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college physics reasoning

College Physics Reasoning and Relationships 2nd edition Nicholas Giordano - Solutions

How many quarks and antiquarks are present in an antimeson?
Are baryons composed of (a) three quarks, (b) three leptons,(c) two quarks
Are mesons composed of (a) a total of three quarks and antiquarks, (b) three leptons,(c) a quark and an antiquark?
Design an experiment that could distinguish a neutron from an antineutron.
The ∑+ (mass 1189 MeV/c2) is composed of two up quarks (u) and one strange quark (s). The mass of an up quark is about 4 MeV/c2, and the mass of a strange quark is about 150 MeV/c2. Why don’t these mass values “add up” to equal the mass of the ∑+ as one might expect? Does the mass of the
Explain why there are no doubly charged mesons, that is, mesons with an electric charge of +2e or -2e.
In Figure 31.4, an electron and a positron annihilate and produce electromagnetic radiation in the form of two gamma ray photons, each of energy 0.511 MeV. Explain why it is not possible for this reaction to give a single gamma ray photon with energy 2 (0.511 MeV) x 1.022 MeV.
Power reactors (i.e., nuclear reactors designed for the production of electrical power) typically produce 23994Pu as a by-product of the fission processes that occur in their fuel rods. On average, 0.8 nucleus of 23994Pu is produced for each nucleus of 23592U that undergoes fission. (a) If a
Consider conservation of energy and show that a 12C nucleus cannot spontaneously decay into three alpha particles. Compare the masses of the 12C nucleus and the three alpha particles.
One method of dating rocks uses the decay of 40K to 40Ar with a half-life of 1.26x109 yr. Most of the time, 40K decays to 40Ca, and 11% of the time it decays to 40Ar. Initially, when the minerals in the rock form, there is very little argon included because argon is an inert noble gas. Potassium is
The critical mass of pure 23592U can be as small as about 15 kg, but a much smaller amount has a significant activity. (a) What is the activity of a sample of 23592U with a mass of 1.0 mg? (b) A Geiger counter with a detector area of 5.0 cm2 is placed 20 cm from the 23592U sample in part (a). How
According to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle (Chapter 28), the uncertainties in the position Δx and momentum Δp of a particle are related byΔxΔp ≥ h/4πThis relation can be used to estimate an upper bound on the kinetic energy and velocity of a proton or neutron inside a nucleus by
Two radioactive samples are composed of two different types of nuclei. The samples have the same number of radioactive nuclei, but the activity of sample 1 is four times greater than the activity of sample 2. What is the ratio of the half-lives of the two different types of nuclei?
A neutron star is a star that has collapsed so that it is essentially one big nucleus, and its radius is related to its “mass number” by Equation 30.5. (This is the same relation that gives the approximate radius of a normal nucleus.) If our Sun collapsed to make a neutron star, what would its
Tritium is used in nuclear weapons and has a half-life of 12.3 yr. Suppose a nuclear weapon will cease to function if the amount of tritium is less than 20% of the amount present when the weapon is first built. What is the maximum age such a weapon can have and still be dangerous?
One way to date ancient wood is with carbon dating. An instrument dealer comes to you with what he says is a violin made by the master violin maker Antonio Stradivari (1644–1737). You have a very small piece of wood from the violin analyzed, and the ratio of 146C/ 126C is found to be 96.4% of the
The binding energy of a typical nucleus is comparable to the electric potential energy PEelec 2x1013 J found in Equation 30.7. If that is the magnitude of the binding energy of a single helium nucleus, what is the approximate magnitude of the total binding energy of 1 g of helium?
The half-life of 22388Ra is 11.4 days. (a) Calculate its decay constant. (b) If the activity of a piece of 22388Ra is 0.75 Ci today, how long will it take for its activity to fall to 0.10 Ci?
An MX “Peacekeeper” missile carries 10 warheads, each rated at 20 megatons. (a) How many times greater is the energy release from one of these warheads than that of the Hiroshima explosion? (b) What quantity of mass is converted to energy in this process?
