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social science
introduction to logic
A Concise Introduction to Logic 13th edition Patrick J. Hurley, Lori Watson - Solutions
As somebody who has experienced the tragedy of miscarriage—or spontaneous abortion—at eight weeks, I greatly resent the position that a fetus is not a baby. I went through the grief of losing a baby, and no one should tell me otherwise.Most of the following selections were taken from
Just as our parents did for us, my husband and I rely solely on Christian Science for all the health needs of our four sons and find it invaluable for the quick cure of whatever ailments and contagions they are subject to. One particular healing that comes to mind happened several years ago when
The fact is that the hype over “acid rain” and “global warming” is just that: hype. Take, for example, Stephen Schneider, author of Global Warming. In his current “study” he discusses a “greenhouse effect of catastrophic proportions,” yet twenty years ago Schneider was a vocal
So you think that putting the worst type of criminal out of his misery is wrong. How about the Americans who were sent to Korea, to Vietnam, to Beirut, to the Middle East? Thousands of good men were sacrificed supposedly for the good of our country. At the same time we were saving and protecting
You take half of the American population every night and set them down in front of a screen watching people getting stabbed, shot and blown away. And then you expect them to go out into the streets hugging each other?Most of the following selections were taken from letters-to-the-editor columns of
Pigeons are forced to leave our city to battle for life. Their struggle is an endless search for food. What manner of person would watch these hungry creatures suffer from want of food and deny them their survival? These helpless birds are too often ignored by the people of our city, with not the
So you want to ban smoking in all eating establishments? Well, you go right ahead and do that little thing. And when the 40 percent of smokers stop eating out, the restaurants can do one of two things: close, or raise the price of a $25 dinner 40 percent to $35.Most of the following selections were
If the advocates of prayers in public schools win on this issue, just where will it end? Perhaps next they will ask for prayers on public transportation? Prayers by government workers before they start their job each day? Or maybe, mandatory prayers in public restaurants before starting each meal
My gun has protected me, and my son’s gun taught him safety and responsibility long before he got hold of a far more lethal weapon—the family car. Cigarettes kill many times more people yearly than guns and, unlike guns, have absolutely no redeeming qualities. If John Lennon had died a long,
Would you rather invest in our nation’s children or Pentagon waste? The choice is yours.Most of the following selections were taken from letters-to-the-editor columns of news papers and magazines. Identify any fallacies that may be committed, giving a brief explanation for your answer. Then, if a
The death penalty is the punishment for murder. Just as we have long jail terms for armed robbery, assault and battery, fraud, contempt of court, fines for speeding, reckless driving and other numerous traffic violations, so must we have a punishment for murder. Yes, the death penalty will not
I see that our courts are being asked to rule on the propriety of outlawing video games as a “waste of time and money.”It seems that we may be onto something here. A favorable ruling would open the door to new laws eliminating show business, spectator sports, cocktail lounges, the state of
The conservative diatribe found in campus journalism comes from the mouths of a handful of affluent brats who were spoon-fed through the ’90s. Put them on an ethnically more diverse campus, rather than a Princeton or a Dartmouth, and then let us see how long their newspapers survive.Most of the
Doctors say the birth of a baby is a high point of being a doctor. Yet a medical survey shows one out of every nine obstetricians in America has stopped delivering babies.Expectant mothers have had to find new doctors. In some rural areas, women have had to travel elsewhere to give birth.How did
Before I came to the United States in July 1922, I was in Berlin where I visited the famous zoo. In one of the large cages were a lion and a tiger. Both respected each other’s strength. It occurred to me that it was a good illustration of “balance of power.” Each beast followed the other and
When will they ever learn—that the Republican party is not for the people who voted for it?Most of the following selections were taken from letters-to-the-editor columns of news papers and magazines. Identify any fallacies that may be committed, giving a brief explanation for your answer. Then,
After reading “Homosexuals in the Churches,” I’d like to point out that I don’t know any serious, capable exegetes who stumble over Saint Paul’s denunciation of homosexuality. Only a fool (and there seem to be more and more these days) can fail to understand the plain words of Romans,
A capital gains tax [reduction] benefits everyone, not just the “rich,” because everyone will have more money to invest or spend in the private economy, resulting in more jobs and increasing prosperity for all. This is certainly better than paying high taxes to a corrupt, self-serving, and
How would you feel to see your children starving and have all doors slammed in your face? Isn’t it time that all of us who believe in freedom and human rights stop thinking in terms of color and national boundaries? We should open our arms and hearts to those less fortunate and remember that a
A parent would never give a ten-year-old the car keys, fix him or her a martini, or let him or her wander at night through a dangerous part of town. The same holds true of the Internet. Watch what children access, but leave the Net alone. Regulation is no substitute for responsibility.Most of the
Mexico’s president expresses legitimate concern when he questions supplying oil to Americans who are unwilling to apply “discipline” in oil consumption. In view of the fact that his country’s population is expected to double in only twenty-two years, isn’t it legitimate for us to ask when
