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social science
introduction to logic

Introduction To Logic 15th Edition Irving M. Copi, Carl Cohen, Victor Rodych - Solutions

Analyze the structure of the analogical arguments in the following passages, and evaluate them in terms of the six criteria that have been explained:An electron is no more (and no less) hypothetical than a star. Nowadays we count electrons one by one in a Geiger counter, as we count the stars one
Wittgenstein used to compare thinking with swimming: just as in swimming our bodies have a natural tendency to float on the surface so that it requires great physical exertion to plunge to the bottom, so in thinking it requires great mental exertion to force our minds away from the superficial,
Analyze the structure of the analogical arguments in the following passages, and evaluate them in terms of the six criteria that have been explained:Just as the bottom of a bucket containing water is pressed more heavily by the weight of the water when it is full than when it is half empty, and the
A person without a goal is like a computer without a program. And that’s an ugly piece of furniture.—Steve Danish, “Getting a Life,” The New York Times , March 1998
Analyze the structure of the analogical arguments in the following passages, and evaluate them in terms of the six criteria that have been explained:Suppose that someone tells me that he has had a tooth extracted without an anaesthetic, and I express my sympathy, and suppose that I am then asked,
The quest for usable energy from fusion involves the use of interlocked magnetic fi elds to contain very hot (180 million degrees Fahrenheit) and highly compressed (to a density 20 times that of lead) electrically charged plasma (a kind of gas) within a vacuum chamber. The plasma must never touch
Analyze the structure of the analogical arguments in the following passages, and evaluate them in terms of the six criteria that have been explained:One cannot require that everything shall be defined, any more than one can require that a chemist shall decompose every substance. What is simple
Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:The sequence of DNA units in the genome of humans and in that of chimpanzees is 98.8 percent identical; humans and chimps shared a
Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:A simple, inexpensive and surprisingly powerful combination of treatments that all but wiped out malaria in a group of HIV-positive
Analyze the structure of the analogical arguments in the following passages, and evaluate them in terms of the six criteria that have been explained:Now if we survey the universe, so far as it falls under our knowledge, it bears a great resemblance to an animal or organized body and seems actuated
It is important that we make clear at this point what definition is and what can be attained by means of it. It seems frequently to be credited with a creative power; but all it accomplishes is that something is marked out in sharp relief and designated by a name. Just as the geographer does not
Children in school are like children at the doctor’s. He can talk himself blue in the face about how much good his medicine is going to do them; all they think of is how much it will hurt or how bad it will taste. Given their own way, they would have none of it. So the valiant and resolute band
Analyze the structure of the analogical arguments in the following passages, and evaluate them in terms of the six criteria that have been explained:Most endangered or threatened species in the United States find suitable habitat on private land, and the destruction of habitat is widely recognized
I simply can’t imagine the world will ever be normal again for us. I do talk about “after the war,” but it’s as if I were talking about a castle in the air, something that can never come true.I see the eight of us in the Annex as if we were a patch of blue sky surrounded by menacing black
Analyze the structure of the analogical arguments in the following passages, and evaluate them in terms of the six criteria that have been explained:Opposing legislation that would restrict handgun ownership in the United Kingdom, the husband of Queen Elizabeth II reasoned as follows:Look, if a
Unfortunately, the diary [of H. L. Mencken] reveals a man who was shockingly anti-Semitic and racist, to the point where his stature as a giant of American letters may be in danger. . . . I would draw a comparison with Richard Wagner, a virulent anti-Semite. One can still listen to Wagner’s
Analyze the structure of the analogical arguments in the following passages, and evaluate them in terms of the six criteria that have been explained:. . . The simplest form of the theological argument from design [was] once well known under the name “Paley’s watch.” Paley’s form of it was