A nuclear power plant with a 1000-MW output is 40% efficient in converting the energy released from fission into electricity. How much 23592U is consumed by the power plant in one day? Express your answer in kg and in atoms.
The compound D2O is called heavy water. It is essentially a water molecule in which each of the hydrogen atoms has a deuterium nucleus. (a) How much heavier, by percentage, is heavy water than regular water? (b) Estimate the density of heavy water.
Plutonium is not found in significant quantities in nature. The isotope 23994Pu is used as a component of the fuel in many power reactors and in weapons and is produced through the following series of reactions. Find the particles represented by the question marks in the following reactions:n +
In positron emission tomography (PET), a positron is created by the decay of a nucleus attached to a glucose molecule. This positron then annihilates an electron (because the positron is antimatter; that is, it is an anti-electron). The annihilation reaction produces two gamma rays, traveling off
A common nucleus used in PET scans is 189F, which has a half-life of 110 min. What fraction of the original activity remains in the body after 3 h?
A piece of very old wood is found to have a 146C/ 126C concentration ratio that is 0.10 times the concentration found in a tree that died in 1900. How old is the older piece of wood?
An archaeologist uses carbon dating to find the age of some ancient plant material. If the concentration of 146C is 2.8x10-14 smaller than the concentration of 126C, how old is the material?
A sample of material is found to be 25,000 years old using carbon dating. What fraction of the original 146C remains?
A patient with thyroid problems has radioactive iodine (12353I) deposited in his thyroid gland. If the 12353I has an initial activity of 2.5 MBq, what is its activity after 20 days?
An average annual dose from natural radiation sources is about 500 mrem, of which about 40 mrem comes from 40K, an isotope found all around us and in our food. What is the maximum energy (RBE = 1.7) deposited in a 65-kg individual from the emitted beta rays of potassium each year?
A radioactive sample has an initial activity of 800 decays/s. Its activity 24 hours later is 200 decays/s. What is its half-life?
A radioactive sample has an initial activity of 4.5 mCi (millicuries). Its activity 15 hours later is 1.8 mCi. What is its half-life?
A radioactive material has an activity of 2.5 Bq. What is its activity in Ci?
A 125-rad dose of radiation is administered to a cancer patient (mass = 80 kg). If all this radiation is absorbed by the tumor, how much energy is absorbed?
A person of mass 85 kg is exposed to a dose of 30 rad. How many joules of energy are deposited in the person’s body?
What is the activity of 5.0 g of 23592U? Express your answer in decays/s and Ci.
Alpha particles with an RBE of 15 deliver 25 mrem of radiation to a patient. What dose does the patient receive? Express your answer in rad.
A person absorbs a dose of 15 rads of protons. What dose of alpha particles causes the same amount of damage? Assume that the RBE for these protons is 15.
The Sun produces energy through a series of fusion reactions, starting with protons ( 11H) and ending with alpha particles (helium nuclei, 42He). The first reaction produces deuterium (21H) plus a positron and a neutrino,11H + 11H → 21H e+ + v............(1)and the second reaction fuses a
In the fission reaction 23592U + 10u → 13854Xe + 9538Sr + 310n, the isotope 23592U has a mass of 235.04392 u, the mass of 13854Xe is 137.91395 u, and the mass of 9538Sr is 94.91936 u. How much energy does this reaction release?
The fission bomb that exploded at Hiroshima, Japan, in 1945 released an energy of about 6x1013J. (The value is known only approximately.) Consider a fusion bomb that releases energy by the fusion of deuterium nuclei (Example 30.7). What mass of deuterium nuclei is required to release the energy
Balance the fission reaction 23592U 10n → 14255Cs 9037Rb + ?10n.
In Example 30.7, we considered the energy produced by the fusion of two deuterium nuclei (21H). (a) In the example, we found the energy in MeV. Convert this energy to joules. (b) In seawater, deuterium has a concentration of 0.0003% relative to that of normal hydrogen (11H). If all the deuterium
How many neutrons are released when 23592U undergoes fission to produce 13250Sn and 10042Mo? Do not count the neutron that initiated the fission.
