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introductory chemistry atoms first

Questions and Answers of Introductory Chemistry Atoms First

How many possible tripeptides can be made that contain one each of Asp, Arg, and Val?(a) 3(b) 4(c) 5(d) 6
What is the sequence of amino acids in the peptide: НО O= IZ -N 0 OH NH₂ N Н HO IZ H N 0 NH2 O ОН
How many different tetrapeptides can be made from two alanines and two glycines?
When two a-glucose monomers join during polymerization, the new C—O—C bond that is formed is called a glycosidic linkage. We showed you in the chapter which OH group on one of the monomers is
Carbomer, a polymer used to thicken cosmetic lotions and creams, is a polymer of the monomer known as acrylic acid, shown below.Polymerization occurs due to the C=C double bond as it does for
Below are shown the hydrogen bonds that form between the C–G and A–T pairs of bases.What type of functional groups are involved in hydrogen bonding? Why does the A–T pair form only two hydrogen
Proteins, like DNA, often adopt a coiled-like structure, known as an a-helix. This helical structure is stabilized by the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds between the backbone amino group
After 10.0 g of a protein was dissolved in 1000.0 g of water, the freezing point of the solution was –3.72 × 10–4°C. What is the molar mass of the protein?
Insulin is a protein used to regulate blood sugar levels in many mammals. In humans, the active form of this protein consists of two covalently bonded chains and contains six sulfur atoms per
Are α-glucose and β-glucose properly called isomers of one another? Explain. What would it take to convert one into the other?
Predict two differences in behavior between the tripeptides Ala–Gly–Phe and Ser–Asp–Glu?
In the olden days (the 1970s), the sequence of amino acids in a protein was determined by running a series of chemical reactions known as the Edman degradation. This technique worked only on short
Draw the dipeptide Asp–Arg, and label the peptide linkage.
The following is true about the polymer nylon:(a) Two different monomers are used to make nylon.(b) There is just one type of monomer unit in a particular nylon polymer.(c) Between monomer units
Create a line drawing representing the hydrocarbon whose structural formula is: Η Η Η Η ΤΙ H=C=C=C=C=C=C-H | Η Η Η Η
What is wrong with the name 5-butene?(a) It should really be 1-butene, as we use the lowest number to locate multiple bonds.(b) It should be 4,5-butene since the double bond is between the fourth and
2-Propanol is quite soluble in water, but 2-decanol is insoluble in water. Draw both structural formulas and explain why one compound is soluble but the other isn’t.
An important industrial polymer is called polyethylene oxide (also called polyethylene glycol). It is made by adding a tiny amount of hydroxide ion (from NaOH) to ethylene oxide. They react via the
A monomer differs from a monomer unit in a polymer because:(a) Monomer units always possess extra atoms from the actual monomer.(b) Monomers must somehow bond to one another, resulting in some
This polymer is an example of a polyester and is often used to make clothing. The monomer unit is called an ester. Which unit—(a), (b), or (c)—is the correct monomer unit? Explain your choice. (9)
Continuing from the discussion in Problem 1, the subsequent step of the polymerization reaction is a reaction of the product of the above step with more ethylene oxide.(a) Using the above mechanism
(a) Draw the monomer 1,2-dibromoethene.(b) Draw the polymer formed from this monomer, making it at least three monomer units long.
A free radical is:(a) A molecule with one or more unpaired electrons.(b) A molecule with all electrons paired.(c) A molecule that has its free electrons paired.(d) When an atom’s core electron is
Show how the amine and the carboxylic acid chloride in these molecules react to form an amide bond. Draw the product, and indicate the new amide bond formed. a&R Carboxylic acid
(a) Draw the monomer 1-butene.(b) Draw the polymer formed from this monomer, making it at least threemonomerunits long.
Draw the dipeptides Ala–Ser and Ser–Ala, both formed from the amino acids alanine and serine: H H H N-C-C CH3 Alanine OH H H H N-C- CH₂OH Serine OH
The monomer propylene is CH2=CHCH3. The following would be the monomer unit for polypropylene:(a) CH2=CHCH3(b) CH2CHCH3(c) CH2CH2CH3(d) CH2CH2CH2
(a) Draw the monomer ethyne (acetylene).(b) Draw the polymer formed from this monomer, making it at least three monomer units long.
