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social science
introduction to logic
A Concise Introduction to Logic 13th edition Patrick J. Hurley, Lori Watson - Solutions
Why is it so difficult for you to reach a decision?Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.”
James said that he saw a picture of a beautiful girl stashed in Stephen’s locker. We can only conclude that Stephen has broken the rules, because girls are not allowed in the locker room.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following
An athlete is a human being. Therefore, a good athlete is a good human being.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.”
Every sentence in this paragraph is well written. Therefore, the paragraph is well written.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.”
Either we require forced sterilization of Third World peoples or the world population will explode and all of us will die. We certainly don’t want to die, so we must require forced sterilization.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following
Create the following informal fallacies:1. An appeal to unqualified authority relating to a psychic2. An appeal to ignorance about life on other planets3. A hasty generalization dealing with ageism4. A post hoc ergo propter hoc connected with getting sick5. A gambler’s fallacy about playing the
Some of the parents in our school district have asked that we provide bilingual education in Spanish. This request will have to be denied. If we provide this service, then someone will ask for bilingual education in Greek. Then it will be German, French, and Hungarian. Polish, Russian, Chinese,
Radio entertainer Rush Limbaugh claims there is not a shred of evidence to prove that nicotine is addictive or that cigarettes cause emphysema, lung cancer, or any other disease. Given Limbaugh’s apparent expertise in medical science, we can only conclude that what he says about nicotine and
On Monday I drank ten rum and Cokes, and the next morning I woke up with a headache. On Wednesday I drank eight gin and Cokes, and the next morning I woke up with a headache. On Friday I drank nine bourbon and Cokes, and the next morning I woke up with a headache. Obviously, to prevent further
No one, on encountering a wristwatch lying on a forest trail, would expect that it had simply appeared there without having been made by someone. For the same reason, no one should expect that the universe simply appeared without having been made by some intelligent being.Identify the fallacies of
Freedom of speech is guaranteed by the First Amendment. Therefore, your friend was acting within his rights when he shouted “Fire! Fire!” in that crowded theater, even though it was only a joke.Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following arguments. If no
Nobody has ever proved that immoral behavior by elected officials erodes public morality. Therefore, we must conclude that such behavior does not erode public morality.Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following arguments. If no fallacy is committed, write
Folks who argue in favor of amnesty for undocumented immigrants are dead wrong. Homeland security is of vital importance. National security is necessary for a healthy economy and the psychological well-being of all our citizens. We must work to secure our nation from all threats, domestic or
It is ridiculous to hear that man from Peru complaining about America’s poverty. Peru has twice as much poverty as America has ever had.Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following arguments. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.”
Members of the jury, you have heard Jack Fix testify that the defendant is not in fact a drug dealer. But Mr. Fix is a known drug dealer himself, and a close friend of the defendant. Also, only a year ago, he was convicted of five counts of perjury. Therefore, you should discount Fix’s
India is suffering a serious drought, thousands of children are dying of starvation in their mothers’ arms, and homeless beggars line the streets of the major cities. Surely we must give these poor downtrodden people the chance of bettering their condition in America, the land of wealth and
Mr. Flemming’s arguments against the rent-control initiative on the September ballot should be taken with a grain of salt. As a landlord he would naturally be expected to oppose the initiative.Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following arguments. If no
To prevent dangerous weapons from being carried aboard airliners, those seeking to board must pass through a magnetometer or X-ray device and submit to a possible pat-down search. Therefore, to prevent alcohol and drugs from being carried into rock concerts, those entering should submit to similar
Dear Internal Revenue Service: I received a notice that my taxes are being audited for last year. But you have no right to do this. The deadline for filing a return was April 15, and I filed my tax return on April 12—a full three days before the deadline.Identify the fallacies of relevance and
James Dobson, founder of Focus on the Family, says that men have the divine obligation to lead their families, and women have the divine obligation to submit to their husband’s authority. Given Dobson’s apparent ability to receive messages from God, we must conclude that this statement is
Student loan debt is becoming a national crisis. Clearly, we should provide free textbooks to all college students.Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following arguments. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.”