The American Civil Liberties Union did a study that found that in the last eighty years it believes twenty-five innocent people have been executed in the United States. This is unfortunate. But, there are innocent people who die each year in highway accidents. Out of 40,000 deaths, how many deaths
The American Civil Liberties Union did a study that found that in the last eighty years it believes twenty-five innocent people have been executed in the United States. This is unfortunate. But, there are innocent people who die each year in highway accidents. Out of 40,000 deaths, how many deaths
Dear Ann: I’ve read that one aspirin taken every other day will reduce the risk of heart attack. Why not take two and double the protection?Most of the following selections were taken from letters-to-the-editor columns of news papers and magazines. Identify any fallacies that may be committed,
Women in military combat is insane. No society in its right mind would have such a policy. The military needs only young people and that means the only women who go are those in their childbearing years. Kill them off and society will not be able to perpetuate itself.Most of the following
When will these upper-crust intellectuals realize that the masses of working people are not in cozy, cushy, interesting, challenging, well-paying jobs, professions and businesses? My husband is now fifty-one; for most of the last thirty-three years he has worked in the same factory job, and only
Exporting cigarettes [to Asia] is good business for America; there is no reason we should be prohibited from doing so. Asians have been smoking for decades; we are only offering variety in their habit. If the Asians made tobacco smoking illegal, that would be a different situation. But as long as
Create the following informal fallacies:1. A begging the question connected with religion2. A complex question dealing with cyberstalking3. A false dichotomy related to a Tiffany watch4. An equivocation involving the word “fan”5. An amphiboly depending on the ambiguous use of a pronoun6. A
Are you in favor of the ruinous economic policy of the Democratic Platform Committee?Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed,
A line is composed of points. Points have no length. Therefore, a line has no length.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed,
People are driving their cars like maniacs tonight. There must be a full moon.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write
Dozens of species of plants and animals are being wiped out every year, even though we have laws to prevent it. Clearly, we should repeal the Endangered Species Act.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following
When I visited Dr. Ames about my cholesterol, she insisted that I go on a statin drug. She says everybody should be on a statin. And when I saw Dr. Collins for depression, he prescribed Prozac. And when the Prozac gave me nausea, he prescribed Zofran to stop the nausea. Doctors are all the same.
Nobody has ever proved that using cell phones causes brain tumors. Therefore, using cell phones does not cause brain tumors.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your
Either you buy me a new BMW, or I won’t be able to get back and forth to school. I know you want me to go to school, so the choice is clear.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief
The vast majority of car accidents occur within twenty miles of one’s home. Apparently it is much more dangerous to drive close to home than far away from home.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following
Rhubarb pie is a dessert. Therefore, whoever eats rhubarb pie eats a dessert.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write
The students attending Bradford College come from every one of the fifty states. Michelle attends Bradford College. Therefore, Michelle comes from every one of the fifty states.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the
The Book of Mormon is true because it was written by Joseph Smith. Joseph Smith wrote the truth because he was divinely inspired. We know that Joseph Smith was divinely inspired because the Book of Mormon says that he was, and the Book of Mormon is true.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak
Good steaks are rare these days, so don’t order yours well done.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no
Raising a child is like growing a tree. Sometimes violent things, such as cutting off branches, have to be done to force the tree to grow straight. Similarly, corporal punishment must sometimes be inflicted on children to force them to develop properly.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak
Mr. Franklin has lost at the craps table for the last ten throws of the dice. Therefore, it is extremely likely that he will win on the next throw.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a
Professor Glazebrooks’s theory about the origin of the Martian craters is undoubtedly true. Rudolph Orkin, the great concert pianist, announced his support of the theory in this morning’s newspaper.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit
Criminals are basically stupid, because anyone who isn’t basically stupid wouldn’t be a criminal.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy
The travel brochure states that walking up O’Connell Street, the statue of Parnell comes into view. Apparently that statue has no trouble getting around.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments,
The farmers of our state have asked that we introduce legislation to provide subsidies for soybeans. Unfortunately, we will have to turn down their request. If we give subsidies to the soybean farmers, then the corn and wheat growers will ask for the same thing. Then it will be the cotton growers,
Real estate mogul Donald Trump argues that good management is essential to any business. But who is he to talk? Trump’s own mismanagement drove Trump Entertainment Resorts into bankruptcy three times in eighteen years.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity,