A sample has an activity of 30 mCi (millicuries). If the sample is divided into 12 equal pieces, what is the activity of each piece?
A piece of radium has an activity of 4.5 mCi. (a) What is the mass of the radium? (b) What is its activity in Bq?
The isotope 8936Kr decays by beta emission. What nucleus is produced?
What is the approximate energy needed to remove one neutron from 5526Fe?
What is the magnitude of the binding energy per nucleon of 20882Pb? What is the magnitude of the total binding energy of this nucleus? Give your answers in MeV.
Balance the following nuclear reactions.(a) 11H + 63Li → 42He + ?(b) 10n + 23592U → 13351Sb + ? + 4 10n(c) 146C → ? + e- + v̅
At present, the concentration of 23592U in naturally occurring uranium deposits is approximately 0.72%. What will the concentration be one billion years from now?
At t = 0, 950 g of a radioactive material is present. Twenty five years later it is found that only 23 g of the material remains. What is its half-life?
A particular nucleus has a half-life of 36 minutes. How long does it take for 95% of this material to decay?
Consider Joule’s experiment described in Insight 14.1. Assume the mass m = 2.0 kg and the fluid is water with a volume of 1.0 L. What is the increase in the temperature of the water when the mass moves vertically a distance z = 1.0 m?
The isotope 1910Ne has a half-life of 17.2 s. If you have 45 g of it at t = 0, how much is left after 45 s?
After 25 years, 75% of a radioactive material decays. What is the half-life?
The decay constant of a nucleus is 25 s-1. What is its half-life?
The half-life of 22488Ra is 3.7 days. What is its decay constant? Express your answer in s-1.
If 16 g of radon gas with a half-life of 4 days is present in a balloon at t = 0, what is the mass of radon gas present after (a) 4 days, (b) 16 days, (c) 25 days
Write the reaction for the gamma decay of 21082Pb*.
Write the reaction for the beta decay of 6027Co.
Write the reaction for the alpha decay of 21484Po.
Complete (i.e., balance) the following reactions. Also label each reaction as alpha decay, beta decay, or gamma decay. (a) 23490Th → 23088Ra + ?(b) 23490Th → 23491Pa +?(c) 23490Th→23490Th + ?
If 21082Pb is produced by alpha decay, what was the parent nucleus?
If 24294Pu decays via beta decay, what nucleus is produced? If it decays by alpha decay, what nucleus is produced?
After alpha decay, what is the difference in mass number between the daughter and the parent nuclei? (a) The mass number of the daughter nucleus is smaller by four. (b) The mass number of the daughter nucleus is larger by four. (c) The mass number of the daughter nucleus is smaller by two.
After beta decay, the daughter nucleus differs from the parent nucleus in which of the following ways? (a) The daughter nucleus has one more proton. (b) The daughter nucleus has one less proton. (c) The daughter nucleus has one more neutron.
A proton is accelerated through a potential difference ΔVp, and an alpha particle is accelerated through a potential difference ΔVα. If the two particles have the same kinetic energy, is the ratio ΔVp/ΔVα (a) 4, (b) 2, (c) 1,(d) 1/2, (e) 1/4
An electric potential difference ΔV is used to give an alpha particle a kinetic energy of 1.5 MeV. What is the value of ΔV?
Name the dominant force for (a) Two protons far apart, (b) A neutron and a proton in a nucleus, (c) A proton and an electron in a nucleus.
Which of the following forces is (most) crucial for holding a nucleus together?(a) Electric force (b) Magnetic force (c) The strong force (d) Friction (e) Gravity
Which two of the following forces are most important in a nucleus? (a) Electric force (b) Magnetic force (c) The strong force (d) Friction (e) Gravity
What is the speed of a gamma ray?
A beta particle emitted in nuclear decay has a kinetic energy of 50,000 eV. What is its speed?