The operation of a camera is similar in many ways to the operation of an eye. If you are to see anything in a darkened room, the pupils of your eyes must first dilate. Accordingly, if you are to take a photograph (without flash) in a darkened room, the aperture of the camera lens must first be
Michael Moore, the documentary filmmaker, argues that capitalist institutions are ravaging America’s middle class and walking away with billions of dollars in their pockets. But Moore is just a big, fat, populist rabble-rouser, and a multi millionaire to boot. He should keep his mouth
Environmentalists accuse us of blocking the plan to convert Antarctica into a world park. In fact, nothing could be further from the truth. Antarctica is a huge continent teeming with life. It is the home of millions of penguins, seals, sea birds, and sea lions. Also, great schools of finfish and
Extensive laboratory tests have failed to prove any deleterious side effects of the new painkiller lexaprine. We conclude that lexaprine is safe for human consumption.Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following arguments. If no fallacy is committed, write “no
When water is poured on the top of a pile of rocks, it always trickles down to the rocks on the bottom. Similarly, when rich people make lots of money, we can expect this money to trickle down to the poor.Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following arguments.
Ellen Quinn has argued that logic is not the most important thing in life. Apparently Ellen advocates irrationality. It has taken two million years for the human race to achieve the position that it has, and Ellen would throw the whole thing into the garbage. What utter nonsense!Identify the
Practically everyone has a fake ID card these days. Therefore, you should have no qualms about getting one yourself.Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following arguments. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.”
Johnny, of course I deserve the use of your bicycle for the afternoon. After all, I’m sure you wouldn’t want your mother to find out that you played hooky today.Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following arguments. If no fallacy is committed, write “no
Emily has bought over 100 tickets on the weekly state lottery, and she has never won anything. Therefore, the likelihood increases every week that she will win something if she continues to buy tickets.Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following arguments. If
World-renowned physicist Stephen Hawking claims that black holes do not gobble up everything that falls into them without leaving a trace, but that something is always left behind. Given Hawking’s stature as a scientist and the many years he has worked on this problem, we should conclude that
What the farmer sows in the spring he reaps in the fall. In the spring he sows $8-per-bushel soybeans. Therefore, in the fall he will reap $8-per-bushel soybeans.Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following arguments. If no fallacy is committed, write “no
Todd Burpo, the best-selling author, argues in his book that heaven is real and that his son Colton met Jesus and John the Baptist in a near-death experience. But it’s clear that Burpo says these things only to sell lots of books. Therefore, his arguments have no merit.Identify the fallacies of
These equal rights ordinances that supposedly protect gays and transexuals from discrimination are the work of the devil! Once these ordinances are enacted, sexual deviants, lurking in the shadows of public restrooms and locker rooms, will spring upon unsuspecting girls and women and perpetrate all
Tagging by graffiti artists has become a terrible problem in recent years. Obviously our schools are stifling the creative spirit of these young people.Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following arguments. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.”