We’ve all heard the complaint that millions of Americans are without adequate health care. But America’s doctors, nurses, and hospitals are among the best in the world. Thousands of people come from abroad every year to be treated here. Clearly there is nothing wrong with our health-care
Recent studies have shown that conventional food has the same vitamins, minerals, proteins, and other nutrients as organic food. Therefore, it’s just as good to eat conventional food as organic food.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit
Mr. Prime Minister, I am certain you will want to release the members of our National Liberation Group whom you currently hold in prison. After all, I’m sure you will want to avoid having car bombs go off in the centers of your most heavily populated cities.Identify the fallacies of relevance,
What goes up must come down. The price of food has been going up for years. Therefore, it will surely come down soon.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your
We know that induction will provide dependable results in the future because it has always worked in the past. Whatever has consistently worked in the past will continue to work in the future, and we know that this is true because it has been established by induction.Identify the fallacies of
Pauline said that after she had removed her new mink coat from the shipping carton she threw it into the trash. We conclude that Pauline has no appreciation for fine furs.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following
Humanitarian groups have argued in favor of housing for the poor. Unfortunately, these high-density projects have been tried in the past and have failed. In no time they turn into ghettos with astronomical rates of crime and delinquency. Clearly, these humanitarian arguments are not what they
Each and every brick in the completely brick-faced Wainright Building has a reddish-brown color. Therefore, the Wainright Building has a reddish-brown color.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments,
Motives and desires exert forces on people, causing them to choose one thing over another. But force is a physical quantity, governed by the laws of physics. Therefore, human choices are governed by the laws of physics.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and
If someone rents a piece of land and plants crops on it, the landlord is never permitted to come and take those crops for himself when harvest time arrives. Similarly, if couples enlist the services of a surrogate mother to provide them with a baby, the mother should never be allowed to renege on
White sheep eat more than black sheep (because there are more of them). Therefore, this white sheep eats more than that black sheep.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation
Either we have prayer in our public schools or the moral fabric of society will disintegrate. The choice should be obvious.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your
Molecules are in constant random motion. The Statue of Liberty is composed of molecules. Therefore, the Statue of Liberty is in constant random motion.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a
Professor Andrews, surely I deserve a B in logic. I know that I have gotten F’s on all the tests, but if you give me an F for my final grade, I will lose my scholarship. That will force me to drop out of school, and my poor, aged parents, who yearn to see me graduate, will be grief stricken for
Senator Chris Murphy’s arguments for the protection of wilderness areas should be ignored. Murphy is just another one of those tree-hugging liberals who supports such legislation only to please the environmental nuts in his home state of Connecticut.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak
Texas oilman T. Boone Pickens says that natural-gas fracking is perfectly safe and poses no threat to the nation’s drinking water. Therefore we must conclude that fracking is just as safe as he claims it is.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit
Paul, it was great to see you at the party the other night. Everyone there was doing crack. Incidentally, how long have you been dealing that stuff?Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a
This administration is not anti-German, as it has been alleged. Germany is a great country. It has contributed immensely to the world’s artistic treasury. Goethe and Schiller made magnificent contributions to literature, and Bach, Beethoven, Wagner, and Brahms did the same in music.Identify the
Childhood obesity is a major problem these days. Obviously our public health officials have not been doing their job.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your
The twenty-story Carson Building is constructed of concrete blocks. Each and every concrete block in the structure can withstand an earthquake of 9.5 on the Richter scale. Therefore, the building can withstand an earthquake of 9.5 on the Richter scale.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak
When a car breaks down so often that repairs become pointless, the car is thrown on the junk heap. Similarly, when a person becomes old and diseased, he or she should be mercifully put to death.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference
Giant pandas are rapidly disappearing. This animal is a giant panda. Therefore, this animal should disappear any minute now.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your
No one has ever proved that the human fetus is not a person with rights. Therefore, abortion is morally wrong.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no
The idea that black people in this country live in poverty is ridiculous. Look at LeBron James. He’s a millionaire. And so are Sean Combs, Samuel L. Jackson, and Michael Jordan.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the
Surely it’s morally permissible to kill animals for food. If God didn’t want us to eat animals, he wouldn’t have made them out of meat.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief
Of course you should eat Wheaties. Wheaties is the breakfast of champions, you know.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed,
Every member of the Delta Club is over seventy years old. Therefore, the Delta Club must be over seventy years old.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer.
