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introductory chemistry atoms first

Questions and Answers of Introductory Chemistry Atoms First

Suppose the 3s valence electron in a ground-state sodium atom is excited to the 4s orbital. Why does the electron now have higher energy?
What is the wavelength in nanometers of electromagnetic waves that have an energy of 1.00 × 10–15 J?
Are the waves in Problem 4.144 more or less energetic than visible light (λ = 400 – 750 nm)?Data from Problem 4.144Consider the anion whose charge is 2– and whose electron configuration is
Which electromagnetic radiation is most dangerous to humans?(a) X-rays (b) Ultraviolet light (c) Gamma rays (d) Infrared light (e) Radio waves
Write the ground-state electron configuration for each of the following atoms or ions. Which have a valence-shell octet?(a) Ca+ (b) Li (c) P3–(d) Ar+ (e) Si2+
Halogens are very reactive because (choose the correct answer):(a) They need to gain only one electron to satisfy the octet rule.(b) They have seven electrons in their valence shell, and the more
Write the ground-state electron configuration for each of the following atoms or ions. Which have a valence-shell octet?(a) Ar (b) Na+ (c) C2– (d) O2– (e) Ca2 +
Which is the correct ground-state electron configuration for antimony, Sb? (a) 1s²2s²2p63s²3p63d¹04s²4p64d105s²5d³ (b) 1s²2s²2b63s 3p63d¹04s²4p64d¹05s²5p3 (c)
Which subshell has the lowest energy?(a) 4s (b) 3p (c) 2p (d) 3s (e) 2s
What is the energy in joules of green light that has a wavelength of 500 nm?
Indicate whether or not the following volumes are quantized:(a) The volume of water available in 16-oz bottles (b) The volume of water available from a drinking fountain (c) The volume of soft
Predict the formula of the compound formed by the reaction between:(a) Ca and Br (b) K and N (c) Al and S (d) Na and I (e) Mg and O
Arrange in order of increasing valence-shell size: Sr, Mg, Ba, Ca, Be.
The order of the colors in the visible spectrum can be remembered by the acronym ROY G. BIV, which stands for red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. In the acronym, are the colors arranged
(a) Bohr is the scientist who proposed that the energy of electrons is __________.(b) The two kinds of physics are __________ physics and __________ physics.
Write the ground-state electron configuration, both full notation and noble gas abbreviation, and indicate the number of valence electrons for:(a) Al(b) I (c) Rb (d) Ar (e) Mg
Metals tend to _____________ valence electrons, whereas nonmetals tend to ___________ valence electrons.
What is the valence shell in Mg, Ge, W, Cl, Cs?
If gamma radiation has a wavelength of 1.00 × 10–12 m, what is the energy of gamma radiation in joules?
Circle the correct choice to indicate how many electrons each element must gain or lose to form an octet: (a) Mg (b) Se (c) Al (d) Sr (e) Br (f) P gains, loses gains, loses gains, loses gains,
What are the group number, period number, and name of the element whose electron configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p2?
State the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and what it implies about the structure of an atom.
Conversion factor fiesta. If a car were able to travel at the speed of light, how many seconds would it take the car to travel 1000 miles? [1 mile = 5280 ft; 1 inch = 2.54 cm exactly]
In the Bohr model of the atom, are the electrons in shells closer to the nucleus higher or lower in energy than electrons in shells farther from the nucleus? Explain.
What is the total number of p-subshell electrons for each of the following atoms: P, Mg, Se, Zn?
Write the full ground-state electron configuration for Ca2+ , S2– , Ar, K+.
Rank visible light, gamma rays, X-rays, radio/television waves, infrared radiation, and ultraviolet light in order of(a) Increasing wavelength (b) Increasing energy.
Taking all configurations to be for neutral atoms, identify the elements having the following electron configurations: (a) 1s²2s²2p63s 3p63d¹04s²4p5 (b) 1s²2s²2p¹ (c)
Draw a simple Bohr model (no subshells) for an oxygen atom. How many electrons are in the valence shell? How many more electrons can be put into the valence shell?
Explain the major difference between the orbits in the Bohr model of the atom and the orbitals in the quantum mechanical model of the atom.
The diagram below shows a ground-state hydrogen atom undergoing excitation to an excited state followed by relaxation.(a) What is fundamentally wrong with the diagram?(b) Using the figure on page
What is the highest value of n for the electrons in these atoms?(a) Co (b) As (c) Sr (d) Po
(a) The following diagram depicts the formation of LiCl. According to the diagram, what are the charges of the lithium cation and the chlorine anion?(b) The diagram yields charges for the ions that
Regarding the nth period element whose position is indicated below with an “X”, which statement(s) are correct?(a) The element is a representative nonmetal.(b) The element is a transition
Consider the ground-state beryllium (Be) and carbon (C) atoms, shown below.(a) Indicate which atom is smaller and explain why.(b) Which ground-state atom has valence electrons that look like
Explain what the following diagram has to say about where one might find lithium’s valence electron. 2s
The second ionization energy of an atom is the minimum energy required to remove an electron from the +1 cation of the atom, and it is always larger than the first ionization energy. Why is this so?
