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introductory chemistry atoms first

Introductory Chemistry Atoms First 5th Edition Steve Russo And Michael Silver - Solutions

Sodium metal reacts with water to form aqueous sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.(a) Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.(b) Which reactant is limiting if 100.0 g of Na and 4.00 moles of water are used?
Which has the greatest mass: 1 mole of ethylene gas (C2H4), 1 mole of carbon monoxide gas, or 1 mole of nitrogen gas (N2)?
What is the maximum possible value of the percent yield of a chemical reaction?
(a) What is the molar mass of sucrose (C12H22O11)?(b) What is the mass of 1.25 moles of sucrose?(c) How many sucrose molecules are in 1.25 moles?(d) How many hydrogen atoms are in 1.25 moles of sucrose?(e) What is the mass in grams of the hydrogen atoms in part (d)?
Aluminum metal burns in chlorine gas to form aluminum chloride.(a) Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.(b) Which reactant is limiting if 100.0 g of Al and 5.00 moles of Cl2 are used?
Copper(I) oxide reacts with solid carbon to form copper metal. Carbon dioxide gas is the other product of this reaction.(a) Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction.(b) Coke is a cheap, impure form of solid carbon that is often used industrially. If a sample of coke is 95% C by mass,
Consider the balanced chemical equation(a) How many grams of CO could be produced from 10.0 g of PF3, excess Fe(CO)5, and excess H2?(b) How many grams of CO could be produced from 5.0 moles of Fe(CO)5, 8.0 moles of PF3, and 6.0 moles of H2?(c) How many moles of CO could be produced from 25.0 g of
What is the empirical formula of a compound that is 17.552% Na, 39.696% Cr, and 42.752% O?
(a) Write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion of CH4(g) with O2(g) to form CO2(g) and H2O(g).(b) Consider the reaction of three molecules of CH4(g) with four molecules of O2(g). The following boxes represent before and after pictures of the tiny, sealed container in which this reaction
Consider a 5.00-g sample of silver nitrate, AgNO3(s).(a) How many moles of AgNO3 are in this sample?(b) How many moles of O are in this sample?(c) How many grams of N are in this sample?(d) How many Ag atoms are in this sample?
Nitrogen and fluorine react to form nitrogen trifluoride according to the balanced chemical equationN2(g) + 3 F2(g) → 2 NF3(g)For each of the following reaction mixtures, choose the limiting reactant:(a) 0.50 mol N2(g) and 0.50 mol F2(g)(b) 12.0 mol N2(g) and 20.0 mol F2(g)(c) 2.5 mol N2(g) and
For each part in Problem 9.116, calculate the amount of excess reagent left over at the end of each reaction.Data from Problem 9.116Nitrogen and fluorine react to form nitrogen trifluoride according to the balanced chemical equationN2(g) + 3 F2(g) → 2 NF3(g)For each of the following reaction
When you bring your piggy bank of pennies into the bank, instead of counting them individually, the teller measures the mass of a single penny on a scale and then measures the mass of the entire contents of your piggy bank. If a single penny has a mass of 2.49 g and your entire penny collection has
For the reaction Ca3P2 + H2O → Ca(OH2) + PH3, (a) Balance the equation.(b) How many grams of H2O would you need to react with 60.0 g of Ca3P2?(c) How many grams of PH3 could theoretically be produced from the reactant amounts calculated in part (b)?
If you have 0.262 mole of iron(III) sulfate, how many oxygen atoms do you have?
Acetaminophen, used in many over-the-counter pain relievers, has a molecular formula of C8H9NO2. Calculate the mass percentage of each element in acetaminophen.
Consider the unbalanced chemical equationKCl + O2 → KClO3If you react 42.6 g of KCl and 36.5 g of O2 and the reaction has a percent yield of 56.0%, how many grams of KClO3 are produced?
Sucrose has the molecular formula C12H22O11. If you were to completely burn 2.00 g of sucrose in a stream of oxygen, how many grams of CO2 and H2O would be produced?
If you have 44.6 g of carbon tetrachloride, how many atoms of chlorine do you have?