A polymer has the monomer unit CH2C(CH2CH3)CH3. The monomer is: (a) CH2=C(CH2CH3)CH3(b) CH(CH3)=CH(CH2CH3)(c) CH3CH(CH2CH3)CH3(d) CH2=CH(CH2CH3)
Draw the dipeptide Arg–Asp, and label the peptide linkage.
Give the amino acid sequence for this polypeptide, using the three-letter abbreviations separated by hyphens: Н Н CH₂ H CH₂ H COOH CH₂ CH₂ NH HN NH₂ H -N- CHCH3 H CH2 T CH3 OH -C-N- H
Sugar molecules are the monomers of:(a) Starch.(b) Proteins.(c) Polyethylene.(d) Nylon.
What is a polymer? How does it differ from a monomer?
Which statement is true regarding the difference between starch and cellulose?(a) Only cellulose employs covalent bonds to an oxygen atom to join the monomer units together.(b) Only starch has
What is meant by the term macromolecule? Are polymers macromolecules? Explain.
A protein is made from the following monomers:(a) Amino acids.(b) Alkyl amines.(c) Peptides.(d) Disaccharides.
What is a monomer? How does a monomer unit differ from a monomer? Give an example of each.
A peptide linkage:(a) Is essentially the same thing as an amide bond.(b) Is a bond between a carbonyl carbon in one amino acid and an amine nitrogen in another amino acid.(c) Is what connects monomer
In the polymer polyethylene, there are no double bonds. Why, then, is it called polyethylene?
Use a drawing to show how one ethylene monomer reacts with another to form a bond between ethylene monomer units in the polymer polyethylene. Show how the chain can keep growing.
Consider the polymer:(a) Put a set of parentheses around one monomer unit, and give its molecular formula.(b) Show the line drawing for the monomer used to form this polymer.(c) Name the monomer and
Draw a polymer made from the monomer propene. Make your chain at least three monomer units long. What is this polymer called?
What is plastic wrap made of? Draw the free radical derived from the monomer.
This polymer is called silicone and has a noncarbon, “inorganic” backbone of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms:(a) Put a set of parentheses around one monomer unit.(b) Another name for this
Draw a six-carbon portion of the polymer Teflon, and then draw the monomer molecule used to form Teflon and the free radical derived from it.
Ethylene is a gas, but polyethylene is a solid. How do you explain this?
What is it about the monomers used to make nylon that allows them to be linked into large macromolecules?
What is an amide bond? Show an amide bond between dimethylamine and acetic acid chloride.
In the linear and cyclic forms of glucose shown on page 744, which oxygen in the cyclic form was the aldehyde oxygen in the linear form? Does the cyclic form bear any similarity to an ether?Data from
The nylon example shown in the text is a particular type of nylon called nylon 66.(a) Look at the example in the text and explain why it is called nylon 66 (nylon-six-six).(b) Draw a nylon 66 polymer
Nylon owes much of its strength to which type of intermolecular attraction. Draw a diagram to show it.
Define monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide and give an example of each.
How does glucose differ structurally from sucrose?
Which carbohydrate do plants use to help maintain their shape, starch or cellulose? Explain why.
Consider the term carbohydrate.(a) What does it mean literally?(b) Are sugar molecules examples of carbohydrates? Explain.
How are cellulose and starch similar? How do they differ from each other?
When you burn wood, what are you actually burning? What are the combustion products?
In an amino acid, a carbon atom bound directly to the carbonyl carbon of the acid function is called the alpha carbon (α-carbon). Draw glycine, point out the α-carbon, and then explain why all 20
What is the difference between the amino acids glycine and alanine?
What does the expression essential amino acid mean?
What is a peptide linkage?
What is a polypeptide? How does it differ from a protein?
Draw the polypeptide Gly–Ala–Ser.
What two peptides are possible from the combination of alanine and glycine? Draw both of them.
What are some of the functions of proteins in living organisms?
How does the sequence of amino acids influence a protein. Can swapping just two amino acids in a very large protein molecule affect its function? Explain by giving an example.
How does DNA serve as the master blueprint for building proteins?
What is the backbone of the DNA polymer made of? Name the parts, and draw two monomer units of the backbone.
What type of bond holds the two strands of a DNA molecule together? What would be wrong with holding the strands together with covalent bonds?
How many DNA bases are there? Name them and give their abbreviations.