The electron configuration of a helium atom is found to be 1s1. What can you say about this helium atom?
What is the implication of thinking about atomic electrons as clouds that got Einstein so upset? What did Schrödinger call these clouds?
Predict the formula for the compound aluminum nitride made from the elements aluminum and nitrogen, and explain how you made your prediction.
Which of the following electron transitions in hydrogen would absorb the largest amount of energy? A. B. C. D. E. n = 2 to n = 3 n 2 to n = 4 n = 1 to n = 4 n = 3 to n = 1 = n n = 7 to n = 1
Consider a 1s → 2s electron transition. For which atom would this require shorter wavelength light, H or He? Justify your answer.
True or false: Photons of green light have a higher frequency than photons of blue light.True or false: Photons of blue light have a longer wavelength than photons of orange light.
Arrange the following sets of atoms in order of increasing atomic size:(a) F, Cl, Br, I ______ ______ ______ ______(b) Mg, Na, S, Al ______ ______ ______ ______(c) Al, Si, Ge, Te ______ ______ ______
Identify the period 2 element that is described by the ionization data below. M (g) →M 1e¯ M (g) →M²+ 1e M²+ (g) →M³+ 1e 3+ M³+ (g) →M+ 1l e M4+ (g) →M5+ 1e M5+ (g) →M6+ 1e M6+ (g)
Of the following atoms, which has the largest first ionization energy?(a) Br (b) O (c) C (d) P (e) I
Which emission spectrum corresponds to the energy level diagram shown? Energy A increases A- B- ㅍㅍ II. E- D-
Below are data on the first four ionization energies for a fictitious element X.First ionization energy = 500 kJ/molSecond ionization energy = 2000 kJ/molThird ionization energy = 3500 kJ/molFourth
In which group and period would you expect to find the MOST metallic element?
In which group and period would you expect to find the MOST nonmetallic element?
Of the following transitions in the Bohr hydrogen atom, which transition results in the emission of photons with the shortest wavelength? n = 6 (a) (b) (c) n=1 n =4 n = 1 = 5 n=9→n (d) n = 3→n =
When a hydrogen atom is excited in a flame, a line of blue-violet light is emitted. This happens when an electron makes a transition between the n = 5 and the n = 2 orbit of the atom. If the energy
Arrange the following atoms in order of increasing atomic size: Ne, As, Se, K, S, Cl
Shown below is an energy level diagram and the emission line spectrum that arises from these energy levels. What electron transition (drop) gave rise to the line labeled B in the emission spectrum?
How would you describe the shape of the water and ozone molecules? Follow the convention! Ignore the lone pairs on each central atom. Cover them up and use a word or phrase that best describes the
Describe the geometry of the electron groups and name the molecular shape resulting from that geometry. Also, draw the molecule, and label the size of all bond angles in your drawing.NH4+ (cation).
The drawings preceding WorkPatch 6.2 give the ideal values for the bond angles in the molecules. Recalling that there is roughly a 2° compression from the ideal VSEPR angle for every lone pair on
The steric number of an atom (a) Is equal to the number of electrons on that atom.(b) Is equal to the number of electron pairs on that atom.(c) Is equal to the number of lone pairs on the atom.(d)
We left three possible situations out of Table 6.2:1. Four electron groups (SN = 4): one bonding group and three lone pairs.2. Three electron groups (SN = 3): one bonding group and two lone pairs.3.
Describe the geometry of the electron groups and name the molecular shape resulting from that geometry. Also, draw the molecule, and label the size of all bond angles in your drawing.C2Cl2, which is
If a molecule has a steric number of 4, then its shape (a) Must be trigonal.(b) Must be tetrahedral.(c) Must be pyramidal.(d) None of the above.
Describe the geometry of the electron groups and name the molecular shape resulting from that geometry. Also, draw the molecule, and label the size of all bond angles in your drawing.COCl2, in which
To determine the shape of a molecule, the first thing you should do is (a) Determine the steric number of the central atom.(b) Count the number of lone pairs on the central atom.(c) Locate the
When does a bond have a dipole moment of zero? The dipole moment will be zero only when the two atoms have no partial charges. When does this happen? What does a dipole moment of zero mean for the
For each molecule or polyatomic ion in the following problems, (a) Draw the electron group geometry, (b) Name the shape of the molecule,(c) Estimate the size of all the bond angles in the molecule
Which molecule is more polar?Which molecule is more polar? o=c=o S=C=S
A molecule’s shape is one that (a) Allows it to be the most reactive.(b) Minimizes repulsions between electron groups about atoms in the molecule.(c) Maximizes repulsions between electron groups
For each molecule or polyatomic ion in the following problems, (a) Draw the electron group geometry, (b) Name the shape of the molecule,(c) Estimate the size of all the bond angles in the molecule
The VSEPR ideal shapes (a) Are idealized and never actually occur.(b) Are those that minimize repulsions between electron groups.(c) Are linear, trigonal planar, and pyramidal.(d) All of the above.