The ingredients for making 1 dozen cupcakes are:If you have only 5 eggs but plenty of all of the other ingredients:(a) How many cupcakes can you make?(b) How many cups of sugar do you need to make the number of cupcakes calculated in (a)? 5 tablespoons butter 1 cup sugar 2 eggs 2 cups flour 1 cup
For the reaction BF3 + H2O → H3BO3 + HBF4,(a) Balance the equation.(b) If you react 24.2 g of BF3 with an excess of water and generate 14.8 g of HBF4, what is your percent yield?
Chrome yellow, a pigment used in paints, is 64.11% by mass Pb, 16.09% by mass Cr, and 19.80% by mass O. What is the empirical formula of this compound?
What is the mass of 1.62 × 1025 molecules of hydrogen sulfide?
Silicon nitride, Si3N4, is a ceramic material capable of withstanding high temperatures. It can be produced using the following unbalanced reaction:SiCl4 + NH3 → Si3N4 + HClIf 64.2 g of SiCl4 is reacted with 20.0 g of NH3, how many grams of Si3N4 are produced if the reaction has a 96.0% yield?
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, contains carbon, hydrogen, and possibly oxygen. A 0.160 g sample of ascorbic acid is subjected to combustion analysis, yielding 40.93% C and 4.58% H. If the molar mass of ascorbic acid is approximately 176 g/mol, what is its molecular formula?
Consider the unbalanced chemical equation Cr2O3 + H2S → Cr2S3 + H2O(a) How many grams of H2S are needed to react completely with 13.6 g of Cr2O3?(b) How many grams of Cr2S3 could theoretically be produced?
Determine the mass percent of each element in magnesium phosphate.
For the reaction SiCl4 + H2O → SiO2 + HCl,(a) Balance the equation.(b) If you want to make 120.0 g of HCl, how many grams of SiCl4 and H2O do you need?(c) How many grams of SiO2 are produced from the quantities calculated in (b)?
A compound is 91.77% by mass Si and 8.23% by mass H and has a molar mass of approximately 122 g/mol. What is its molecular formula?
Iron(III) oxide reacts with carbon monoxide to give iron metal and carbon dioxide. If you begin the reaction with 24.0 g of iron(III) oxide and 34.0 g of carbon monoxide, what is the theoretical yield in grams of carbon dioxide?
The compound ibuprofen, used in some pain relievers, has the molecular formula C13H18O2. If 0.250 g of ibuprofen is burned in oxygen, how many grams of CO2 and H2O will be produced?
If you have 200.0 g of dinitrogen pentoxide, how many atoms of nitrogen do you have? How many atoms of oxygen do you have?
Potassium nitrate decomposes upon heating to form potassium oxide, nitrogen gas, and oxygen gas. If 19.6 g of potassium nitrate have decomposed, how many molecules of oxygen gas have been formed?
Tetraphosphorus decoxide, P4O10, reacts with water to form phosphoric acid. If 52.5 g of P4O10 reacted with 25.0 g of water, how many grams of H3PO4 could theoretically be produced?
Determine the mass percent of each element in aluminum sulfate.
Consider the unbalanced chemical equationCl2O7 + H2O → HClO4The reaction is carried out at 82.0% yield and gives 52.8 g of HClO4.(a) What is the theoretical yield of HClO4?(b) How many grams of Cl2O7 and H2O were consumed in the reaction?
The compound naphthalene, which is used in mothballs, contains carbon, hydrogen, and possibly oxygen. When 0.220 g of naphthalene is subjected to combustion analysis, it yields 93.66% C and 6.31% H. If the molar mass of naphthalene is approximately 128 g/mol, what is its molecular formula?
Ethylene gas (C2H4) reacts with fluorine gas (F2) to form carbon tetrafluoride gas and hydrogen fluoride gas. If 2.78 g of ethylene reacted with an excess of fluorine, how many grams of each product could theoretically be produced?
How many grams of sulfur hexafluoride would you need to have 5.25 × 1024 fluorine atoms?
Consider the unbalanced chemical equationHSbCl4 + H2S → Sb2S3 + HCl If 118.2 g of HSbCl4 reacts with 47.9 g of H2S and produces 41.6 g of HCl, what is the percent yield for the reaction?
Caffeine is made up of 49.48% by mass C, 5.19% by mass H, 28.85% by mass N, and 16.48% by mass O. If its molar mass is approximately 194 g/mol, what is the molecular formula of caffeine?
