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social science
introduction to logic

Questions and Answers of Introduction To Logic

Some drone attacks are assaults on human life, given that some stealth operations are assaults on human life and all drone attacks are stealth operations.Some drone attacks are assaults on human
No movie producers are uncompetitive business executives, and some Hollywood moguls are movie producers. It follows that no Hollywood moguls are uncompetitive business executives.Use the
Some school boards are not groups that oppose values clarification, because some school boards are not organizations with vision, and some groups that oppose values clarification are not
Some toxic dumps are sites that emit hazardous wastes, and some sites that emit hazardous wastes are undesirable places to live near. Thus, some toxic dumps are undesirable places to live near.Use
All meticulously constructed timepieces are true works of art, for all Swiss watches are true works of art and all Swiss watches are meticulously constructed timepieces.Use the counterexample method
Some farmworkers are not people who are paid decent wages, because no undocumented individuals are people who are paid decent wages, and some undocumented individuals are not farmworkers.Use the
Some evolutionists are not people who believe in the Bible, for no creationists are evolutionists, and some people who believe in the Bible are not creationists.Use the counterexample method to prove
Create the following sound and cogent arguments:1. A sound argument about musicians2. A valid unsound argument about painters3. An invalid argument about writers4. A cogent argument relating to
Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:1. Some arguments, while not completely valid, are almost valid.2. Inductive arguments allow for varying degrees of strength and
Define the following terms:
Since Michael is a Pisces, it necessarily follows that he was born in March.Determine whether the following arguments are inductive or deductive. If an argument is inductive, determine whether it is
Statistics reveal that 86 percent of those who receive flu shots do not get the flu. Jack received a flu shot one month ago. Therefore, he should be immune, even though the flu is going around
If inflation heats up, then interest rates will rise. If interest rates rise, then bond prices will decline. Therefore, if inflation heats up, then bond prices will decline.Determine whether the
If acupuncture is hocus pocus, then acupuncture cannot relieve chronic pain. But acupuncture can relieve chronic pain. Therefore, acupuncture is not hocus pocus.Determine whether the following
Since x + y = 10, and x = 7, it follows that y = 4.Determine whether the following arguments are inductive or deductive. If an argument is inductive, determine whether it is strong or weak. If it is
Harry will never be able to solve that difficult problem in advanced calculus in the limited time allowed. He has never studied anything beyond algebra, and in that he earned only a C−.Determine
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor happened in either 1941 or 1951. But it didn’t happen in 1941. Therefore, it happened in 1951.Determine whether the following arguments are inductive or
This cash register drawer contains over 100 coins. Three coins selected at random were found to have dates earlier than 1960. Therefore, probably all of the coins in the drawer have dates earlier
Since John loves Nancy and Nancy loves Peter, it follows necessarily that John loves Peter.Determine whether the following arguments are inductive or deductive. If an argument is inductive, determine
Robert has lost consistently at blackjack every day for the past several days. Therefore, it is very likely that he will win today.Determine whether the following arguments are inductive or
Circle A has exactly twice the diameter of circle B. From this we may conclude that circle A has exactly twice the area of circle B.Determine whether the following arguments are inductive or
The picnic scheduled in the park for tomorrow will most likely be cancelled. It’s been snowing for six days straight.Determine whether the following arguments are inductive or deductive. If an
Since Phyllis is the cousin of Denise, and Denise is the cousin of Harriet, it follows necessarily that Harriet is the cousin of Phyllis.Determine whether the following arguments are inductive or
After taking LSD, Alice said she saw a flying saucer land in the shopping center parking lot. Since Alice has a reputation for always telling the truth, we must conclude that a flying saucer really
By accident Karen baked her brownies two hours longer than she should have. Therefore, they have probably been ruined.Determine whether the following arguments are inductive or deductive. If an
Suppose figure A is a triangle having two equal angles. It follows that figure A has two equal sides.Determine whether the following arguments are inductive or deductive. If an argument is inductive,
Since Christmas is always on a Thursday, it follows that the day after Christmas is always a Friday.Determine whether the following arguments are inductive or deductive. If an argument is inductive,
The Broadway Theater marquee says that The Phantom of the Opera is playing nightly. Therefore, it must be that case that Phantom is playing there tonight.Determine whether the following arguments are
When a cook cannot recall the ingredients in a recipe, it is appropriate that she refresh her memory by consulting the recipe book. Similarly, when a student cannot recall the answers during a final
Since Tom is the brother of Agatha, and Agatha is the mother of Raquel, it follows that Tom is the uncle of Raquel.Determine whether the following arguments are inductive or deductive. If an argument
A random sample of twenty-five famous country singers, which included Taylor Swift and Blake Shelton, revealed that every single one of them studied music in Tasmania. Therefore, probably the
A random sample of twenty-five famous country singers, which included Taylor Swift and Blake Shelton, revealed that every single one of them studied music in Tasmania. Therefore, probably the