Analyze each of the following scientific reports, explaining how the pattern of the method of agreement is manifested by each. Discuss, in each case, the limitations of the method of agreement as applied to that quest for a causal connection.Contaminated scallions, chopped up raw in salsa that was
Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:Strong evidence has been presented that a diet low in folic acid [a trace vitamin inthe B complex] during pregnancy increases the
Analyze each of the following scientific reports, explaining how the pattern of the method of agreement is manifested by each. Discuss, in each case, the limitations of the method of agreement as applied to that quest for a causal connection.Researchers at the University of California at Irvine
Analyze each of the following scientific reports, explaining how the pattern of the method of agreement is manifested by each. Discuss, in each case, the limitations of the method of agreement as applied to that quest for a causal connection.Medical researchers have concluded not only that the
Analyze each of the following scientific reports, explaining how the pattern of the method of agreement is manifested by each. Discuss, in each case, the limitations of the method of agreement as applied to that quest for a causal connection.A large extended family in the town of Cartago, Costa
Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:Some theories arise from anecdotal evidence that is difficult to confirm. In The Left- Hander Syndrome (New York: Bantam Books,
Using the truth-table definitions of the dot, the wedge, and the tilde (curl), determine which of the following statements are true:(Paris is the capital of France ꓦ ~Rome is the capital of Spain) ꓦ ~(~ Paris is the capital of France ⋅ ~ Rome is the capital of Spain).
Use truth tables to determine the validity or invalidity of each of the following arguments:(P1): U ⊃ (V ꓦ W)(P2): (V · W) ⊃ ~U∴~U
Use truth tables to determine the validity or invalidity of each of the following arguments:(P1): (R ꓦ S) ⊃ T(P2): T ⊃ (R ⋅ S)∴(R ⋅ S) ⊃ (R ꓦ S)
Symbolize the following, using capital letters to abbreviate the simple statements involved.If neither Chile nor the Dominican Republic calls for a meeting of all the Latin American states, then Brazil will not protest to the UN unless Argentina mobilizes.
Symbolize the following, using capital letters to abbreviate the simple statements involved.If Argentina mobilizes and Brazil protests to the UN, then either Chile or the Dominican Republic will call for a meeting of all the Latin American states.
Symbolize the following, using capital letters to abbreviate the simple statements involved.Argentina will mobilize if either Brazil protests to the UN or Chile calls for a meeting of all the Latin American states.
Symbolize the following, using capital letters to abbreviate the simple statements involved.Brazil will protest to the UN only if either Argentina mobilizes or Chile calls for a meeting of all the Latin American states.
Symbolize the following, using capital letters to abbreviate the simple statements involved.If Argentina mobilizes and Brazil protests to the UN, then both Chile and the Dominican Republic will call for a meeting of all the Latin American states.
Symbolize the following, using capital letters to abbreviate the simple statements involved.Argentina’s mobilizing is a necessary condition for Chile to call for a meeting of all the Latin American states.
Symbolize the following, using capital letters to abbreviate the simple statements involved.Argentina’s mobilizing is a sufficient condition for Brazil to protest to the UN.
Symbolize the following, using capital letters to abbreviate the simple statements involved.Unless Chile calls for a meeting of all the Latin American states, Brazil will protest to the UN.
Symbolize the following, using capital letters to abbreviate the simple statements involved.Brazil will not protest to the UN unless Argentina mobilizes.
If A , B , and C are true statements and X , Y , and Z are false statements, which of the following are true?~[(B ⋅ C) ⋅ ~ (C ⋅ B)]
Symbolize the following, using capital letters to abbreviate the simple statements involved.If Argentina mobilizes, then Brazil will protest to the UN unless Chile calls for a meeting of all the Latin American states.
If A , B , and C are true statements and X , Y , and Z are false statements, which of the following are true?~(B ꓦ Z) · ~ (X ꓦ ~Y)
Symbolize the following, using capital letters to abbreviate the simple statements involved.Brazil will protest to the UN unless Chile calls for a meeting of all the Latin American states.
