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social science
introduction to logic

Questions and Answers of Introduction To Logic

No terriers wander among the signs of the zodiac.Nothing that does not wander among the signs of the zodiac is a comet.Nothing but a terrier has a curly tail.No comet has a curly tail.The following
No experienced person is incompetent.Jenkins is always blundering.No competent person is always blundering.Jenkins is inexperienced.The following sorites are taken from Lewis Carroll’s Symbolic
No ducks waltz.No officers ever decline to waltz.All my poultry are ducks.My poultry are not officers.The following sorites are taken from Lewis Carroll’s Symbolic Logic. All are valid. Rewrite
Anything that promotes skin cancer causes death.Whatever preserves the ozone layer prevents the release of CFCs.Nothing that resists skin cancer increases UV radiation.Anything that destroys the
A few countries allow ivory trading.Whatever country resists elephant killing discourages poachers.Any country that allows ivory trading encourages poachers.No country that promotes the extinction of
Whatever retards population growth increases food availability.Anything that prevents starvation enhances life.Birth-control measures never accelerate population growth.Anything that enhances life
Whoever gives birth to crack babies increases future crime rates.Some pregnant women use crack.None but criminals increase future crime rates.Pregnant crack users never give birth to anything but
Whoever gives birth to crack babies increases future crime rates.Some pregnant women use crack.None but criminals increase future crime rates.Pregnant crack users never give birth to anything but
Creation science does not favor the teaching of evolution.Nothing should be taught that frustrates the understanding of life.Whatever opposes the teaching of evolution impedes the learning of
Creation science does not favor the teaching of evolution.Nothing should be taught that frustrates the understanding of life.Whatever opposes the teaching of evolution impedes the learning of
Some college students purchase their term papers.Any cheat is expelled from college.No one will achieve his career goals who is expelled.No one who purchases term papers is other than a cheat.Some
Nothing that is brittle is ductile.Superconductors are all ceramics.Only ductile things can be pulled into wires.Ceramics are brittle.Superconductors cannot be pulled into wires.The following sorites
Nothing that is brittle is ductile.Superconductors are all ceramics.Only ductile things can be pulled into wires.Ceramics are brittle.Superconductors cannot be pulled into wires.The following sorites
Anything that poisons drinking water causes disease and death.Chemicals percolating through the soil contaminate aquifers.Dumped chemicals percolate through the soil.Whatever contaminates aquifers
No restrictive trade policies fail to invite retaliation.Trade wars threaten our standard of living.Some Chinese trade policies are restrictive.Policies that invite retaliation lead to a trade
Whatever produces oxygen supports human life.Rain forests produce oxygen.Nothing that supports human life should be destroyed.Rain forests should not be destroyed.The following sorites are valid.
All R are S.No non-V are T.No Q are non-R.No non-Q are P.All T are non-S.All V are non-P.Rewrite the following sorites in standard form, reducing the number of terms when necessary. Then supply the
All non-L are non-K.Some K are M.All P are non-L.No non-N are M.No Q are non-P.Some N are not Q.Rewrite the following sorites in standard form, reducing the number of terms when necessary. Then
All D are non-C.All non-B are non-A.Some E are D.All B are C.Some non-A are not non-E.Rewrite the following sorites in standard form, reducing the number of terms when necessary. Then supply the
All non-U are non-V.No U are non-W.All V are Y.No X are W.All Y are non-X.Rewrite the following sorites in standard form, reducing the number of terms when necessary. Then supply the intermediate
All M are non-P.Some M are S.All K are P.Some non-K are not non-S.Rewrite the following sorites in standard form, reducing the number of terms when necessary. Then supply the intermediate conclusions
All B are C.No C are D.All E are A.All A are B.Some E are not D.Rewrite the following sorites in standard form, reducing the number of terms when necessary. Then supply the intermediate conclusions
Some T are K.No K are N.Some C are Q.All T are C.Some Q are not N.Rewrite the following sorites in standard form, reducing the number of terms when necessary. Then supply the intermediate conclusions
No S are M.All F are S.Some M are H.All E are F.Some H are not E.Rewrite the following sorites in standard form, reducing the number of terms when necessary. Then supply the intermediate conclusions
No C are D.All A are B.Some C are not B.Some D are not A.Rewrite the following sorites in standard form, reducing the number of terms when necessary. Then supply the intermediate conclusions and test
Rewrite the following sorites in standard form, reducing the number of terms when necessary. Then supply the intermediate conclusions and test with Venn diagrams.No B are C.Some D are C.All A are
Page through a magazine or newspaper and identify five topics of current interest. Construct an enthymeme involving each topic.
