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introductory chemistry atoms first

Questions and Answers of Introductory Chemistry Atoms First

Which one of the following is expected to have resonance forms? Explain your choice.(a) NH4+(b) HCN (c) CO (d) NO2
Which of the following represents the correct resonance forms for SO2? Explain what is wrong with the sets you did not choose. (a) (b) (c) o and 0. O S 0. 0. and and O S S: :O: Ö. S 0 0:
How many lone pairs of electrons are there on Br in BrF2+?
Which element has the lowest electronegativity, and how can you answer this question without looking up electronegativity values?(a) Mg(b) Cl(c) Ca(d) Br
Which one of the following statements is true about BeH2?(a) It is ionic with H as the anion.(b) It is ionic with H as the cation.(c) It has polar covalent bonds with a partial negative charge on
The greater the electronegativity difference between two bonded atoms, the greater the percent _______ character of the bond.
The phosphorus atom in PCl3 should have a(a) δ+ charge(b) δ– charge(c) 3+ charge(d) 3– chargeExplain.
Iodine atoms in I2 should have a(a) 1– charge(b) δ– charge(c) δ+ charge(d) No charge
Complete this table of ionic compounds. Give both old and new names where you can. Name Aluminum selenide Lithium oxide Ammonium iodide Formula AgNO3 CuSO4 KMnO4 Ca(ClO3)2
Arrange in order of increasing ionic character: CsBr, KBr, PBr3, MgBr2.
Complete this table of ionic compounds. Give both old and new names where you can. Name Sodium bicarbonate Magnesium acetate Barium hypochlorite Calcium
Complete this table of molecular compounds. Name Nitrogen triiodide Bromine trifluoride Hydroiodic acid Formula CdTe Sil HI (as a pure gas) S4N4
Complete this table of molecular compounds. Name Iodine monochloride Bromine trichloride Diboron hexahydride Formula XeF4 XeF₂ N₂O S402
Which of the following substances are ionic and which are molecular? Name each substance. Draw Lewis dot diagrams for each molecular substance and for the anion of each ionic substance.(a) Cl2(b)
How many electrons does the nickel atom lose when forming nickel(II) nitrate? When forming nickel(II) sulfate?
Why is the oxygen atom listed first in OF2 but last in Br2O?
The use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in air conditioning and refrigeration systems has been linked to depletion of the ozone layer of the atmosphere. One of the most widely used CFCs, freon-12, has
Why is HF not considered an ionic compound even though its percent ionic character is greater than 50%?
Give the formula for (a) Calcium phosphate, (b) Potassium hydrogen phosphate, (c) Magnesium cyanide, (d) Barium chlorate.
Give the proper name of these compounds:(a) Fe2(SO3)3 (b) Au(NO3)3(c) NaH2PO4 (d) Pb(CH3CO2)2
Hydroxylamine is a compound that contains one nitrogen atom and one oxygen atom connected with a single bond. The remaining atoms are hydrogens. Predict the formula for hydroxylamine and draw its dot
Using only the periodic table, arrange these sets of atoms in order of increasing electronegativity:(a) Li, Be, K (b) O, Si, S (c) Br, I, Te
Give the proper name for each compound and indicate whether it is ionic or polar covalent:(a) NH4I (b) Cl2O7 (c) SrCl2 (d) Li2Cr2O7
Arrange the following sets of bonds in order of increasing ionic character. Use the symbols δ+ and δ– to indicate partial charges, if any, in the bonds: O-CI, C-F, N-CI, O-H, S-O.
Give the formula for each compound and indicate whether it is ionic or polar covalent:(a) Copper(I) sulfide (electronegativity of Cu is 1.9)(b) Aluminum carbide (c) Diiodine pentoxide (d) Chlorine
Hydrogen sulfide and hydrosulfuric acid have the same molecular formula. How are they different?
Using only the periodic table, determine which bond in each pair is more ionic:(a) H—F or H—Cl(b) O—F or C—F
According to the following diagram of an H2 molecule, how many more positive–negative attractions are there relative to the case of two isolated hydrogen atoms? What do we call this extra
The polyatomic ion MnO42– is listed in your book as permanganate. What would be the name of MnO32–?