I bumped into my friend Andy the other day, and the first thing his German shepherd did was rush up to me and sniff that spot about ten inches beneath my navel. When I visited Lucy at her home, her Irish setter made a beeline for . . . yep, the same spot. Dogs are all alike. The only thing they
There are more churches in New York City than in any other city in the nation, and more crimes are committed in New York City than anywhere else. So, if we are to eliminate crime, we must abolish the churches.Identify the fallacies of weak induction committed by the following arguments, giving a
No one has proved conclusively that America’s nuclear power plants constitute a danger to people living in their immediate vicinity. Therefore, it is perfectly safe to continue to build nuclear power plants near large metropolitan centers.Identify the fallacies of weak induction committed by the
No one should buy clothing at a department store without first trying it on. Accordingly, no one should buy food at a grocery store without first tasting it.Identify the fallacies of weak induction committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is
We don’t dare let the animal-rights activists get their foot in the door. If they sell us on the idea that dogs, cats, and dolphins have rights, next it will be chickens and cows. That means no more chicken Kiev or beef Wellington. Next it will be worms and insects. This will lead to the
Probably no life exists on Venus. Teams of scientists have conducted exhaustive studies of the planet’s surface and atmosphere, and no living organisms have been found.Identify the fallacies of weak induction committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no
There is substantial evidence that units of the Chinese military hack into the computers of American technology companies to steal intellectual property and trade secrets. But Chinese Premier Li Keqiang denies that this happens. Therefore, given Mr. Li's intimate knowledge of the Chinese military,
George Clooney and Angelia Jolie give large sums of money to charitable causes every year. It must be the case that all movie stars give large amounts of money to charity every year.Identify the fallacies of weak induction committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your
Lester Brown, universally respected author of the yearly State of the World report, has said that the destruction of tropical rain forests is one of the ten most serious worldwide problems. Thus, it must be the case that this is indeed a very serious problem.Identify the fallacies of weak induction
No one has ever been able to prove the existence of extrasensory perception. We must therefore conclude that extrasensory perception is a myth.Identify the fallacies of weak induction committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write
A few minutes after Governor Harrison finished his speech on television, a devastating earthquake struck southern Alaska. For the safety of the people up there, it is imperative that Governor Harrison make no more speeches.Identify the fallacies of weak induction committed by the following
The accumulation of pressure in a society is similar to the buildup of pressure in a boiler. If the pressure in a boiler increases beyond a critical point, the boiler will explode. Accordingly, if a government represses its people beyond a certain point, the people will rise up in revolt.Identify
The accumulation of pressure in a society is similar to the buildup of pressure in a boiler. If the pressure in a boiler increases beyond a critical point, the boiler will explode. Accordingly, if a government represses its people beyond a certain point, the people will rise up in revolt.Identify
The secretaries have asked us to provide lounge areas where they can spend their coffee breaks. This request will have to be refused. If we give them lounge areas, next they’ll be asking for spas and swimming pools. Then it will be racquetball courts, tennis courts, and fitness centers.
There must be something to psychical research. Three famous physicists— Oliver Lodge, James Jeans, and Arthur Stanley Eddington—took it seriously.There must be something to psychical research. Three famous physicists—Oliver Lodge, James Jeans, and Arthur Stanley Eddington—took it
If a car breaks down on the freeway, a passing mechanic is not obligated to render emergency road service. For similar reasons, if a person suffers a heart attack on the street, a passing physician is not obligated to render emergency medical assistance.Identify the fallacies of weak induction
The Daily News carried an article this morning about three local teenagers who were arrested on charges of drug possession. Teenagers these days are nothing but a bunch of junkies.Identify the fallacies of weak induction committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your
Create the following informal fallacies:1. An appeal to force dealing with an automobile collision2. An appeal to pity about hiring someone for a job3. An appeal to fear related to immigration4. A bandwagon argument dealing with alcoholic beverages5. An ad hominem abusive related to politics6. An
Mr. Rhodes is suffering from amnesia and has no recollection whatever of the events of the past two weeks. We can only conclude that he did not commit the crime of murdering his wife a week ago, as he has been accused of doing.Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following
Dr. Morrison has argued that smoking is responsible for the majority of health problems in this country and that every smoker who has even the slightest concern for his or her health should quit. Unfortunately, however, we must consign Dr. Morrison’s argument to the trash bin. Only yesterday I
Marie Osmond says on TV that Nutrisystem is the best way to get rid of belly fat. But this is exactly what you would expect given that Nutrisystem pays her millions of dollars to make these ads. Thus, you shouldn’t take her testimonials too seriously.Identify the fallacies of relevance committed
Of course you want to buy a pair of Slinky fashion jeans. Slinky jeans really show off your figure, and all the Hollywood starlets down on the Strip can be seen wearing them these days.Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your
Animal rights activists say that animals are abused in biomedical research labs. But consider this: Pets are abused by their owners every day. Probably 25 percent of pet owners should never get near animals. Some cases of abuse are enough to make you sick.Identify the fallacies of relevance