If A , B , and C are true statements and X , Y , and Z are false statements, which of the following are true?~[(Aꓦ ~ C) ꓦ (Cꓦ ~ A)]
For students who enjoy the complexities of analytical syllogistics, here follow some theoretical questions whose answers can all be derived from the systematic application of the six rules of the syllogism set forth in Section 6.4. Answering these questions will be much easier if you have fully
Refute, by the method of constructing logical analogies, any of the following arguments that are invalid:All business executives are active opponents of increased corporation taxes, for all active opponents of increased corporation taxes are members of the chamber of commerce, and all members of
No nuclear-powered submarines are commercial vessels, so no warships are commercial vessels, because all nuclear-powered submarines are warships.
Write out each of the following syllogistic forms, using S and P as the subject and predicate terms of the conclusion, and M as the middle term. (Refer to the chart of the four syllogistic figures, if necessary, on p. 214.) Then test the validity of each syllogistic form using a Venn diagram.AEE–1
For students who enjoy the complexities of analytical syllogistics, here follow some theoretical questions whose answers can all be derived from the systematic application of the six rules of the syllogism set forth in Section 6.4. Answering these questions will be much easier if you have fully
Put each of the following syllogisms into standard form, name its mood and figure, and test its validity using a Venn diagram:No people whose primary interest is in winning elections are true liberals, and all active politicians are people whose primary interest is in winning elections, which
Identify the rule that is broken by each invalid syllogism you can find in the following exercises, and name the fallacy that is committed:All people who are most hungry are people who eat most.All people who eat least are people who are most hungry.Therefore all people who eat least are people who
Put each of the following syllogisms into standard form, name its mood and figure, and test its validity using a Venn diagram:No weaklings are labor leaders, because no weaklings are true liberals, and all laborleaders are true liberals.
Identify the rule that is broken by each invalid syllogism you can find in the following exercises, and name the fallacy that is committed:Some spaniels are not good hunters.All spaniels are gentle dogs.Therefore no gentle dogs are good hunters.
Identify the rule that is broken by any of the following syllogisms that are invalid, and name the fallacy that is committed:All chocolate éclairs are fattening foods, because all chocolate éclairs are rich desserts, and some fattening foods are not rich desserts.
Identify the rule that is broken by any of the following syllogisms that are invalid, and name the fallacy that is committed:All inventors are people who see new patterns in familiar things, so all inventors are eccentrics, because all eccentrics are people who see new patterns in familiar things.
Identify the rule that is broken by any of the following syllogisms that are invalid, and name the fallacy that is committed:Some snakes are not dangerous animals, but all snakes are reptiles, therefore some dangerous animals are not reptiles.
Identify the rule that is broken by any of the following syllogisms that are invalid, and name the fallacy that is committed:Some foods that contain iron are toxic substances, for all fish containing mercury are foods that contain iron, and all fish containing mercury are toxic substances.
Identify the rule that is broken by any of the following syllogisms that are invalid, and name the fallacy that is committed:All opponents of basic economic and political changes are outspoken critics of the liberal leaders of Congress, and all right-wing extremists are opponents of basic economic
Identify the rule that is broken by any of the following syllogisms that are invalid, and name the fallacy that is committed:No writers of lewd and sensational articles are honest and decent citizens, but some journalists are not writers of lewd and sensational articles; consequently, some
Identify the rule that is broken by any of the following syllogisms that are invalid, and name the fallacy that is committed:All supporters of popular government are democrats, so all supporters of popular government are opponents of the Republican Party, inasmuch as all Democrats are opponents of
Identify the rule that is broken by any of the following syllogisms that are invalid, and name the fallacy that is committed:No coal-tar derivatives are nourishing foods, because all artificial dyes are coal-tar derivatives, and no artificial dyes are nourishing foods.
Identify the rule that is broken by any of the following syllogisms that are invalid, and name the fallacy that is committed:No coal-tar derivatives are nourishing foods, because no coal-tar derivatives are natural grain products, and all natural grain products are nourishing foods.