Every member of the Delta Club is over seventy years old. Therefore, the Delta Club must be over seventy years old.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer.
A crust of bread is better than nothing. Nothing is better than true love. Therefore, a crust of bread is better than true love.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for
Oregon State Representative Dennis Richardson says that the reason the Newtown school massacre occurred is because the teachers were not armed. Thus, to prevent future shootings of this sort we must make sure that every teacher in the United States is armed with a gun.Identify the fallacies of
Oregon State Representative Dennis Richardson says that the reason the Newtown school massacre occurred is because the teachers were not armed. Thus, to prevent future shootings of this sort we must make sure that every teacher in the United States is armed with a gun.Identify the fallacies of
Mr. Wilson said that on July 4 he went out on the veranda and watched the fireworks go up in his pajamas. We conclude that Mr. Wilson must have had an exciting evening.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following
In his History of the American Civil War, Jeffry Noland argues that the war had little to do with slavery. However, as a historian from Alabama, Noland could not possibly present an accurate account. Therefore, his arguments should be discounted.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction,
Of course abortion is permissible. After all, a woman has a right to do as she pleases with her own body.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write
Emeralds are seldom found in this country, so you should be careful not to misplace your emerald ring.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no
The author warns about numerous computational errors in his accounting text. Therefore, he must have written it very carelessly.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy
Sylvia, I saw you shopping for wine the other day. Incidentally, are you still drinking excessively?Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no
An atomic bomb causes more damage than a conventional bomb. Therefore, during World War II more damage was caused by atomic bombs than by conventional bombs.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation
Picasso is the greatest artist of the twentieth century. We know that this is so because art critics have described him in these terms. These art critics are correct in their assessment because they have a more keenly developed sense of appreciation than the average person. This is true because it
Switzerland is 48 percent Protestant. Heidi Gilsing is a Swiss. Therefore, Heidi Gilsing is 48 percent Protestant.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed,
Either James Franco or Miley Cyrus is a popular singer. James Franco is not a popular singer. Therefore, Miley Cyrus is a popular singer.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no
Either you major in business administration, or you have no chance at a successful career. You told me that you aren’t majoring in business administration. It’s sad that you haven’t chosen a path that will lead to success.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit
During the fifty years that Mr. Jones worked, he contributed $90,000 to Social Security. Now that he is retired, he stands to collect $200,000 from the system. Obviously he will collect a much greater monetary value than he contributed.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit
George said that he was interviewing for a job drilling oil wells in the supervisor’s office. We can only conclude that the supervisor must have an awfully dirty office.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief
Each and every cell in this carrot is 90 percent water. Therefore, the entire carrot is 90 percent water.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write
All men are mortal. Therefore, someday man will disappear from the earth.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.”
Johnson is employed by the General Services Administration, and everyone knows that the GSA is the most inefficient branch of the government. Therefore, Johnson must be an inefficient worker.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following
Alex, I heard your testimony in court earlier today. Tell me, why did you lie on the witness stand?Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no
If Thomas gives Marie a ring, then Thomas and Marie will be engaged. Thomas did give Marie a ring. In fact, he phoned her just the other night. Therefore, Thomas and Marie are engaged.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments,
Twenty years ago, Kung Fong, the great sumo wrestler, could have yanked up one of the fir trees in the new municipal arboretum with a single pull. Therefore, since Mr. Fong is as strong today as he was then, he could just as easily pull up one of those trees today.Identify the fallacies of
Butane is combustible. Therefore, it burns.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.”
People who lack humility have no sense of beauty, because everyone who has a sense of beauty also has humility.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed,
Water will quench one’s thirst. Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen. Therefore, hydrogen will quench one’s thirst, and so will oxygen.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer.
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