency generates \(300 \mathrm{MW}\) of electric power. At what rate (in MW) is heat energy exhausted to the river that cools the plant?
Draw all possible distinct arrangements in which three balls (labeled A, B, C) are placed into two different boxes ( 1 and 2), as in Figure 11.25. If all arrangements are equally likely, what is the
How many slices of pizza must you eat to walk for \(1.0 \mathrm{~h}\) at a speed of \(5.0 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}\) ? (Assume your mass is \(68 \mathrm{~kg}\).)
A \(68 \mathrm{~kg}\) runner runs a marathon \((42.2 \mathrm{~km})\) at a pace of \(15 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}\). To expend the same number of Calories as she did in running this race, how many
For how long would a \(68 \mathrm{~kg}\) athlete have to swim at a fast crawl to use all the energy available in a typical fast-food meal of burger, fries, and a drink?
The record time for a Tour de France cyclist to ascend the famed 1100-m-high Alpe d'Huez was \(37.5 \mathrm{~min}\), set by Marco Pantani in 1997. Pantani and his bike had a mass of \(65
Championship swimmers take about \(22 \mathrm{~s}\) and about 30 arm strokes to move through the water in a \(50 \mathrm{~m}\) freestyle NT race.a. From Table 11.4, a swimmer's metabolic power is
A \(68 \mathrm{~kg}\) hiker walks at \(5.0 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}\) up a \(7 \%\) slope. What is BIO the necessary metabolic power? Hint: You can model her power needs as the sum of the power to
The heat exhausted to the cold reservoir of an engine operating at maximum theoretical efficiency is two-thirds the heat extracted from the hot reservoir. What is the temperature ratio
A person runs \(1 \mathrm{~km}\). How does his speed affect the total energy needed to cover this distance?A. A faster speed requires less total energy.B. A faster speed requires more total energy.C.
A kangaroo hops \(1 \mathrm{~km}\). How does its speed affect the total energy needed to cover this distance?A. A faster speed requires less total energy.B. A faster speed requires more total
At a speed of \(4 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\), A. A running human is more efficient than an equal-mass hopping kangaroo.B. A running human is less efficient than an equal-mass hopping kangaroo.C. A
At approximately what speed would a human use half the power of an equal-mass kangaroo moving at the same speed?A. \(3 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\)B. \(4 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s} \quad\) C. \(5
At what speed does the hopping motion of the kangaroo become more efficient than the running gait of a human?A. \(3 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\)B. \(5 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\)C. \(7 \mathrm{~m} /
When water freezes to make a snowflake crystal, the entropy of the water A. Decreases.B. Increases.C. Does not change.
When thermal energy is transferred from a hot object to a cold object, the overall entropy A. Decreases B. Increases.C. Does not change.
Do convection cells represent a reversible process?A. Yes, because they are orderly.B. No, because they transfer thermal energy from hot to cold.C. It depends on the type of convection cell.
In an isolated system far from thermal equilibrium, as time passes, A. The total energy stays the same; the total entropy stays the same.B. The total energy decreases; the total entropy increases.C.
If you were to jump to the ground from a height of 2 meters, you'd likely injure yourself. But a pogo rider can do this repeatedly, bounce after bounce. How does the pogo stick make this possible?A.
Assuming that the elastic bands stretch and store energy like a spring, how high would the \(80 \mathrm{~kg}\) pogo and rider go for a stretch of \(0.20 \mathrm{~m}\) ?A. \(2.0 \mathrm{~m}\)B. \(1.5
Suppose a much smaller rider (total mass of rider plus pogo of \(40 \mathrm{~kg}\) ) mechanically stretched the elastic bands of the pogo by \(0.40 \mathrm{~m}\), then got on the pogo and released
A pogo and rider of \(80 \mathrm{~kg}\) total mass at the high point of a \(2.0 \mathrm{~m}\) jump will drop \(1.6 \mathrm{~m}\) before the pogo plunger touches the ground, slowing to a stop over an
Riders can use fewer elastic bands, reducing the effective spring constant of the pogo. The maximum stretch of the bands is still \(0.40 \mathrm{~m}\). Reducing the number of bands will A. Reduce the
Consider the sequence of energy transformations in the bounce. When the dropped ball is motionless on the floor, compressed, and ready to rebound, most of the energy is in the form of A. Kinetic
If a ball is "soft," it will spend more time in contact with the floor and won't rebound as high as it is supposed to. The force on the floor of the "soft" ball is the force on the floor of a
Suppose a ball is dropped from \(2.5 \mathrm{~m}\) and rebounds to \(1.4 \mathrm{~m}\).a. How fast is the ball moving just before it hits the floor?b. What is the ball's speed just after leaving the
What is the speed of the squid immediately after the water is ejected?A. \(10 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\)B. \(7.5 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\)C. \(1.3 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\)D. \(0.75 \mathrm{~m} /