The U.S. surgeon general’s latest report on cigarettes and cancer is an interesting example of natural selection. The intelligent members of our species will quit smoking, and survive. The dummies
Encouraging toy-gun play gives children a clear message that the best way to deal with frustration and conflict is with a gun. Is this the message that we want to be sending our kids?The following
Our genes and our environment control our destinies. The idea of conscious choice is ridiculous. Yes, prisons should be designed to protect society, but they should not punish the poor slobs who were
College students of today are the higher-income taxpayers of tomorrow. Congress should consider financial aid as an investment in the financial future of our country.The following enthymemes were
The Constitution bans any law that is so vague that “men of common intelligence must necessarily guess at its meaning.” Sexual harassment laws, however, are so vague that no one knows what they
The budget deficit will not be brought under control because to do so would require our elected leaders in Washington to do the unthinkable—act courageously and responsibly.The following enthymemes
The best way to get people to read a book is to ban it. The fundamentalist families in Church Hill, Tennessee, have just guaranteed sales of Macbeth, The Diary of Anne Frank, The Wizard of Oz, and
Suicide is not immoral. If a person decides that life is impossible, it is his or her right to end it.The following enthymemes were originally submitted in letters to the editor of various magazines
Suicide is not immoral. If a person decides that life is impossible, it is his or her right to end it.The following enthymemes were originally submitted in letters to the editor of various magazines
All aid to Israel should be stopped at once. Why should the American taxpayer be asked to send billions of dollars to Israel when every city in the United States is practically broke and millions of
If the Defense Department is so intent on fighting alcohol abuse, why does it make alcohol so readily available and acceptable? Alcohol is tax free at post liquor stores, and enlisted men’s and
The only telescopes that are unaffected by the atmosphere are orbiting telescopes, and the Hubble telescope is in orbit.In the following enthymemes, determine whether the missing statement is a
A contract to buy land is not enforceable unless it’s in writing, but our client’s contract to buy land is in writing.In the following enthymemes, determine whether the missing statement is a
Mechanistic materialists do not believe in free will, because they think that everything is governed by deterministic laws.In the following enthymemes, determine whether the missing statement is a
If a symphony orchestra has effective fund-raisers, it will survive; and the Cleveland symphony has survived for years.In the following enthymemes, determine whether the missing statement is a
Wherever water exists, human life can be sustained, and water exists on the moon.In the following enthymemes, determine whether the missing statement is a premise or a conclusion. Then supply the
Attempts to reduce tuition have failed in recent years because administrative salaries have exploded.In the following enthymemes, determine whether the missing statement is a premise or a conclusion.
None but great novels are timeless, and The Brothers Karamazov is a great novel.In the following enthymemes, determine whether the missing statement is a premise or a conclusion. Then supply the
Higher life-forms could not have evolved through merely random processes, because no organized beings could have evolved that way.In the following enthymemes, determine whether the missing statement
Not all text messages are welcome, but those from friends are.In the following enthymemes, determine whether the missing statement is a premise or a conclusion. Then supply the missing statement,
All of the operas except Mozart’s were well performed, and Carmen was not written by Mozart.In the following enthymemes, determine whether the missing statement is a premise or a conclusion. Then
Only nonprofit organizations are exempt from paying taxes, so churches must be exempt.In the following enthymemes, determine whether the missing statement is a premise or a conclusion. Then supply
A few fraternities have dangerous initiation rites, and those that do have no legitimate role in campus life.In the following enthymemes, determine whether the missing statement is a premise or a
Carrie Underwood is a talented singer. After all, she’s won several Grammy awards.In the following enthymemes, determine whether the missing statement is a premise or a conclusion. Then supply the
Any form of cheating deserves to be punished, and plagiarism is a form of cheating.In the following enthymemes, determine whether the missing statement is a premise or a conclusion. Then supply the
Some police chiefs undermine the evenhanded enforcement of the law, because anyone who fixes parking tickets does that.In the following enthymemes, determine whether the missing statement is a
Create two arguments—one about desserts, the other about beverages—each of which contains two or more of the following words: “whoever,” “whenever,” “only,” “the only,” “not
Autistic children are occasionally helped by aversion therapy. But aversion therapy is sometimes inhumane. Thus, autistic children are sometimes helped by inhumane therapy.Translate the following