Identify the rule that is broken by any of the following syllogisms that are invalid, and name the fallacy that is committed:All people who live in London are people who drink tea, and all people who drink tea are people who like it. We may conclude, then, that all people who live in London are
Translate the propositions of the following sorites into standard form, and test the validity of each sorites.(1) Babies are illogical.(2) Nobody is despised who can manage a crocodile.(3) Illogical persons are despised.Therefore babies cannot manage crocodiles.
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:If a man could not have done otherwise than he in fact did, then he is not responsible for his action. But if determinism is true, it is true of every action that the agent could not have done
Translate the following syllogistic arguments into standard form, and test their validity by using either Venn diagrams or the syllogistic rules set forth in Chapter 6.Some preachers are persons of unfailing vigor. No preachers are nonintellectuals. Therefore some intellectuals are persons of
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing premise or conclusion needed to make the completed argument valid—if possible—using parameters
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:Roses are fragrant.
Translate the following propositions into standard form, using parameters where necessary.He groans whenever he is reminded of his loss.
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:Men, it is assumed, act in economic matters only in response to pecuniary compensation or to force. Force in the modern society is largely, although by no means completely, obsolete. So only
Discuss the various arguments that might be offered to refute each of the following:If you tell me what I already understand, you do not enlarge my understanding, whereas if you tell me something that I do not understand, then your remarks are unintelligible to me. Whatever you tell me must be
Translate the following syllogistic arguments into standard form, and test their validity by using either Venn diagrams or the syllogistic rules set forth in Chapter 6.Some metals are rare and costly substances, but no welder’s materials are nonmetals; hence some welder’s materials are rare and
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing premise or conclusion needed to make the completed argument valid—if possible—using parameters
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:Orchids are not fragrant.
Translate the following propositions into standard form, using parameters where necessary.She never drives her car to work.
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:If each man had a definite set of rules of conduct by which he regulated his life he would be no better than a machine. But there are no such rules, so men cannot b machines.—A. M. Turing,
Discuss the various arguments that might be offered to refute each of the following:If the conclusion of a deductive argument goes beyond the premises, then the argument is invalid, while if the conclusion of a deductive argument does not go beyond the premises, then the argument brings nothing new
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing premise or conclusion needed to make the completed argument valid—if possible—using parameters
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:Many a person has lived to regret a misspent youth.
Translate the following propositions into standard form, using parameters where necessary.He walks where he chooses.
Translate the propositions of the following sorites into standard form, and test the validity of each sorites.(1) Only profound scholars can be dons at Oxford.(2) No insensitive souls are great lovers of music.(3) No one whose soul is not sensitive can be a Don Juan.(4) There are no profound
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:If the second native told the truth, then the first native denied being a politician.If the third native told the truth, then the first native denied being a politician.Therefore if the second
Discuss the various arguments that might be offered to refute each of the following:If a deductive argument is invalid, it is without value, whereas a deductive argument that brings nothing new to light is also without value. Either deductive arguments are invalid or they bring nothing new to
Translate the following syllogistic arguments into standard form, and test their validity by using either Venn diagrams or the syllogistic rules set forth in Chapter 6.Some Asian nations were nonbelligerents, because all belligerents were allies either of Germany or Britain, and some Asian nations
Identify the rule that is broken by invalid syllogisms of the following forms, and name the fallacy that each commits:EAA–1
Refute, by the method of constructing logical analogies, any of the following arguments that are invalid:No medicines that can be purchased without a doctor’s prescription are habit forming drugs, so some narcotics are not habit-forming drugs, because some narcotics are medicines that can be
Some evergreens are objects of worship, because all fir trees are evergreens, and some objects of worship are fir trees.
Write out each of the following syllogistic forms, using S and P as the subject and predicate terms of the conclusion, and M as the middle term. Then test the validity of each syllogistic form using a Venn diagram.EIO–2
Identify the rule that is broken by invalid syllogisms of the following forms, and name the fallacy that each commits:AAA–2

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