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introductory chemistry atoms first

Introductory Chemistry Atoms First 5th Edition Steve Russo And Michael Silver - Solutions

The specific heat of copper is 0.385 J/g ·°C. How much heat energy in kilojoules is required to raise the temperature of 454 g of copper from 40.0°C to 75.0°C?
A friend tells you a quick way to convert °C to °F: double the °C, subtract one-tenth of the doubled value, and add 30 to the result. Use the Celsius–Fahrenheit conversion equation to explain why this is true.
Express 23,000,000 in scientific notation having:(a) Two significant figures(b) Three significant figures(c) Five significant figures(d) Six significant figures(e) Eight significant figures
Dieters are often told that drinking ice-cold water burns more energy than drinking room temperature water. Why is this true?
If a graduated cylinder has markings that indicate 0.01 mL, what is the uncertainty in any volumes determined using this graduated cylinder?
The density of gold is 19.3 g/mL, that of lead is 11.4 g/mL, that of iron 7.8 g/mL, and that of aluminum 2.7 g/mL. A student is given separate samples of three substances A, B, and C, along with a graduated cylinder containing 50.0 mL of water. Each sample has a mass of 200.0 g, and the student
When 10 kJ of heat energy is added to a beaker containing 250 g of water initially at 23.0 °C, what is the final temperature of the water?
Indicate the uncertainty in:(a) 74.8 m (b) 0.0026 g(c) 1.250 × 103 L (d) 18 cm(e) 18 pennies
Round each number to three significant digits and express the answer in scientific notation:(a) 0.592861 (b) 438932(c) 0.000073978 (d) 0.235469(e) 82.550 (f) 529.8
Do the following calculations and express each answer in scientific notation: (a) (5.03 x 10²) + (8.1 x 10¹) (b) (8.32 x 10-5) × (0.53 × 104) 6.02 x 1023 (c) 3 (d) (3.960 x 10³) - (4.62 × 10²) where the 3 is an exact number
Explain what is wrong with the statement “I took one measurement of the mass, and it was a very precise measurement.”
A block measures 6.0 cm on each side. What is the volume of the block in cubic meters?
What is the volume in milliliters of 15.0 g of(a) Liquid water at 25°C, (b) Ice at 0°C, (c) Gasoline at 25°C, (d) Lead at 25°C, (e) Mercury at 25°C,(f) Helium gas at 0°C and 1 atm pressure? (Use data from Table 2.4.) Table 2.4 Densities of Some Common Substances* Substance Density (g/mL)
The mass of an average neon atom is 20.2 atomic mass units (amu), where 1 amu = 1.66 × 10–24 g.(a) What is the mass in atomic mass units of 20 neon atoms?(b) What is the mass in grams of 20 neon atoms?(c) What is the mass in grams of 6.022 × 1023 neon atoms?
If the same amount of heat energy is added to a beaker containing 100 mL of ethanol and a beaker containing 100 mL of water, which liquid experiences the greater rise in temperature?
Indicate whether the trailing zero in each value is significant, not significant, or possibly significant:(a) 540 ± 0.5 (b) 540 ± 5(c) 0.540 (d) 0.000 540(e) 540
As you will learn later in this course, some liquids do not mix with each other, oil and water being an example. When such nonmixing liquids are combined, they form separate layers, with the densest substance at the bottom. Suppose the nonmixing liquids gasoline, liquid mercury, and liquid water
Indicate the number of significant figures in:(a) 0.503 200 mL (b) 2000 ± 5(c) 2000 ± 50 (d) 2000 ± 0.5(e) 200.1
True or false? If any statement is false, rewrite it to make it true.(a) When multiplying or dividing a series of measured values, the number of significant figures in the answer is determined by the measured value having the fewest significant figures.(b) When adding or subtracting a series of
Convert to cal/g · °C:(a) 1.04 J/g · °C (the specific heat of nitrogen gas)(b) 0.84 J/g · °C (the specific heat of carbon dioxide gas)
Describe how the uncertainty in a measured value is determined.
Write each number in scientific notation, taking all trailing zeros to be nonsignificant:(a) 502,000 (b) 0.000 038 402(c) 436,000,000 (d) 8470(e) 0.00591 (f) 0.658
A company wants 800 square feet of carpet, but the carpet store sells only by the square meter. How many square meters does the company need to buy? (1 m = 39.37 in.)
If 1 U.S. dollar is worth 1.54 Canadian dollars, how many U.S. dollars are needed to purchase an item that costs 350 Canadian dollars?
