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social science
introduction to logic

Questions and Answers of Introduction To Logic

The following exercises involve constructing definitions:1. Invent stipulative definitions for two new words that you wish to introduce into the language for the first time.2. Construct lexical
“Bimboy” means a boy who is a total airhead.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
“Obelisk” means an upright, four-sided pillar that terminates in a pyramid; a dagger.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
“Television” means the electronic medium that keeps an entire nation of viewers in a state of seminarcosis by feeding them a steady stream of inane drivel.Determine whether the following
“Assault” means, for legal purposes, an intentional and unprivileged act resulting in the apprehension of an immediate harmful or offensive contact.Determine whether the following definitions are
“Assault” means, for legal purposes, an intentional and unprivileged act resulting in the apprehension of an immediate harmful or offensive contact.Determine whether the following definitions are
“Gravity” means a force that results from the universal attraction that every particle of matter has for every other particle, and which varies directly with the mass of the particles and
“Recession” means, for purposes of the National Bureau of Economic Research, two consecutive quarters of negative growth in real GNP or in aggregate output for the entire economy.Determine
“Intractable” means not easily governed; obstinate; unruly; not disposed to be taught.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
“Intractable” means not easily governed; obstinate; unruly; not disposed to be taught.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
“Ramster” means an animal produced by crossbreeding a rat with a hamster.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
“Gene” means the hereditary unit that occupies a fixed chromosomal locus, which through transcription has a specific effect on phenotype and which can mutate to various allelic forms.Determine
“Psychiatry” means the fortuitous melding of modern medicine with psychology that promises relief to thousands of poor, desperate souls who suffer the pains of emotional disorder.Determine
“Diadem” means an ornamental headband worn as a badge of royalty; a crown.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
“Diadem” means an ornamental headband worn as a badge of royalty; a crown.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
“Smoker” means a rude and disgusting individual who callously emits noxious tobacco fumes into the air, threatening the health and comfort of everyone in the vicinity.Determine whether the
“Petrograb” means invading a country to steal its oil.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
“Neurosis” means a chronic emotional disturbance that arises from suppressed or forgotten emotional stress (such as resentment, hostility, aggression, or guilt) experienced in early
“Radioactive area” means, for purposes of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, any area accessible to individuals in which there exists radiation at such levels that a major portion of the
“Sound” means a compression wave, in air or some other elastic medium, having a frequency ranging (for humans) from 20 to 20,000 vibrations per second.Determine whether the following definitions
“Sound” means a compression wave, in air or some other elastic medium, having a frequency ranging (for humans) from 20 to 20,000 vibrations per second.Determine whether the following definitions
“Femikin” means a female manikin.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
“Intoxicated,” for purposes of driving a car in many states, means having a blood-alcohol content of 0.08 percent (.0008) or greater.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative,
“Politician” means a person of unquestioned honesty and integrity whom the people, in their collective wisdom, have duly elected to guide the ship of state and protect it from the reefs and
“Fiduciary” means having to do with a confidence or trust; a person who holds something in trust.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or
“Magnetism” means a property of certain substances such as iron, cobalt, and nickel that arises from the spin of the electrons in the unfilled inner shell of the atoms that compose the
“Diffident” means lacking confidence in oneself; characterized by modest reserve.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
“Dogbomber” means an inconsiderate person who does not clean up the messes his dog leaves on other people’s lawns.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative, lexical,
“Football” means a sport in which modern-day gladiators brutalize one another while trying to move a ridiculously shaped “ball” from one end of the playing field to the other.Determine
“Blind” means, for federal income-tax purposes, either the inability to see better than 20/200 in the better eye with glasses or having a field of vision of 20 degrees or less.Determine whether
Construct a series of four terms that exhibits increasing intension but nondecreasing extension.