I know that some of you oppose the appointment of David Cole as the new sales manager. On further consideration, however, I am confident you will find him well qualified for the job. If Cole is not appointed, it may become necessary to make severe personnel cutbacks in your department.Identify the
TV commentator Larry Kudlow argues that government should get off the back of the American businessman. Obviously, Kudlow wants to abolish government altogether. Yet without government there would be no defense, no judicial system, no Social Security, and no health and safety regulations. None of
TV commentator Larry Kudlow argues that government should get off the back of the American businessman. Obviously, Kudlow wants to abolish government altogether. Yet without government there would be no defense, no judicial system, no Social Security, and no health and safety regulations. None of
Rudolf Höss, commandant of the Auschwitz concentration camp, confessed to having exterminated 1 million people, most of whom were Jews, in the Auschwitz gas chamber. We can only conclude that Höss was either insane or an extremely evil person.Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the
Professor Pearson’s arguments in favor of the theory of evolution should be discounted. Pearson is a cocaine-snorting sex pervert and, according to some reports, a member of the Communist party.Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation
U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren argues that big banks have been ripping off the American consumer for years. It’s clear, however, that Warren says this only to scratch up more campaign contributions from those very consumers. Thus, you shouldn’t take her arguments seriously.Identify the fallacies
The First Amendment to the Constitution prevents the government from interfering with the free exercise of religion. The liturgical practice of the Religion of Internal Enlightenment involves human sacrifice. Therefore, it would be wrong for the government to interfere with this religious
Surely architect Norris is not responsible for the collapse of the Central Bank Tower. Norris has had nothing but trouble lately. His daughter eloped with a child molester, his son committed suicide, and his alcoholic wife recently left for Las Vegas with his retirement savings.Identify the
We’ve all heard the argument that too much television is the reason our students can’t read and write. Yet many of today’s TV shows are excellent. Madam Secretary offers a look at the personal and professional life of a secretary of state, The Big Bang Theory serves up lots of laughs in a
Ladies and gentlemen, today the lines of battle have been drawn. When the din of clashing armor has finally died away, the Republican party will emerge victorious! We are the true party of the American people! We embody the values that all real Americans hold sacred! We cherish and protect our
If 20 percent of adult Americans are functionally illiterate, then it’s no wonder that morons get elected to public office. In fact, 20 percent of adult Americans are functionally illiterate. Therefore, it’s no wonder that morons get elected to public office.Identify the fallacies of relevance
Giving ridiculous reasons, the editors of the Daily Register have accused our company of being one of the city’s worst water polluters. But the Daily Register is responsible for much more pollution than we are. After all, they own the Western Paper Company, and that company discharges tons of
Something is seriously wrong with high school education these days. After ten years of decline, SAT scores are still extremely low, and high school graduates are practically incapable of reading and writing. The obvious conclusion is that we should close the schools.Identify the fallacies of
Senator Barrow advocates increased Social Security benefits for the poor. It is regrettable that the senator finds it necessary to advocate socialism. Socialism defeats initiative, takes away promised rewards, and leads directly to inefficiency and big government. It was tried for years in Eastern
Surely you welcome the opportunity to join our protective organization. Think of all the money you will lose from broken windows, overturned trucks, and damaged merchandise in the event of your not joining.Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief
Friedrich Nietzsche’s philosophy is not worth the paper it’s printed on. Nietzsche was an immoral reprobate who went completely insane from syphilis before he died.Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy
You should read Irving Stone’s latest novel right away. It’s sold over a million copies, and practically everyone in the Manhattan cocktail circuit is talking about it.Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no
You should read Irving Stone’s latest novel right away. It’s sold over a million copies, and practically everyone in the Manhattan cocktail circuit is talking about it.Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no
Whoever thrusts a knife into another person should be arrested. But surgeons do precisely this when operating. Therefore, surgeons should be arrested.Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed,
Whoever thrusts a knife into another person should be arrested. But surgeons do precisely this when operating. Therefore, surgeons should be arrested.Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed,
The school board argues that our schools are in desperate need of repair. But the real reason our students are falling behind is that they spend too much time on their smartphones. Becoming educated means a lot more than learning how to scroll up and down. The school board should send a letter to
Erica Evans, who takes orders at the local Taco Bell, argues persuasively in favor of increasing the minimum wage. But this is exactly what you would expect. Erica is paid the minimum wage, and if the minimum wage is increased, then her own salary will go up. Obviously Erica’s arguments are
The position open in the accounting department should be given to Frank Thompson. Frank has six hungry children to feed, and his wife desperately needs an operation to save her eyesight.Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your
Create the following formal and informal fallacies:1. A hypothetical syllogism that contains a formal fallacy (see the “apes” argument given earlier in this section)2. An informal fallacy similar to the Brooklyn Bridge argument given earlier in this section
Some corporate mergers are arrangements that produce layoffs. Some arrangements that produce layoffs are social catastrophes. Therefore, some corporate mergers are social catastrophesDetermine whether the fallacies committed by the following arguments are formal fallacies or informal fallacies.