What is the squid's approximate acceleration in \(g\) ?A. \(10 \mathrm{~g}\)B. \(7.5 \mathrm{~g}\)C. \(1.0 \mathrm{~g}\)D. \(0.75 \mathrm{~g}\)Squid usually move by using their fins, but they can
What is the average force on the water during the jet?A. \(100 \mathrm{~N}\)B. \(30 \mathrm{~N}\)C. \(10 \mathrm{~N}\)D. \(3.0 \mathrm{~N}\)Squid usually move by using their fins, but they can
This form of locomotion is speedy, but is it efficient? The energy that the squid expends goes two places: the kinetic energy of the squid and the kinetic energy of the water. Think about how to
What is the change in momentum of the ball during the collision?A. \(1.4 \mathrm{~kg} \cdot \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}\)B. \(1.8 \mathrm{~kg} \cdot \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}\)C. \(2.9 \mathrm{~kg} \cdot
What is the speed of the club head immediately after the collision?A. \(30 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\)B. \(25 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\)C. \(19 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\)D. \(11 \mathrm{~m} /
Is this a perfectly elastic collision?A. Yes B. No C. There is insufficient information to make this determination.A golf club has a lightweight flexible shaft with a heavy block of wood or metal
If we define the kinetic energy of the club head before the collision as "what you had to pay" and the kinetic energy of the ball immediately after as "what you get," what is the efficiency of this
Football players measure their acceleration by seeing how fast they can sprint 40 yards \((37 \mathrm{~m})\). A zippy player can, from a standing start, run 40 yards in \(4.1 \mathrm{~s}\), reaching
The unit of horsepower was defined by considering the power output of a typical horse. Working-horse guidelines in the \(1900 \mathrm{~s}\) called for them to pull with a force equal to \(10 \%\) of
A \(100 \mathrm{~kg}\) football player is moving at \(6.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) to the east; a \(130 \mathrm{~kg}\) player is moving at \(5.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) to the west. They meet,
A swift blow with the hand can break a pine board. As the hand hits the board, the kinetic energy of the hand is transformed into elastic potential energy of the bending board; if the board bends far
A child's sled has rails that slide with little friction across the snow. Logan has an old wooden sled with heavy iron rails that has a mass of \(10 \mathrm{~kg}\)-quite a bit for a \(30
In Figure P8.4, a \(70 \mathrm{~kg}\) man walks out on a \(10 \mathrm{~kg}\) beam that rests on, but is not attached to, two supports. When the beam just starts to tip, what is the force exerted on
You're carrying a \(3.6-\mathrm{m}\)-long, \(25 \mathrm{~kg}\) pole to a construction site when you decide to stop for a rest. You place one end of the pole on a fence post and hold the other end of
A typical horse weighs \(5000 \mathrm{~N}\). The distance between the front and rear hooves and the distance from the rear hooves to the center of mass for a typical horse are shown in Figure P8.6.
A vendor hangs an \(8.0 \mathrm{~kg}\) sign in front of his shop with a cable held away from the building by a lightweight pole. The pole is free to pivot about the end where it touches the wall, as
Figure P8.9 shows a vertical pole of height \(h\) that can rotate about a hinge at the bottom. The pole is held in position by two wires under tension. What is the ratio of the tension in the left
If you hold your arm outstretched with palm upward, as in Figure P8.12, the force to keep your arm from falling comes from your deltoid muscle. The arm of a typical person has mass \(4.0
It Hold your upper arm vertical and your lower arm horizontal with your hand palm-down on a table, as shown in Figure P8.14. If you now push down on the table, you'll feel that your triceps muscle
If A uniform beam of length \(1.0 \mathrm{~m}\) and mass \(10 \mathrm{~kg}\) is attached to a wall by a cable, as shown in Figure P8.15. The beam is free to pivot at the point where it attaches to
The towers holding small wind turbines are often raised and lowered for easy servicing of the turbine. Figure P8.16 shows a \(1000 \mathrm{~kg}\) wind turbine mounted on the end of a 24-m-long, \(700
A standard four-drawer filing cabinet is 52 inches high and 15 inches wide. If it is evenly loaded, the center of gravity is at the center of the cabinet. A worker is tilting a filing cabinet to the
The stability of a vehicle is often rated by the static stability factor, which is one-half the track width divided by the height of the center of gravity above the road. A typical SUV has a static
You want to slowly push a stiff board across a \(20 \mathrm{~cm}\) gap between two tabletops that are at the same height. If you apply only a horizontal force, what is the minimum-length board that
An orthodontic spring, connected between the upper and lower jaws, is adjusted to provide no force with the mouth open. When the patient closes her mouth, however, the spring compresses by \(6.0
I Experiments using "optical tweezers" measure the elasticity BIO of individual DNA molecules. For small enough changes in length, the elasticity has the same form as that of a spring. A DNA molecule
A spring stretches \(5.0 \mathrm{~cm}\) when a \(0.20 \mathrm{~kg}\) block is hung from it. If a \(0.70 \mathrm{~kg}\) block replaces the \(0.20 \mathrm{~kg}\) block, how far does the spring stretch?