The DNA bases always hydrogen-bond in specific pairs. What are those pairs?
What is meant by the term codon? What is the function of a codon?
What do viruses do (on the cellular level) to make you sick?
How might viruses be used for good purposes?
If a functional group A forms a strong covalent bond with a functional group B, (a) Can the monomers A–xx–B and A–xx–B form a polymer?(b) Can the monomers A–xx–A and B–xx–B form a
Nylon fabric owes much of its strength to the formation of hydrogen bonds between the polymer chains. Suppose functional groups A and B bond covalently with each other. Draw two different monomers
What type of biological compound has the structure: (a) (b) (c) Phosphate Sugar Phosphate Sugar -N- H Base Base لليل -X- H من منم
Amino acids are a sort of self-contradiction because they contain both a basic group (the NH2 end) and an acidic group (the CO2H end) in the same molecule. Therefore, it should not surprise you that,
The artificial sweetener aspartame is a slightly modified dipeptide. Which two amino acids are used to make it? HO 요 H₂N H IZ N ) CH₂ Aspartame
Protein molecules are usually quite large and yet often water-soluble. They are soluble in water because they can fold themselves into spherical shapes in which the polar (hydrophilic) side chains
How many different tripeptides can be made that contain the amino acids alanine, serine, and glycine?
ΔErxn for the reaction given in Problem 14.77 is –90.8 kJ. Would the fraction of methanol present at equilibrium be increased or decreased by raising the temperature? Explain your answer.Data from
Give the molecular formula for each hydrocarbon molecule: (a) (d) (b) (e) (c)
Of the five hydrocarbon molecules shown, one does not belong. Which is it and why does it not belong (and what is the relationship between the remaining molecules)? Also, name the unnamed molecules.
There is a problem with at least one carbon atom in each of the three molecules drawn below. Identify the problem carbon(s) and then fix the problem by either removing or adding one (and only one)
Below are the examples of familiar functionalized hydrocarbons. Work together to identify and name all the functional groups (one that you don’t know, called an ester, has been pointed out for
The following statement is true about carbon:(a) Because a carbon atom has four valence electrons, it typically forms four bonds to other atoms.(b) Carbon atoms can catenate, which means they can
Draw structural formulas for the hydrocarbons in Practice Problem 17.1, showing all carbons, hydrogens, and bonds.Data from Practice Problem 17.1Give the molecular formula for each hydrocarbon
Consider the branched hydrocarbon:(a) What is the length of the main chain?(b) What is the length of the branch? Η Η Η Η Η H_c-c-c-C-C-H | | Η Η T I Η Η H-C-H H¬C-H H¬C-H T Η
The following statement is true regarding linear and branched hydrocarbons:(a) Branched hydrocarbons are derived from tree branches.(b) In a linear hydrocarbon, no carbon atom is bound to only one
What is the IUPAC name of the hydrocarbon: Η Η Η Η Η Η Η H=C=C=C=C=C=C-C-H & d=66 III Η Η Η Η Η
Name these branched hydrocarbons: CH3 (a) CH3-C-CH3 CH3 (b) CH3-CH₂-CH₂-C-CH3 CH3 T CH₂ (c) CH,—CH–CH, CH–CH, CH3 I CH3 T CH₂ CH₂ CH3
In a line drawing of a hydrocarbon, the following is true:(a) A carbon atom is assumed to be at every terminus of a line not joined to another line and at every vertex where lines join.(b) The number
Consider the hydrocarbon molecule:(a) Is it linear or branched? Explain how you can tell.(b) What is the length of the main chain?(c) What is the length of the branch chain?(d) What is the molecular
The following statement is true when it comes to numbering the carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon:(a) You can number them any way you want as long as you are consistent.(b) You must number them from left
A particular linear hydrocarbon molecule has six carbons and ten hydrogens. Is it unsaturated or saturated?
Draw the structural formula for 2-methyl-1-butene.
The following statement is true regarding saturated hydrocarbons:(a) They possess the maximum amount of water possible.(b) They possess one or more multiple bonds.(c) They possess the maximum number
Draw all possible line drawings for the unsaturated hydrocarbon molecule in Practice Problem 17.5.Data from Practice Problem 17.5A particular linear hydrocarbon molecule has six carbons and ten
Draw a dot diagram for methanoic acid, showing all hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen atoms.

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