Create the following disputes:1. A dispute focusing on the vagueness of the word “awesome”2. A dispute focusing on the ambiguity of the word “tip”3. A factual dispute focusing on the date of
JOSEPH: My friend Jarvis, who plays for the NFL, told me that he has never taken any performance-enhancing drugs.STEPHEN: That can’t be true. I know Jarvis too, and he told me that he has taken
JERRY: In spite of the great strides technology has made in this country, poverty remains a terrible problem. Why, some people earn less than $10,000 per year. The government should do something
PENNY: In my mind, the use of marijuana should be legalized. After all, caffeine and alcohol are no less of a drug than marijuana, and it’s not illegal to enjoy a glass of beer or drink a cup of
BRIAN: All of us have a right to life, and that means to the things necessary to sustain life. Therefore, that penniless, hungry person had a right to steal food from the grocery store.ELAINE:
FRED: Today’s professional athletes are overpaid. Many of them make millions of dollars a year.SHAWN: I don’t think they are overpaid at all. Just look at the owners of some of these teams. They
MINDY: Blue Mango is a terrific three-piece band.FRED: That’s impossible. No band is terrific if it can only play three pieces.Determine whether the following disputes are verbal, factual, or some
ANTHONY: The sun is much smaller than the earth. You see, it’s just a small thing up there in the sky. Therefore, since the sun’s gravitational attraction is proportional to its mass, the sun’s
THOMAS: George Foreman committed those crimes of child abuse through his own free choice. Nobody put a gun to his head. Therefore, he should be punished for them.EMILIE: That’s not true. It’s
HAROLD: Professor Steinbeck is the most intelligent man I know. His lecture series on matter and consciousness was simply brilliant.JOYCE: Steinbeck is actually an idiot. Yesterday I watched while he
ERIC: I’ve just signed up for Philosophy 502—Dr. Peterson’s class in metaphysics. I know I’m going to enjoy it because I’ve always been fascinated by magic and ghosts.LEAH: I’m afraid
CAROL: Nelson could not have fought in the battle of Trafalgar, because that battle occurred in 1806, and Nelson died in 1804.JUSTIN: Your knowledge of history is atrocious! Nelson did fight in
CHERYL: Tomorrow I’m going to the Metallica concert. Their music is fabulous.OLIVER: You call that music? Really it’s just noise, and incredibly loud noise at that.Determine whether the following
KARL: There’s a euthanasia measure on the ballot today, and I think I’ll vote for it. It seems reasonable that terminally ill patients should be allowed to be disconnected from life-support
LESLIE: Your friend Paul told us that he would be visiting his parents in Knoxville this weekend. Therefore, he must not be at home.DIANA: I agree that Paul is probably not at home, but you didn’t
HEIDI: This morning I heard a lecture on the life of Jane Austen. She was such a wonderfully educated woman.DAVID: That’s not true at all. Jane Austen dropped out of school when she was only
KATHY: I was saddened to hear about the death of your uncle. He was such a wonderful man. You must be consoled knowing that he’s enjoying his heavenly reward.ANNE: Thanks, but I’m afraid I
ROGER: I think modern society is becoming more and more violent every day. Just look at the increase in murder, rape, and robbery. Violence is clearly an evil that must be eradicated.MARK: You might
PHIL: That was a great basketball game last night. Stephen Curry scored 37 points.ARTHUR: Your statistics are all wet. Curry scored only 34 points.Determine whether the following disputes are verbal,
VICKIE: Yesterday I visited the exhibition of the work of Jean Michel Basquiat at the Central Gallery. What an interesting artist he is!BARBARA: Don’t be ridiculous! That’s not art—it’s just
FRANK: Look at that huge tree that fell last night. It must have made a tremendous crash when it came down.SHIRLEY: No, I’m afraid you’re quite wrong. Sound is a perception, and perceptions
Visit a drug store and find the aisle that displays hair-care products (shampoos, conditioners, etc.). Identify five items whose names have emotional meaning. Then, for each one, explain how its name
Liberalism has turned our welfare system from a social safety net into a hammock. We hand out money with few questions asked. When welfare recipients are asked for some contribution to our society in
Thousands of years of organized religion have done nothing to solve any problems and have almost always exacerbated them by promoting fear, superstition, and irrational mythologies. Kneeling in
A kind and loving God surely favors the pro-choice attitude. He wants his world inhabited by happy, well-fed children with parents who love and care for them.Our burgeoning population in Third World
It’s time to challenge all this nonsense about the “celebration of diversity” in our society. The more the schizophrenics preach the glories of diversity, the more we pull apart. This is not to
Until now, the protest against the holocaust in our own nation has been vocal but far too small. The massacre of an unwanted generation through abortion and infanticide has sounded an alarm that
The insanity plea should be done away with; criminals should lose this easy way out. Killers can theoretically spend as little as six months in a mental hospital, then be released. It’s time to
God, guts, and guns made this great country of ours free, and you can bet your buns it will take more of the same to keep it that way. One of the very last things in this world we need is handgun
The creationists have no right to impose their mistaken, ignorant, superstitious beliefs on others. They claim the constitutional right to the free exercise of religion. How about the rights of the
How anyone who has seen even one photo of the fly-covered, starving children in Somalia can still believe in a loving, everpresent, omnipotent God is beyond intelligent reasoning.The following
Why don’t animal lovers do something about these dog sled races? Have you ever witnessed a race on television? Talk about torture. It’s sickening to watch the dogs, panting and their tongues
The following selection is taken from a speech delivered by George C. Wallace, former governor of Alabama, on July 4, 1964. In this speech Wallace attacked Lyndon Johnson's signing of the Civil
Create an extended argument, containing at least six statements, about climate change.
Turn to the editorial pages of a newspaper and select an editorial that contains an argument. Keep in mind that some editorials are really reports and contain no arguments at all. Also, few
A small group of people still believe in nuclear weapons, but the facts dictate that nuclear weapons not only should be eliminated but they can be eliminated. The opposing arguments are that nuclear
A small group of people still believe in nuclear weapons, but the facts dictate that nuclear weapons not only should be eliminated but they can be eliminated. The opposing arguments are that nuclear
A manned trip to Mars is a justified scientific goal because it affords a unique opportunity to explore the origins of the solar system and the emergence of life. However, from a scientific
All of us have encountered motorists who will go to any length to get a parking spot within 20 feet of the door they expect to enter. This obsession with good parking spots transcends all logic. It
Doctors who attend elderly people in nursing homes often prescribe tranquilizers to keep these people immobile. This practice is often unwarranted, and it often impairs the health of the patients.