Which contains more matter: a 50-g block of lead or a 50-g block of gold? Explain.
Indicate the number of significant zeros in each value:(a) 2.300(b) 2.3003(c) 0.0023(d) 2300(e) 23.000
Fill in the blanks:(a) 1.89 × 103 = ________ × 104(b) 7.932 × 10–5 = ___________ × 10–7(c) 4.68 × 10–12 = 468 × ___________(d) 3.46 × 10–1 = ___________ × 100
Is reporting a measured mass as 580. g the same as reporting it as 580 g? Explain.
Which is larger, a Kelvin or a Celsius degree? Explain.
A student reports a series of five length measurements that are accurate but not precise. Is it more likely that his laboratory technique is very good but the measuring instrument is bad, or that his laboratory technique is bad? Explain.
Write each number in standard notation:(a) 1.79 × 10–2 (b) 8.76 × 10–9(c) 4.88 × 1010 (d) 7.52 × 101(e) 8.37 × 100(f) 4.184 × 104
(a) If 25.0 cm3 of an unknown substance has a mass of 195 g, what is the density of the substance in grams per cubic centimeter?(b) How many cubic centimeters does 500.0 g of the substance occupy?(c) Does this substance sink or float in mercury, which has a density of 13.6 g/mL?
Express each mass in grams, both in standard notation and in scientific notation:(a) 536 mg (b) 8.26 dg(c) 0.0057 μg (d) 139 kg(e) 836 ng (f) 0.073 Mg
On a hot summer day, you want to cool two glasses of warm lemonade, but have no ice. Not wanting to wait until you can make some, you place two small metal blocks in the freezer. One block is pure iron, the other pure aluminum, and each has a mass of exactly 50 g. After both have cooled to
At 25 °C, air has a density of 1.3 × 10–3 g/mL. What is this density in (a) Kilograms per liter(b) Pounds per gallon?
Use a scientific calculator to do the following calculations. Express each answer in scientific notation and to the correct number of significant figures. (a) 9.865 x 10³ + 8.61 x 10² (6.626×1023) × (3.00×108) 4.5 x 10-7 (b) (c) (d) 5.6200X10-⁹ 3.821x10⁰ 4.5600 x10³2.91 × 10¹ 5 an exact
What mass of each substance occupies a volume of 50.0 mL? (Densities are shown in parentheses.)(a) Lead (11.4 g/mL)(b) Ethanol (0.785 g/mL)(c) Oxygen gas (1.4 × 10–3 g/mL)(d) Hydrogen gas (8.4 × 10–5 g/mL)(e) Mercury (13.6 g/mL)(f) Gold (19.3 g/mL)
Write two conversion factors that express the relationship between:(a) Grams and kilograms, using 1 and 1000 (b) Kilograms and grams, using 1 and 0.001 (c) Yards and feet (d) Meters and centimeters, using 1 and 100 (e) Meters and centimeters, using 1 and 0.01
Do the following calculations and express each answer to the correct number of significant figures. (All values are measurements.) 5.03 +7.2 0.003 8.93 X 0.054 (b) 1.32 (c) (6.23 x 0.042) + 9.86 (a)
The recommended tire pressure in a bicycle is 125 pounds/in2. What is this tire pressure in atmospheres? (1 atm = 14.70 pounds/in.2)
Indicate the correct number of significant figures for each answer, given that all values are measurements: (a) (6.350 × 10–ੰ) × (0.0080) (b) (5.30 × 10) + (22.1 x 10) (5.830 x 10) + (22.100 × 10) (c) (d) (e) 100.0 X 0.1500 58.443 100.0 X 0.15 58.4
You overhear a classmate telling another student that 1 ft equals 12 ± 0.5 in. Is this statement correct or incorrect? Why?
If 1 U.S. dollar is worth 0.690 English pounds, how many U.S. dollars are needed to purchase an item that costs 350 pounds?
A graduated cylinder was marked incorrectly at the factory and indicates a volume that is 5 mL more than the actual volume of liquid in the cylinder. If an experienced laboratory technician who does not know about the error is using the cylinder, are the volumes she measures more likely to be
The density of water at 4.00°C is 1.00 g/mL. The density of ice at 0°C is 0.917 g/mL. Water is different from most other substances in that the solid phase (ice) is less dense than the liquid phase. Explain why this characteristic makes ice fishing possible.