An alpha particle has a kinetic energy of 1.2 MeV. What is its speed?
A nucleus has a radius of 4.5x10-15 m. What nucleus might it be?
What is the ratio of the radius of 20882Pb to the radius of an alpha particle?
What is the approximate density of (a) An alpha particle (b) 5626Fe
Use Equation 30.5 to estimate the radius of (a) An alpha particle, (b) 3416S, (c) 5626Fe
Estimate the electric potential energy of all the protons in 63Li. Assume the radius of the nucleus is about 1.5 fm.
If two protons and two neutrons are removed from 20882Pb, what element is created? Give the symbol for this nucleus.
(a) A nucleus has Z = 17 and N = 18. What is the symbol for this nucleus? (b) If four neutrons are added to 20882Pb, what element is created? Give the symbol for this nucleus.
What are Z, N, and A for the nuclei (a) 126C, (b) 3416S, (c) 20882Pb,(d) 5626Fe?
Name three different nuclei that contain 120 neutrons.
Do different isotopes of the same element have the same number of (a) Protons, (b) Neutrons, (c) Protons plus neutrons, (d) Electrons (assuming a neutral atom)? (More than one answer may be correct.)
Is the mass number (a) The number of neutrons in the nucleus, (b) The number of protons in the nucleus, (c) The number of electrons in the nucleus, (d) The sum of the number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus?
Is the atomic number (a) The number of neutrons in the nucleus, (b) The number of protons in the nucleus, (c) The number of electrons in the nucleus, (d) The sum of the number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus?
How might the 23994Pu used in nuclear weapons be created? Consider reactions in which a nucleus captures a neutron, followed by beta decay.
The nuclei 23592U, 253100Fm, and 146C have very different half-lives. Explain how samples of these materials can still have the same activity.
In a typical volume of soil that measures 1 mi2 and 1 ft deep, there are roughly 2 g of radium, predominantly 236Ra. But 236Ra has a half-life of just 1600 yr, while the Earth is billions of years old. Where did this radium come from?
Scientists in areas such as geology, paleontology, and archaeology use “radiodating” techniques (such as carbon dating) in the study of the history of the Earth and its inhabitants. There are several radiodating techniques, each using different nuclei: (i) carbon 14, (ii) potassium–argon
An archaeologist friend proposes to determine the age of a dinosaur bone using carbon dating. Why does your friend need to take a physics course? That is, what is wrong with this proposal?
Which of the following objects could be dated with carbon dating? (a) The logs used to make George Washington’s house.(b) The bricks used to make George Washington’s house.(c) Animal bones found in George Washington’s barn.(d) The blade of George Washington’s pocket knife.
Explain why the neutrons emitted in a nuclear reaction can penetrate very thick sheets of lead, but the alpha and beta particles cannot.
A nucleus of 24596Cm that is initially at rest undergoes alpha decay. What is the daughter nucleus? Which of the reaction products has the greater kinetic energy, the alpha particle or the daughter nucleus? Is momentum conserved in this process?
In the treatment of cancer using radioactive “seeds” (brachytherapy), the radioactive material must be placed very close to the cancer cells. Explain why cells farther away from the radioactive seeds are not significantly harmed by the emitted radiation. Explain why placing the radioactive
Consider the radioactive decay of 23592U. Construct a series of alpha and beta decays (similar to Fig. 30.9) that include the daughter nuclei 22388Ra, 21986Rn, and 21183Bi, and terminates with 20782Pb. Why can this decay series not terminate with 20682Pb or 20882Pb?
Explain why carbon dating can in general only be used to measure the age of material that was once alive.
There is a critical mass for the creation of a spontaneous chain reaction involving 235 92U. Why would it be difficult to make a bomb that is much larger than the critical mass? Why does this limit not exist for a fusion bomb?
Compare how a fission bomb works with how a fusion bomb works. Be sure to discuss what each would use for fuel and the waste products produced by each.
Why is the element plutonium not found in significant amounts in nature (on the Earth)?

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