Nitrogen is a group VA representative element and thus has five valence electrons. A student draws a dot diagram for the nitrogen atom, shown below. What did the student do wrong? .N.
A student draws the following dot diagram for the oxygen molecule and claims, “Each oxygen atom has an octet, so the diagram is correct.” Part of her statement is true, and part of it is false.
Atoms of different elements, each with at least one unpaired electron, come together to form a compound. According to the diagram below:(a) Which atom is the more electronegative? Explain how you
Consider the following diagram:(a) What do these four elements have in common?(b) Where on the periodic table will you find elements that have the opposite property of these elements?(c) What
In all three of the diagrams below, valence electrons have undergone redistribution compared to two isolated atoms. For each, describe the type of redistribution that has occurred and what it leads
It is convenient to classify substances as ionic or covalent. How would you classify sodium sulfate? Explain fully.
P is immediately under N in the periodic table. Both react with three atoms of chlorine to form NCl3 and PCl3. However, phosphorus also forms PCl5, whereas nitrogen does not. Draw dot diagrams for
Give an example of a covalent compound that, upon dissolving in water, yields ions. Write a reaction to show this transformation and classify the starting compound.
Draw a diagram that shows both the covalent and ionic nature of the compound sodium azide, formula NaN3 (the N3 portion is linear in shape). If there are resonance forms, then include them.
Benzene, formula C6H6, is a perfect closed hexagon of carbon atoms, each with one hydrogen atom attached. Draw a dot diagram for this molecule, and include any resonanace forms if they exist. Then
Draw a dot diagram for selenium hexafluoride and explain how it violates the octet rule.
Consider the PO43– phosphate anion.(a) Draw a dot diagram that obeys the octet rule for all of the atoms.(b) Suppose the actual bond order for the P—O bonds was 1.25. Draw a dot diagram that
Consider sulfur trioxide.(a) Draw a dot diagram that obeys the octet rule for all of the atoms.(b) Suppose the actual bond order for the S—O bonds was 2. Draw a dot diagram that explains this,
Does BeH2 have all of its atoms obeying the octet rule? If not, indicate which atom or atoms violate the octet rule and why it is OK.
Consider two molecules, BH3 and NH3. Draw dot diagrams for both and indicate which one possesses and electron deficient atom.
Draw a dot diagram for PF5. Which atom is an expanded octet atom?
Draw a dot diagram for BrF5.
Draw a dot diagram for XeF4.
Draw a dot diagram for I3–.
Give the full symbol for the atom or ion that has eight protons and eight neutrons in its nucleus, and ten electrons outside the nucleus. Also give the name of the group this element is located in.
Predict the chemical formula NaxOy of the compound that results from the reaction between the elements Na and O.
Draw the reaction above in terms of electron configurations, as was done for MgF2 in the text.
Predict the chemical formula of the compound that results from the reaction between the elements Ba and f.
Predict the chemical formula of the compound that results from the reaction between the elements Al and O.
Electromagnetic radiation has a wavelength λ associated with it. Draw two waves of electromagnetic radiation, one representing green light and the other representing X-rays, showing in a relative
By how much will the value of Eλ/h differ for blue light of wavelength 460.0 nm from red light of wavelength 730.0 nm?
Consider X-rays (λ ∼ 10–10 m) and green light (λ ∼ 10–7m).(a) Do a calculation to show how much more energetic X-rays are than green light.(b) Why are X-rays dangerous whereas green light
Light travels extremely rapidly (c = 3.00 × 108 m/s). Suppose you had to travel 30 miles to work every day. If you traveled at the speed of light for the entire trip, how long would it take you to
The Earth is 9.3 × 107 miles from the Sun. How long does it take the Sun’s visible light to reach us (in minutes)? The Sun also emits high-energy gamma rays. How long does it take the gamma rays
According to the equation for the energy of light, which statement is true? (1) The energy of light increases as its wavelength increases.(2) The energy of light decreases as its wavelength
The unit of nanometers (nm) is commonly used for the wavelength of visible light. What does 1.00 nm equal in meters? What does it equal in inches? [1 inch = 2.54 cm exactly]
Exposure to gamma rays can kill you, whereas exposure to radio waves is not harmful. Why is this so?