For the reaction NH3 + NO → N2 + H2O:(a) Balance the equation.(b) If you react 15.0 g NH3 with 22.0 g NO and you produce 13.3 g N2, what is your percent yield?
Nicotine has the formula C10H14N2. Determine the mass percent of each element.
The beryllium mineral beryl is made up of 5.03% by mass Be, 10.04% by mass Al, 31.35% by mass Si, and 53.58% by mass O. If the molar mass is approximately 538 g/mol, what is the molecular formula for beryl?
Consider the unbalanced chemical equationS + H2SO4 → SO2 + H2O(a) Balance the equation.(b) If you react 4.80 g of sulfur with 16.20 g of H2SO4, how many grams of SO2 can theoretically be produced?
The compound 3´-azido-3´-thymidine (AZT) is used in the treatment of AIDS. The molecular formula of AZT is C10H13N5O4. What is the mass percent of each element in AZT?
In a chemical reaction, the mass of the products is equal to the mass of the reactants consumed. Are the moles of product equal to the moles of reactant consumed? Explain your answer.
Ammonium fluoride reacts with calcium nitrate to produce calcium fluoride, dinitrogen monoxide, and water. If 22.8 g of ammonium fluoride reacts with 38.2 g of calcium nitrate, what is the theoretical yield in grams of each product?
Some calcium supplements contain calcium citrate, Ca3(C6H5O7)2, and others contain calcium carbonate, CaCO3. Which compound has the higher mass percent of calcium?
Lead(II) sulfide reacts with hydrogen peroxide to give lead(II) sulfate as shown in the unbalanced chemical equationPbS + H2O2 → PbSO4 + H2OIf 63.2 g of PbS is reacted with 48.0 g of H2O2,(a) Which is the limiting reagent?(b) How many grams of excess reactant remain after the reaction is complete?
The hormone estradiol contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and has a molar mass of approximately 272 g/mol. When 1.15 g of estradiol is subjected to combustion analysis, the results yield 79.26% C and 8.88% H. What is its molecular formula?
Consider the unbalanced chemical equationCaCN2 + H2O → CaCO3 + NH3If you began the reaction with 5.65 g of CaCN2 and 12.2 g of H2O, how many grams of NH3 would be produced if the reaction had an 86.0% yield?
Saccharin, which is used as an artificial sweetener, is made up of 45.90% by mass C, 2.75% by mass H, 26.20% by mass O, 7.65% by mass N, and 17.50% by mass S. If the molar mass of saccharin is 183.19 g/mol, what is its molecular formula?
What is the mass in grams of 5.00 × 102 billion titanium atoms?
Copper reacts with nitric acid as shown in the balanced chemical equation3Cu + 8HNO3 → 3 Cu(NO)2 + 2NO + 4 H2O If you react 25.0 g of copper with an excess of nitric acid and produce 7.24 g of NO, what is the percent yield for the reaction?
The amino acid arginine is made up of 41.37% by mass C, 8.10% by mass H, 32.16% by mass N, and 18.37% by mass O. If the molar mass of arginine is approximately 174 g/mol, what is its molecular formula?
Consider the unbalanced chemical equation As4S6 + O2 → As4O6 + SO2(a) How many grams of O2 are needed to react completely with 58.9 g of As4S6?(b) If 41.2 g of SO2 is produced, what is the percent yield for the reaction?
Which contains a greater mass of copper, 11.0 g of copper(I) oxide or 12.6 g of copper(I) sulfide?
Consider the balanced chemical equation2 A + B → 2 C + DWhen 8.0 g of A reacts completely with 6.0 g of B, 10.0 g of C and 4.0 g of D are produced. Assuming the yield is 100%,(a) Which has a greater molar mass, A or C?(b) Which has a greater molar mass, A or B?(c) Which has a greater molar mass,
A sample of aluminum sulfide contains 4.25 × 1022 atoms of sulfur. What is the mass of the aluminum sulfide sample?
One of the most important industrial processes is the production of aluminum metal. The overall reaction is aluminum oxide reacting with carbon to give carbon dioxide and aluminum metal. If the reaction is performed at 94.7% yield and produces 284 kg of aluminum, what is the mass in kilograms of
How many molecules of aspirin, C9H8O4, would be in a tablet that contained 250 mg of aspirin? How many atoms of carbon would be in the aspirin in that tablet?