Unlike monkeys, today’s humans have feet that are not suited for grasping objects. Therefore, a thousand years from now, probably humans will still have feet that are not suited for grasping
Children love green M&M’s. But brussels sprouts are green, too. Therefore, it must be the case that children love brussels sprouts.The following arguments are inductive. Determine whether each is
When Neil Armstrong landed on the moon, he left behind a gold-plated Schwinn bicycle, which he used to ride around on the moon’s surface. Probably that bicycle is still up there on the moon.The
Every map of the United States shows that Alabama is situated on the Pacific coast. Therefore, Alabama must be a western state.The following arguments are inductive. Determine whether each is strong
Coca-Cola is an extremely popular soft drink consumed all over the world. Therefore, probably someone, somewhere, is drinking a Coke right this minute.The following arguments are inductive. Determine
The Declaration of Independence says that all men are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights. Therefore it probably follows that a creator exists.The following arguments are
Most popular film stars are millionaires. Shailene Woodley is a popular film star. Therefore, probably Shailene Woodley is a millionaire.The following arguments are inductive. Determine whether each
Paleontologists have unearthed the fossilized bones of huge reptiles, which we have named dinosaurs. Tests indicate that these bones are more than 50 million years old. Therefore, probably dinosaurs
People have been listening to rock and roll music for over a hundred years. Probably people will still be listening to it a year from now.The following arguments are inductive. Determine whether each
Constructing the great pyramid at Giza required lifting massive stone blocks to great heights. Probably the ancient Egyptians had some antigravity device to accomplish this feat.The following
The United States Congress has more members than there are days in the year. Therefore, at least two members of Congress have the same birthday.The following arguments are deductive. Determine
All physicians are individuals who have earned degrees in political science, and some lawyers are physicians. Therefore, some lawyers are persons who have earned degrees in political science.The
Since some fruits are green, and some fruits are apples, it follows that some fruits are green apples.The following arguments are deductive. Determine whether each is valid or invalid, and note the
Since Winston Churchill was English, and Winston Churchill was a famous statesman, we may conclude that at least one Englishman was a famous statesman.The following arguments are deductive. Determine
Since the Department of Defense Building outside Washington, D.C., has the shape of a hexagon, it follows that it has seven sides.The following arguments are deductive. Determine whether each is
Every province in Canada has exactly one city as its capital. Therefore, since there are thirty provinces in Canada, there are thirty provincial capitals.The following arguments are deductive.
If Queen Elizabeth was born in Los Angeles, then she is a California native. Queen Elizabeth is not a California native. Therefore, Queen Elizabeth was not born in Los Angeles.The following arguments
Chicago is a city in Michigan and Michigan is part of the United States. Therefore, Chicago is a city in the United States.The following arguments are deductive. Determine whether each is valid or
All leopards with lungs are carnivores. Therefore, all leopards are carnivores.The following arguments are deductive. Determine whether each is valid or invalid, and note the relationship between
The Empire State Building is taller than the Statue of Liberty, and the Statue of Liberty is taller than the Eiffel Tower. Therefore, the Empire State Building is taller than the Eiffel TowerThe
Since the Spanish-American War occurred before the U.S. Civil War, and the U.S. Civil War occurred after the Korean War, it follows that the Spanish-American War occurred before the Korean War.The
The longest river in South America is the Amazon, and the Amazon flows through Brazil. Therefore, the longest river in South America flows through Brazil.The following arguments are deductive.
If George Washington was beheaded, then George Washington died. George Washington died. Therefore, George Washington was beheaded.The following arguments are deductive. Determine whether each is
Since London is north of Paris and south of Edinburgh, it follows that Paris is south of Edinburgh.The following arguments are deductive. Determine whether each is valid or invalid, and note the
Create the following deductive and inductive arguments:1. A categorical syllogism involving groups of people2. A disjunctive syllogism dealing with corporations3. A hypothetical syllogism relating to
Deductive arguments always proceed from the general to the particular.
Page through a book, magazine, or newspaper and find two arguments, one inductive and the other deductive. Copy the arguments as written, giving the appropriate reference. Then identify the premises
Because the moon moves relative to the earth so that it returns to the same position overhead after about 25 hours, there are two high and two low tides at any point every 25 hours.Determine whether
We tell people not to speed, but equip cars with air bags in case they do. So what's wrong with telling kids not to have sex, but making Plan B available in case they do?Determine whether the
Animals that live on plant foods must eat large quantities of vegetation, and this consumes much of their time. Meat eaters, by contrast, have no need to eat so much or so often. Consequently,
Ordinary things that we encounter every day are electrically neutral. Therefore, since negatively charged electrons are a part of everything, positively charged particles must also exist in all
Eternity is simultaneously whole. But time has a before and an after. Therefore time and eternity are not the same thing.Determine whether the following arguments are best interpreted as being
The Simpson incident had shown me that a dog was kept in the stables, and yet, though someone had been in and had fetched out a horse, he had not barked enough to arouse the two lads in the loft.