A student is testing a \(1.0 \mathrm{~m}\) length of 2.5 - \(\mathrm{mm}\)-diameter steel wire.a. How much force is required to stretch this wire by \(1.0 \mathrm{~mm}\) ?b. What length of
A three-legged wooden bar stool made out of solid Douglas fir has legs that are \(2.0 \mathrm{~cm}\) in diameter. When a \(75 \mathrm{~kg}\) man sits on the stool, by what percent does the length of
A glass optical fiber in a communications system has a diameter of \(9.0 \mu \mathrm{m}\).a. What maximum force could this fiber support without breaking?b. Assume that the fiber stretches in a
The Achilles tendon connects the muscles in your calf to the back of your foot. When you are sprinting, your Achilles tendon alternately stretches, as you bring your weight down onto your forward
A \(3.0-\mathrm{m}\)-long rigid beam with a mass of \(100 \mathrm{~kg}\) is supported at each end, as shown in Figure P8.43. An \(80 \mathrm{~kg}\) student stands \(2.0 \mathrm{~m}\) from support 1 .
IIII Using the information in Figure 8.2, calculate the tension in\(\mathrm{B} / \mathrm{O}\) the biceps tendon if the hand is holding a \(10 \mathrm{~kg}\) ball while the forearm is held
When you bend over, a series of large muscles, the erector spinae, pull on your spine to hold you up. Figure P8.47 shows a simplified model of the spine as a rod of length \(L\) that pivots at its
Two identical, side-by-side springs with spring constant \(240 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{m}\) support a \(2.00 \mathrm{~kg}\) hanging box. Each spring supports the same weight. By how much is each spring
Two springs have the same equilibrium length but different spring constants. They are arranged as shown in Figure P8.53, then a block is pushed against them, compressing both by \(4.00
Figure P8.57 shows a lightweight plank supported at its right end by a 7.0 -mm-diameter rope with a tensile strength of \(6.0 \times 10^{7} \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{m}^{2}\).a. What is the maximum force
In the hammer throw, an\(\mathbb{N T}\) athlete spins a heavy mass in a circle at the end of a cable before releasing it for distance. For male athletes, the "hammer" is a mass of \(7.3
There is a disk of cartilage between each pair of vertebrae in your spine. Suppose a disk is \(0.50 \mathrm{~cm}\) thick and \(4.0 \mathrm{~cm}\) in diameter. If this disk supports half the weight of
In Example 8.1, the tension in the biceps tendon for a person doing a strict curl of a \(900 \mathrm{~N}\) barbell was found to be \(3900 \mathrm{~N}\). What fraction does this represent of the
Larger animals have sturdier bones than smaller animals. A mouse's skeleton is only a few percent of its body weight, compared to \(16 \%\) for an elephant. To see why this must be so, recall, from
What is the upward force of the floor on the toes of one foot?A. \(140 \mathrm{~N}\)B. \(290 \mathrm{~N}\)C. \(420 \mathrm{~N}\)D. \(590 \mathrm{~N}\)When you stand on your tiptoes, your feet pivot
What upward force does the Achilles tendon exert on the heel of her foot?A. \(290 \mathrm{~N}\)B. \(420 \mathrm{~N}\)C. \(590 \mathrm{~N}\)D. \(880 \mathrm{~N}\)When you stand on your tiptoes, your
The tension in the Achilles tendon will cause it to stretch. If the Achilles tendon is \(15 \mathrm{~cm}\) long and has a cross-section area of \(110 \mathrm{~mm}^{2}\), by how much will it stretch
A hammer hits a nail. The force of the nail on the hammer is A. Greater than the force of the hammer on the nail.B. Less than the force of the hammer on the nail.C. Equal to the force of the hammer
Graph A is the force-versus-time graph for a hockey stick hitting a 160 g puck. Graph Bis the force-versus-time graph for a golf club hitting a 46 g golf ball. Which force delivers the greater

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