How many significant figures are there in each number:(a) 5.300 × 10–2 (b) 3.2 × 105(c) 0.00890 × 10–4 (d) 7.960 000 0 × 1010(e) 8.030 × 1021
The speed limit on some interstate highways is 70 miles/h. What is this speed limit in(a) Kilometers per hour, (b) Kilometers per second, (c) Meters per hour, (d) Meters per second? (1 mile = 1.61 km)
Explain what effect compressing a gas has on the density of the gas.
Calculate the amount of heat energy in joules required to heat 50.0 g of each substance from 25.0°C to 37.0°C. (specific heats shown in parentheses):(a) Iron (0.449 J/g · °C)(b) Aluminum (0.901 J/g · °C)(c) Mercury (0.14 J/g · °C)(d) Water (4.18 J/g · °C)
Shooters A and B each shoot three arrows at their target, aiming for a bull’s-eye. Which shooter is more precise? Which shooter is more accurate? Explain. Shooter A Shooter B
Which substance in Problem 2.200 undergoes the most gradual change in temperature when heated? Which undergoes the fastest change in temperature when heated? Explain.Data from Problem 2.200Calculate the amount of heat energy in joules required to heat 50.0 g of each substance from 25.0°C to
One of the bars represents a joule of energy and the other represents a calorie of energy. Which is which? Explain how you knew. (a) (b)
A rock is experimentally determined to be 3.5 billion years old, with an uncertainty of plus or minus 100,000 years. Write the age of this rock in scientific notation.
A microscopic particle is measured and found to have a 40.2 micron diameter. What is its diameter in meters? What is its diameter in nanometers?
The mass of an ordinary Twinkie is 36.4 g, and its length is 36 cm. How many tons would a 6.4 ft Twinkie weigh?
10.6 g of a substance was burned in an insulated calorimeter that contained 1.00 × 104 g of water and a bomb made of 9.00 × 101 g of aluminum. The initial temperature inside the calorimeter was 25.0°C. After the burning, the temperature inside the calorimeter was 45.0°C. How many kilojoules per
A student uses a digital balance to determine the mass of an object. Its digital display reads 2.635 g. He keeps looking at the balance and it stays fixed at 2.635 g for half an hour. He then states, “The mass of the object is 2.635 g exactly. There is no uncertainty in this measurement because
Without doing any numerical calculations, determine which would have the smallest volume:(a) 50 g of water (density = 1.0 g/mL)(b) 50 g of salt water (density = 2.3 g/mL)(c) 50 g of mercury (density = 13.6 g/mL)(d) 50 g of alcohol (density = 0.89 g/mL)Explain your reasoning.
A physician has ordered 325 mg of atropine to be given to a patient intramuscularly. If atropine were available as a solution that contained 5000 m g/mL, how many milliliters would you need to give the patient?
Which one of the following is an elemental substance: water, H2O; bronze, made by melting copper and tin together; table salt, NaCl; ozone, O3; sulfur dioxide, SO2?
Which of the following are solutions?(a) Our atmosphere(b) Gold powder and silver powder ground together(c) Piece of 18-karat jewelry made from melting gold and silver metals together(d) Detergent dissolved in water(e) Oil droplets suspended in water
What are the symbols for the elements lead, molybdenum, tungsten, chromium, and mercury?
Which of the following are elemental substances and which are compounds: chlorine, Cl2; octane, C8H18; sulfur, S8; neon, Ne?
The smallest possible piece of the compound hydrogen peroxide contains two hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms. Write the chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide, with hydrogen first.
The smallest possible piece of the compound nonane, a component of gasoline, contains 9 carbon atoms and 20 hydrogen atoms. Write the chemical formula for nonane, with carbon first.
The smallest possible piece of the sugar glucose has twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms or carbon atoms. Given that glucose has six carbon atoms, write its chemical formula with carbon first, then hydrogen, then oxygen.
The air you breathe is made up mostly of nitrogen gas, N2.(a) What can you say about the smallest possible piece of nitrogen gas?(b) Is nitrogen gas a compound? Explain.
What are the three most common states of matter?
What is the name of the process by which matter changes directly from the solid state to the gas state?
What is the name of the process that is the opposite of evaporation?
Propane has a boiling point below room temperature, and hexane has a boiling point above room temperature. In what physical state would you expect to find each substance at room temperature (which is usually about 20 °C)?
At normal atmospheric pressure, the freezing point of ethanol is –114 °C and its boiling point is 78.4 °C. What is the melting point of ethanol?