The argument has been made that to cut down on teenage drunk driving we should increase the federal excise tax on beer. Such a measure, however, would almost certainly fail to achieve its intended
Flesh food is not a necessity in the human diet, as nutritionally adequate alternatives are readily available. Many people in the world thrive on a non-meat diet. Indeed, vegetarian Seventh-Day
Flesh food is not a necessity in the human diet, as nutritionally adequate alternatives are readily available. Many people in the world thrive on a non-meat diet. Indeed, vegetarian Seventh-Day
All men crave material success because it serves as an insurance policy against sexual rejection. This is true because women love men who are successful. Both men and women want power, and success is
Although Thomas Jefferson’s contributions to the foundation of the country were profound, as the master of Monticello, Jefferson was a monster. Simultaneously with his writing the Declaration of
Society values white lives more than black lives. This is clear from the fact that killers of whites are much more likely to be sentenced to death than killers of blacks. Of the 1,788 people
Society values white lives more than black lives. This is clear from the fact that killers of whites are much more likely to be sentenced to death than killers of blacks. Of the 1,788 people
America’s farm policy desperately needs revamping. Seventy-three cents of every farm-program dollar ends up in the pockets of the nation’s superfarmers. As a result, the mid-sized family farms
The United States is currently experiencing the greatest economic inequality since the 1920s, and this inequality is depressing the economy. The true sustainers of the economy are the bottom 99
Unscrupulous for-profit colleges are not only cheating their students but they are also ripping off the American taxpayer to the tune of billions of dollars. Ninety-six percent of the students who
The use of ethanol as an additive in gasoline is really a bad idea. Ethanol is produced from corn, and when 40 percent of the annual corn crop is burned up in car engines, that obviously raises the
Research leading to the development of a scramjet engine is worthwhile. Commercial aircraft incorporating such an engine could cross the Pacific in as little as two hours. This would relieve the
Contributions to relief organizations are often wasted. Food sent to war-torn countries rarely reaches its destination, because food distribution is controlled by the warring groups, and 4 these
The rain forest of Brazil produces oxygen for the whole world, yet it yields no monetary return to that country. Given that the industrialized nations consume the most oxygen, those nations ought to
1. Defending the war on drugs may not be fashionable, but the fact remains that2. hard-core drugs should remain illegal. 3 As long as hard-core drugs are illegal, they are harder to get, and 4 the
1. Homework stifles the thrill of learning in the mind of the student.2. It instills an oppressive learn-or-else discipline. 3 It quenches the desire for knowledge and the love of truth. For these
The development of carbon-embedded plastics, otherwise called “composits,” is an important new technology because 2 it holds the key for new aircraft and spacecraft designs. This is so because 3
Create the following arguments:1. Two valid arguments, having the same form, about jobs.2. Two invalid arguments, having the same form, about fast food.
All FHA loans are living-standard enhancers for the following reasons. All reverse mortgages that are FHA loans are either living-standard enhancers or home-equity depleters, and all reverse
All merchandisers that are retailers are businesses that are inventory rotators. Therefore, all merchandisers are inventory rotators.Use the counterexample method to prove each of the following
Some wrestlers are colorful hulks, since some wrestlers are colorful and some wrestlers are hulks.Use the counterexample method to prove each of the following arguments invalid.
Some wrestlers are colorful hulks, since some wrestlers are colorful and some wrestlers are hulks.Use the counterexample method to prove each of the following arguments invalid.
If energy taxes are increased, then either the deficit will be reduced or conservation will be taken seriously. If the deficit is reduced, then inflation will be checked. Therefore, if energy taxes
If energy taxes are increased, then either the deficit will be reduced or conservation will be taken seriously. If the deficit is reduced, then inflation will be checked. Therefore, if energy taxes
All homeless people who are panhandlers are destitute individuals. Therefore, all homeless people are destitute individuals.Use the counterexample method to prove each of the following arguments
If carbon dioxide is present in the atmosphere, then plants have a source of carbon. Hence, since plants have a source of carbon, carbon dioxide is present in the atmosphere.Use the counterexample
Some near-death experiences are supernatural phenomena, and no near-death experiences are easily forgotten happenings. Consequently some easily forgotten happenings are not supernatural phenomena.Use
Some near-death experiences are supernatural phenomena, and no near-death experiences are easily forgotten happenings. Consequently some easily forgotten happenings are not supernatural phenomena.Use
Some near-death experiences are supernatural phenomena, and no near-death experiences are easily forgotten happenings. Consequently some easily forgotten happenings are not supernatural phenomena.Use

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