Why is the upward tug in COCl2 slightly stronger than either of the downward tugs?
For each molecule or polyatomic ion in the following problems, (a) Draw the electron group geometry, (b) Name the shape of the molecule,(c) Estimate the size of all the bond angles in the molecule
A molecule is polar if(a) One or more bonds has a ΔEN > 0.4 and all of the bond dipoles perfectly cancel.(b) All of the bonds are polar.(c) It possesses highly electronegative atoms.(d) One or more
For each molecule or polyatomic ion in the following problems, (a) Draw the electron group geometry, (b) Name the shape of the molecule,(c) Estimate the size of all the bond angles in the molecule
To be polar means that a molecule (a) Has a partially positive and a partially negative region separated from one another.(b) Will assume a unique orientation between oppositely charged electrical
For each molecule or polyatomic ion in the following problems, (a) Draw the electron group geometry, (b) Name the shape of the molecule,(c) Estimate the size of all the bond angles in the molecule
A dipolar interaction is (a) A repulsive force between dipolar molecules.(b) An attractive force between nonpolar molecules.(c) Stronger than a chemical bond.(d) An attractive force between polar
Is phosphorus trichloride, PCl3, a polar molecule? If it is, draw the dipole moment vector for the entire molecule and show where the δ+ and δ– regions of the molecule are.
Is chloroform, CHCl3, a polar molecule? If it is, draw the dipole moment vector for the entire molecule and show where the δ+ and δ– regions of the molecule are.
Cisplatin is a molecule with a platinum (Pt) atom in the middle that is bound to two chlorine atoms and two ammonia atoms (NH3). It is an effective anticancer drug (chemo) because in the body the two
Show how the molecules of Problems 6.10 and 6.11 would arrange themselves if they were placed between two plates, one carrying a positive electrical charge and the other carrying a negative
How do you think a bacterium species might evolve to develop resistance to a drug like sulfanilamide that is designed to kill it?
Consider the methane molecule.(a) Draw the methane molecule showing its tetrahedral shape, using lines, solid wedges, and dashed wedges to show three-dimensionality.(b) Draw the methane molecule
Shown below are dot diagrams for some simple molecules:(a) Draw the three-dimensional shape for each molecule. Use lines, solid wedges, and dashed wedges as necessary. Indicate the numeric value of
Draw and name the three-dimensional shape for SOCl2. Indicate the values of the bond angles assuming they are ideal.
Shown below are dot diagrams for some simple molecules and polyatomic ions:(a) Draw the three-dimensional shape for each molecule. Use lines, solid wedges, and dashed wedges as necessary. Indicate
Why is it reasonable to treat a multiple bond as a single electron group in VSEPR shape determination?
Two molecules may both be correctly described as bent, even though one has a bond angle of approximately 118° and the other has a bond angle of approximately 105°. How is this possible?
Consider the CH3– anion.(a) Draw and name its three-dimensional shape and indicate the predicted values of its bond angles.(b) Explain how the structure of this anion would compare with that of NH3
Consider the following molecule. The diagram shows how the atoms are connected, but it is not a complete dot diagram.(a) Complete the dot diagram.(b) Redraw the molecule showing its three dimensional
Ammonia has four pairs of electrons around the central nitrogen atom, and yet we don’t call it a tetrahedral molecule. Why not? What is the shape of this molecule?
Consider the following molecule. The diagram shows how the atoms are connected, but it is not a complete dot diagram.(a) Complete the dot diagram.(b) Redraw the molecule showing its three dimensional
A hexagonal molecule has angles of 120° inside the ring and is flat. The following two molecules are often drawn as flat hexagons, but only one is truly flat. Which one is it and why?
Consider CH3+ and CH3–. Using these as examples, explain why it is necessary to draw a correct Lewis dot diagram before trying to predict the shape of a molecule. Use the concept of steric number
Proteins are long-chain molecules that make up our skin, hair, muscles, and enzymes, among other things. Shown is a dot diagram of the part of a protein known as a peptide bond. Redraw the diagram to
In terms of an operational definition, when is a molecule considered to be polar?
Is it possible to predict whether a molecule will be polar? Explain completely what you would need to know about the molecule.
True or false? All molecules that contain polar bonds must be polar. Explain your answer.
Consider the molecules HCl and HBr.(a) Which molecule has the larger bond dipole moment? Explain why.(b) Which molecule is more polar? Explain why
What does the magnitude of a bond dipole moment (the length of the arrow) tell you about the bond?
Why do we use an arrow to represent a bond dipole moment? Why not just use a number?

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