Solid mothballs work by filling a closet with a chemical vapor that is toxic to moths, and the balls shrink and disappear slowly with time. What is going on?
What are the melting point and boiling point of water in degrees Celsius and degrees Fahrenheit (at normal atmospheric pressure)?
Even though both are composed entirely of oxygen, the elemental substance O2 is a life sustaining gas but the elemental substance O3 is a toxic gas. What does this say about the chemical properties of substances and their compositions?
Water, H2O, is a harmless liquid, but hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, is a poison. How is this possible, given that both are compounds of hydrogen and oxygen?
When you eat sugar (C12H22O11), it is eventually converted into CO2 and H2O, which you exhale.If you exhale onto a cold window, the window fogs up.(a) What chemical change is being mentioned here?(b) What physical change is being mentioned here?(c) CO2 is a solid that sublimes at
When a candle burns, the solid wax melts and burns. In the process, the wax is combined with oxygen from the atmosphere and converted into carbon dioxide and water vapor. Explain what is going on in terms of chemical change and physical change.
Gasoline can be thought of as having the formula C8H18. When gasoline is used in a car’s engine, it reacts with oxygen (O2). If you look closely at the exhaust pipe of a running car, you will see water dripping out of it. Where did this water come form (what kind of change is involved)?
When exposed to oxygen in the air, white phosphorus, P4, catches fire and produces the compound P4O10. Is this a description of a physical property or a chemical property of phosphorus? Explain.
Is the tarnishing of silver, Ag, a physical change or a chemical change? (The chemical formula for the tarnish on silver is Ag2S.)
Nitrogen, N2, combines with hydrogen, H2, to give ammonia, NH3. Nitrogen and hydrogen are odorless gases that are not very soluble in water. Ammonia is also a gas, but it has an extremely powerful odor and is very soluble in water. How can you explain this great difference in properties?
How does a law differ from a theory?
According to the scientific method, when does a theory reach the point of being unchallengeable?
Suppose you wanted to explore the role of sunlight on plant growth. Explain what you would do to go through one cycle of the scientific method, including a prediction you might make.
The scientific method is often considered foolproof and incapable of giving wrong answers, and yet history shows that scientists are sometimes wrong. What are some factors that cause the scientific method to give invalid results?
Which of the following are elemental substances and which are compounds: baking soda, NaHCO3; graphite, C; dry ice, solid CO2; metallic sodium, Na; metallic mercury, Hg?
Which of the following are elemental substances and which are compounds: diamond, a solid form of carbon, C(s); liquid water, H2O(l); nitric acid, HNO3(l); gaseous nitrogen, N2(g); liquid nitrogen, N2(l)?
Classify each of the following as science or technology:(a) Trying to understand where the Sun gets its energy(b) The search for anticancer drugs(c) The invention of the transistor(d) The discovery of the electron(e) Sending a person to the Moon
Which one of the following is a compound: ozone, O3; stainless steel, a combination of iron and other metals; sulfuric acid, H2SO4; brewed coffee.
Residential ozonators work by passing an electric current through the air, converting the oxygen in the air to ozone. Is this process a chemical reaction or a physical transformation of oxygen? Explain.
Classify each of the following as elemental substance, compound, or mixture:(a) Milk(b) Chocolate cake(c) Clean snow, H2O(s)(d) The simple sugar fructose, C6H12O6(e) The mercury, Hg, in a thermometer
What is the name of the process by which matter changes from the liquid state to the gas state?
Match each symbol with the correct element name:(a) Na (b) Fe (c) Co (d) Sn (e) MnPossible names: neon, fermium, copper, mercury, cobalt, scandium, magnesium, phosphorus, manganese, iron, sodium, potassium, argon, tin, silver, gold, calcium.
Match each symbol with the correct element from the list of names in Problem 1.70:(a) Au (b) Hg (c) K (d) P (e) AgData from Problem 1.70Match each symbol with the correct element name: (a) Na (b) Fe (c) Co (d) Sn (e) Mn Possible names: neon, fermium, copper, mercury, cobalt, scandium,
The development of rust spots on an automobile body is an example of a __________ change.
The concise generalization of the results of a number of experiments is known as scientific __________ . (experiment, law, or theory)
Which of the following can form a homogeneous mixture when mixed thoroughly with water: table salt, sand, table sugar, gold?
What is the difference between a spoonful of sugar dissolved in a glass of water and a spoonful of sugar melted over a candle flame?
Give three examples of a homogeneous mixture of two liquids.

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