Calcium reacts with nitrogen gas to form calcium nitride. If 33.8 g of calcium react with 20.4 g of nitrogen gas, (a) Which reactant is the limiting reagent?(b) If the reaction has a 72.4% yield, how many grams of calcium nitride are formed?
The flavoring agent vanillin contains carbon, hydrogen, and possibly oxygen. When 0.450 g of vanillin is subjected to combustion analysis, the results are 63.08% C and 5.30% H. If the molar mass is approximately 152 g/mol, what is the molecular formula of vanillin?
Calcium hydroxide reacts with phosphoric acid to produce calcium phosphate and water.(a) How many grams of phosphoric acid are needed to react completely with 34.6 g of calcium hydroxide?(b) How many grams of calcium phosphate would theoretically be produced with the masses of part (a)?
Consider the unbalanced chemical equationCr + S8 → Cr2S3If we need to produce 235.0 g of Cr2S3 and the reaction has a 63.80% yield, how many grams of each reactant do we need?
Consider the following reaction. It is unbalanced.(a) Draw in another molecule(s) from among those already there that completes the reaction.(b) Write a balanced equation using chemical formulas and balancing coefficients.(c) Translate the reaction into an English statement using the word moles as
Consider the unbalanced chemical equation Al2S3 + H2O → Al(OH)3 + H2SIf 56.0 g of aluminum sulfide reacts with 48.2 g of water, (a) Which is the excess reactant?(b) What mass in grams of the excess reactant remains after the reaction is complete?
Consider the following decomposition reaction in which 47.20 g of some compound is decomposed into its elements.(a) What is the percent composition of eachelement in the original compound?(b) What is the empirical formula of the compound?(c) The molar mass of the compound is60.05 g/mol. What is the
If you take the ingredients below, in the amounts shown, you can make 12 dessert squares and you will have 2 eggs and 1 package of cream cheese left over.(a) Write the recipe for dessert squares as a chemical reaction.(b) How many dessert squares can you make if you double the number of eggs shown
The bicycle shown below has a formula of frame1tires2 and weighs 88.0 pounds (the frame includes the pedals, chain, and seat).(a) Given that the mass percent of the frame is 75.0%, how much does each tire weigh and how much does the frame weigh?(b) How many moles of bicycles would you need to
Consider the following unbalanced combustion reaction:(a) Balance the equation.(b) How many moles of CO2 will be generated from using excess methane and 5.0 moles of O2?(c) How many molecules of CO2 will be produced from using excess methane and 5.0 g of O2? Η Η Η C Η H Η + C =
When 490.0 mg of iron reacts with excess bromine, a mixture of FeBr2 and FeBr3 is produced. It is determined that 35.5% of the mixture is iron(II) (bromide). What is the total mass of FeBr2/FeBr3 mixture produced?
A mixture of methane (CH4) and ethane (C2H6) is 25.6% methane by mass. When 1.50 g of this mixture is burned, what is the mass of carbon dioxide produced?
Succinic acid, an intermediate in the metabolism of certain foods, has a molecular mass of 118.1 g/mole. A 1.926 g sample of succinic acid (HxSuc) reacts with exactly 1.25 g of NaOH according to the following balanced equation:HxSuc + x NaOH → NaxSuc + x H2O What is the value of x?
Ascorbic acid (otherwise known as vitamin C) prevents scurvy and may even help prevent certain cancers as well as the common cold. It is composed of 40.92% carbon (C), 4.58% hydrogen (H), and 54.50% oxygen (O) by mass. To the right is a ball-and-stick picture of ascorbic acid. What is the actual
Due to its severity, bird flu, or avian flu, has caused great concern worldwide. The main drug for its treatment is Tamiflu. Tamiflu is an antiviral drug and acts to minimize the effects of bird flu by inhibiting the protein neuraminidase that lives on the surface of the flu virus. Analysis of
A 1.000-g sample of a liquid that contains only carbon and hydrogen burns in oxygen to produce 1.284 g of H2O.(a) What are the mass percents of the elements present in this sample?(b) What is the empirical formula for this compound?(c) The molar mass of this compound is determined to be about 71
The semiconductor NiO, which consists of Ni2+ and O2– ions, can be reacted with lithium to prepare “lithium-doped” Ni1 – xLixO. Suppose x = 0.050.(a) How many lithium atoms would be present in one mole of the doped material? (Give your answer in moles and as an absolute number of atoms.)(b)
Give the molecular formula for tin(II) fluoride.