Some corporate mergers are arrangements that produce layoffs. Some arrangements that produce layoffs are social catastrophes. Therefore, some corporate mergers are social catastrophesDetermine whether the fallacies committed by the following arguments are formal fallacies or informal fallacies.
If plastic guns are sold to the public, then terrorists will carry them aboard airliners undetected. If plastic guns are sold to the public, then airline hijackings will increase. Therefore, if terrorists carry plastic guns aboard airliners undetected, then airline hijackings will
Mark Zuckerberg, cofounder of Facebook, argues in favor of opening up the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling. But consider this: Zuckerberg is just a moneygrubbing capitalist who only cares about inflating his already bloated bank account. Clearly his arguments are ridiculous.Determine
Sarah Jessica Parker, Ben Affleck, and Julia Roberts are Democrats. Therefore, it must be the case that all Hollywood stars are Democrats.Determine whether the fallacies committed by the following arguments are formal fallacies or informal fallacies.
Sarah Jessica Parker, Ben Affleck, and Julia Roberts are Democrats. Therefore, it must be the case that all Hollywood stars are Democrats.Determine whether the fallacies committed by the following arguments are formal fallacies or informal fallacies.
If the Chinese government systematically kills its unwanted orphans, then the Chinese government is immoral. The Chinese government is indeed immoral. Therefore, the Chinese government systematically kills its unwanted orphans.Determine whether the fallacies committed by the following arguments are
Renowned violinist Pinchas Zukerman has said, “When it comes to vodka, Smirnoff plays second fiddle to none.” We must therefore conclude that Smirnoff is the best vodka available.Determine whether the fallacies committed by the following arguments are formal fallacies or informal fallacies.
The ship of state is like a ship at sea. No sailor is ever allowed to protest orders from the captain. For the same reason, no citizen should ever be allowed to protest presidential policies.Determine whether the fallacies committed by the following arguments are formal fallacies or informal
All people who believe we create our own reality are people who lack social responsibility. All people governed by selfish motives are people who lack social responsibility. Therefore, all people who believe we create our own reality are people governed by selfish motives.Determine whether the
Everything that runs has feet. The Columbia River runs very swiftly. Therefore, the Columbia River has feet.Determine whether the fallacies committed by the following arguments are formal fallacies or informal fallacies.
If Rasputin was really mad, then he deceived Czar Nicholas II. Rasputin was not really mad. Therefore, he did not deceive Czar Nicholas II.Determine whether the fallacies committed by the following arguments are formal fallacies or informal fallacies.
Create two new examples of each of the four kinds of standard-form categorical propositions. Make sure each has a quantifier, subject term, copula, and predicate term.
Some presidential candidates are not threats to the establishment.In the following categorical propositions identify the quantifier, subject term, copula, and predicate term.
Some school uniforms are useful tools for social conditioning.In the following categorical propositions identify the quantifier, subject term, copula, and predicate term.
No foods that are loaded with antibiotics are meals suitable for humans.In the following categorical propositions identify the quantifier, subject term, copula, and predicate term.
All animal-rights activists are individuals motivated by empathy.In the following categorical propositions identify the quantifier, subject term, copula, and predicate term.
Some asylum seekers are not travelers who will reach their destinations.In the following categorical propositions identify the quantifier, subject term, copula, and predicate term.
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