Suppose a radio wave has a wavelength of 10 m. What is the energy of this radiation (in joules)?
The emission spectrum shown below is for neon.(a) Compare it to the emission spectrum of hydrogen. How is it different?(b) Is it a continuous or discontinuous spectrum? Explain.(c) Calculate the
Suppose an X-ray has a wavelength of 10 pm. What is the energy of this radiation (in joules)? How many times more energetic is this radiation than the radio wave in the previous problem?
If you exhibited quantum behavior while running in a footrace, describe how you would appear to the people watching the race.
When we say the energy of something is quantized, what does this mean? For what type of objects is energy quantization easily observed?
What is meant by the term quantized energy?
The following drawings represent charged particles. Which situation is more stable? Explain your answer. (a) + ee (b)
Which is more general, classical physics or quantum physics? Explain your answer.
The fact that electrified atoms emit only certain colors of light in sharp lines, with not all colors blended together, tells us what about an atom?
How does the energy of an object relate to its stability?
The following drawings represent charged particles. Which situation is most stable? Which situation is least stable? Explain your answers. (a) (b) (c) + + +
What happens to both the energy of an electron in an atom and its distance from the nucleus as n increases?
What type of physics could be used to describe an electron in an atom if the electron could have any energy?
What is another name for a Bohr orbit?
It always takes energy to remove an electron from an atom, no matter what n shell the electron is in. Also, the higher the n, the more energy an electron starts out with.(a) Explain why it takes
What are two things that happen to an electron in an atom as the n value of the electron increases?
Of what significance is the quantity 2μ2?
Does the following Bohr model represent a ground or excited state? Explain your answer. 3 Fece CC n = 3 n = 2 n = 1 7P
Explain why we construct a Bohr model of the atom by first filling a lower shell to capacity before going to an upper shell.
Using Bohr’s rules, draw the lowest-energy configuration for the atom represented in Problem 4.56.Data from Problem 4-56It always takes energy to remove an electron from an atom, no matter what n
Why can’t an atom’s electrons ever be located between orbits?
Use the Bohr model of the atom to explain why saying that an electron can be only at certain distances from the nucleus is the same thing as saying that the electron can have only certain energies.
What is meant by an atom’s valence shell?
According to Bohr, why do atoms in the same group in the periodic table have similar chemical properties?
Explain how the Bohr model of the atom accounts for the existence of atomic line spectra.
What is a ground-state electron configuration? What is an excited-state electron configuration? Explain in words and also by drawing a Bohr model of the Mg atom in both the ground state and an
True or false? It is impossible for the H+ cation to exist in an excited state. Justify your answer.
Draw Bohr models and use them to explain why phosphorus (P) and arsenic (As) have similar chemical properties.
(a) How much energy would be necessary to take a hydrogen atom from its ground state to an excited state in which the n = 3 orbit is occupied?(b) What would be the energy of light emitted when the
For each of the diagrams below do the following:(a) Determine whether anything is wrong with the diagram. Explain.(b) Give a full atomic symbol for the diagram if there is nothing wrong with it.(c)
What would happen to the electron in a groundstate hydrogen atom if the atom were given 5.1 eV of energy?
In order for hydrogen atoms to give off continuous spectra, what would have to be true?
Regarding the representative elements:(a) What does knowing the group number tell you about an element’s valence electrons?(b) What does knowing the period number tell you about an element’s
Referring to Table 4.1, draw a wave of red light and a wave of blue light that show (relatively) how the wavelengths compare. Which light has the higher energy? Without doing any numerical
Using the energy-level diagram on page 133, calculate the wavelength of the light emitted when the electron in a hydrogen atom falls from the n = 5 shell to the n = 3 shell. Report your answer in
The electron in a hydrogen atom relaxes from the n = 4 shell to some lower-energy shell. The light emitted during the relaxation has a wavelength of 1772.6 nm. By calculating the energy of this
The simple Bohr model (the model without subshells) works well up to the 19th element, potassium (K). Explain how it fails at k.
Write the ground-state electron configuration of uranium (U), using both the full notation and the noble gas abbreviated notation.
In which period and which group is the element that has the ground-state electron configuration [Ar]4s23d104p5? Which element is this?

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