Draw a picture showing how H—Cl molecules are attracted to one another, using dotted lines to represent intermolecular forces.
Consider the two well-dressed businessmen below. As they walk past each other, they clasp hands. This prevents them from walking on past each other.What if they tried to do the same thing as they were running at full speed, and how does this businessman exercise relate to heating a liquid?
The normal boiling point of ethanol, the alcohol in beer and wine, is 78 C. The normal boiling point of water is 100°C. (Normal means that the phase change occurs under the atmospheric pressure usually found at sea level.) What can you say about the strength of the intermolecular forces in ethanol
A condensed phase is (a) A shortened (condensed) version of a substance.(b) The gas form of a substance.(c) The liquid and solid forms of a substance.(d) Formed by evaporation.
Consider the two nonpolar hydrocarbon molecules, both of formula C5H12.Having exactly the same formula, they have exactly the same number of electrons, yet pentane has a higher boiling point than tertiary-pentane. Discuss why and come up with a theory that explains why. Η Η H¬C-C- Ι H
Based on the strength of their molecular dipole moments, which compound should have the higher boiling point, HF or HBr? Explain.
Why are the attractive intermolecular forces between water molecules much stronger than the attractive intermolecular forces between oxygen molecules, O2? Which do you think would experience stronger London forces, CH4 or H2? Explain.
The molecules in a gas phase will (a) Speed up upon heating the gas.(b) Slow down upon heating the gas.(c) Change phase upon sufficient heating of the gas.(d) Form a condensed phase upon sufficient heating.
The boiling point of one of these compounds is –24 °C, and the boiling point of the other is 78°C:Which boils at which temperature? Why? If hydrogen bonds are involved in either case, make a drawing using dotted lines to show the hydrogen bonding (a) H Η Η Ö Η Η H (b) Η, Η Η Η Η Ο H
Draw a picture showing how NH3 molecules attract one another.
Condensation occurs when (a) The temperature of a substance is adjusted to its melting point.(b) The kinetic energy of the molecules is not sufficient to overcome intermolecular attractions.(c) The molecules are moving in random directions.(d) The kinetic energy of the molecules is sufficient to
Based on the strength of their molecular dipole moments, which compound should have the higher boiling point, H2S or H2O? Explain.
What is wrong with the reasoning behind this incorrect statement? The fact that water melts at 0°C and NaCl melts at 801°C indicates that ionic bonds are much stronger than covalent bonds.
A difference between the solid phase and the other two phases of a pure substance is (a) Only the solid phase has molecules in fixed positions.(b) Only the solid phase can experience melting.(c) Only the solid phase is at or below the freezing point of the substance.(d) All of the above are
Which of the following statements is true regarding London forces?(a) They are present only in the gas phase.(b) They are present only in the liquid phase.(c) They are present only in the solid phase.(d) They are present in all phases of matter.
Carbon tetrabromide, CBr4, has a melting point of 88–90 °C. Explain why this makes sense when compared with the boiling points of methane and carbon tetrachloride.
The compound ethylene, is a gas at room temperature, but the compound polyethylene, made from a large number of ethylene units bonded together, is a solid at room temperature. Explain why. H₂C=CH₂,
Which of the following statements is true regarding London forces?(a) They have nothing to do with the electrons in a molecule.(b) They get smaller as the number of electrons in a molecule increases.(c) They get larger as the number of electrons in a molecule increases.(d) They get larger as the
Which of the following statements is true regarding London forces?(a) They are due primarily to valance electrons.(b) They can never be stronger than dipolar attractions.(c) They can be quite strong for molecules that possess many electrons.(d) All of the above.
(a) Draw a dot diagram for NH3 and one for PH3.(b) Is either molecule polar? (The electronegativities of N, P, and H are 3.0, 2.1, and 2.1, respectively.)(c) In which substance are the London forces stronger? Explain.(d) Basing your answer solely on the London forces in the two substances, which

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