The interpretation of the laws is the proper and peculiar province of the courts. A constitution is, in fact, and must be regarded by the judges, as a fundamental law. It therefore belongs to them to
Given present growth rates in underdeveloped countries, the limited practice of birth control, and the difficulty of slowing the current growth momentum, it can be said with virtual certainty that
The graphical method for solving a system of equations is an approximation, since reading the point of intersection depends on the accuracy with which the lines are drawn and on the ability to
When the Romans occupied England, coal was burned. Since coal produces quite a bit of soot and sulfur dioxide, there must have been days almost 2,000 years ago when the air in the larger towns was
Contrary to the common notion that women tend to be chatty compared to men, little difference exists between the sexes in terms of talkativeness. Over a five-year period researchers placed
Contrary to the common notion that women tend to be chatty compared to men, little difference exists between the sexes in terms of talkativeness. Over a five-year period researchers placed
Because the apparent daily movement which is common to both the planets and the fixed stars is seen to travel from the east to the west, but the far-slower single movements of the single planets
Each element, such as hydrogen and iron, has a set of gaps-wavelengths that it absorbs rather than radiates. So if those wavelengths are missing from the spectrum, you know that that element is
Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States, was caused by a huge volcanic eruption 7,700 years ago. Since human beings have lived around the mountain for more than 10,000 years, it is likely
If Elon Musk is right about artificial intelligence, then artificial intelligence poses a risk to human survival. Elon Musk is right about artificial intelligence. Therefore, artificial intelligence
World-renowned physicist Stephen Hawking says that the condition of the universe at the instant of the big bang was more highly ordered than it is today. In view of Hawking's stature in the
Either classical culture originated in Greece, or it originated in Egypt. Classical culture did not originate in Egypt. Therefore, classical culture originated in Greece.Determine whether the
Cholesterol is endogenous with humans. Therefore, it is manufactured inside the human body.Determine whether the following arguments are best interpreted as being inductive or deductive. Also state
The Wall Street Journal has an article on the new banking regulations. The Financial Times, like the Wall Street Journal, is a highly respected business publication. Therefore, the Financial Times
Although both front and rear doors were found open after the burglary, there were pry marks around the lock on the rear door and deposits of mud near the threshold. It must be the case that the thief
Paying off terrorists in exchange for hostages is not a wise policy, since such action will only lead them to take more hostages in the future.Determine whether the following arguments are best
The longer a pendulum is, the longer it takes to swing. Therefore, when the pendulum of a clock is lengthened, the clock slows down.Determine whether the following arguments are best interpreted as
Amoco, Exxon, and Texaco are all listed on the New York Stock Exchange. It must be the case that all major American oil companies are listed on the New York Stock Exchange.Determine whether the
No e-mail messages are eloquent creations. Some love letters are eloquent creations. Therefore, some love letters are not e-mail messages.Determine whether the following arguments are best
The rainfall in Seattle has been more than 15 inches every year for the past thirty years. Therefore, the rainfall next year will probably be more than 15 inches.Determine whether the following
The plaque on the Leaning Tower of Pisa says that Galileo performed experiments there with falling objects. It must be the case that Galileo did indeed perform those experiments there.Determine
Create the following nonarguments:1. A conditional statement about a topic in astronomy. Identify the antecedent and the consequent.2. An explanation about a topic in history. Explain why your
Page through a book, magazine, or newspaper and find two arguments, one with indicator words, the other without. Copy the arguments as written, giving the appropriate reference. Then identify the
The following statements represent conclusions for arguments. Each is expressed in the form of two alternatives. Select one of the alternatives for each conclusion, and then jot down several reasons
Teenage bullying is all about power. One person has it, one person does not. Reluctant to seek help, victims feel ashamed and powerless, and they fear retaliation should they "rat out" the bully.
It looks like India and China are going to compete for a manned landing on the moon by 2020 while America is muddling along with no real future space plan. Let's do something significant in
I agree that when religious institutions exclude woman from their hierarchies and rituals, the inevitable implication is that females are inferior. But it is important to note that when women's
The creation of a third political party-the independent party-would allow Congressional aspirants who desire to think for themselves to claim a high ground that is currently vacant. The new party
The creation of a third political party-the independent party-would allow Congressional aspirants who desire to think for themselves to claim a high ground that is currently vacant. The new party
Animal abusers are cowards who take their issues out on "easy victims"-and their targets often include their fellow humans. I cannot begin to say how many incidents I've seen involving animal abusers
Animal abusers are cowards who take their issues out on "easy victims"-and their targets often include their fellow humans. I cannot begin to say how many incidents I've seen involving animal abusers
Once the basic necessities have been achieved, future income is only lightly connected to well-being. Democrats generally seek to tax future income to finance programs that meet basic needs,
After reading your cover story, I find that cable TV has simply flooded our airwaves with more sex, violence, and teenage punk junk. Now our children can spend even less time studying and we can
After reading your cover story, I find that cable TV has simply flooded our airwaves with more sex, violence, and teenage punk junk. Now our children can spend even less time studying and we can
Is there any country in the world that worries more about its kids having fun in school, making lessons exciting and relevant, and then is more disappointed with the result than the United States? We

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