All of the movies except the romantic comedies were exciting. Hence, the action films were exciting, because none of them is a romantic comedies.Translate the following arguments into standard-form
Diseases carried by recessive genes can be inherited by offspring of two carriers. Thus, since cystic fibrosis is a disease carried by recessive genes, it can be inherited by offspring of two
According to surveys, there are college students who think that Africa is in North America. But anyone who thinks that has no knowledge of geography. It follows that there are college students who
Wherever icebergs are present, threats to shipping exist. Icebergs are not present in the South Pacific. Hence, there are no threats to shipping in the South Pacific.Translate the following arguments
TV viewers cannot receive scrambled signals unless they have a decoder. Whoever receives digital satellite signals receives scrambled signals. Therefore, whoever receives digital satellite signals
If a marriage is based on a meshing of neuroses, it allows little room for growth. If a marriage allows little room for growth, it is bound to fail. Therefore, if a marriage is based on a meshing of
Not all interest expenses are tax deductible. Home-mortgage payments are interest expenses. Thus, they are not tax deductible.Translate the following arguments into standard-form categorical
Not all interest expenses are tax deductible. Home-mortgage payments are interest expenses. Thus, they are not tax deductible.Translate the following arguments into standard-form categorical
Miranda Lambert sings what she wants. Hence, since Miranda sings country songs, it follows that she must want to sing country songs.Translate the following arguments into standard-form categorical
Any city that has excellent art museums is a tourist destination. Therefore, Paris is a tourist destination, because it has excellent art museums.Translate the following arguments into standard-form
There are public schools that teach secular humanism. Therefore, since secular humanism is a religion, there are public schools that teach religion.Translate the following arguments into
Whoever wrote the Declaration of Independence had a big impact on civilization, and Thomas Jefferson certainly had that. Therefore, Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of IndependenceTranslate the
Environmentalists purchase only fuel-efficient cars. Hence, Jeep Wranglers must not be fuel efficient, since environmentalists do not purchase them.Translate the following arguments into
Environmentalists purchase only fuel-efficient cars. Hence, Jeep Wranglers must not be fuel efficient, since environmentalists do not purchase them.Translate the following arguments into
Environmentalists purchase only fuel-efficient cars. Hence, Jeep Wranglers must not be fuel efficient, since environmentalists do not purchase them.Translate the following arguments into
Whenever suicide rates decline, we can infer that people’s lives are better adjusted. Accordingly, since suicide rates have been declining in recent years, we can infer that people’s lives have
Physicists are the only scientists who theorize about the nature of time, and Stephen Hawking certainly does that. Therefore, Stephen Hawking must be a physicist.Translate the following arguments
Physicists are the only scientists who theorize about the nature of time, and Stephen Hawking certainly does that. Therefore, Stephen Hawking must be a physicist.Translate the following arguments
Create a categorical syllogism about people that contains two negated terms. Then reduce the number of terms so the syllogism is in standard form. Finally, test the syllogism for validity using
Create a categorical syllogism about people that contains two negated terms. Then reduce the number of terms so the syllogism is in standard form. Finally, test the syllogism for validity using
Some foreign emissaries are people without diplomatic immunity, so some people invulnerable to arrest and prosecution are foreign emissaries, because no people with diplomatic immunity are people
Some foreign emissaries are people without diplomatic immunity, so some people invulnerable to arrest and prosecution are foreign emissaries, because no people with diplomatic immunity are people
No cases of encephalitis are infections easily curable by drugs, since all diseases that infect the brain are infections not easily curable by drugs, and all diseases that do not infect the brain are
All schools driven by careerism are institutions that do not emphasize liberal arts. It follows that some universities are not institutions that emphasize liberal arts, for some schools that are not
Some proposed flights to Mars are inexpensive ventures, because all unmanned space missions are inexpensive ventures, and some proposed flights to Mars are not manned space missions.Rewrite the
No objects that sink in water are chunks of ice, and no objects that float in water are things at least as dense as water. Accordingly, all chunks of ice are things less dense than water.Rewrite the
All aircraft that disintegrate in flight are unsafe planes. Therefore, no poorly maintained aircraft are safe planes, because all well-maintained aircraft are aircraft that remain intact in
Some unintentional killings are not punishable offenses, inasmuch as all cases of self-defense are unpunishable offenses, and some intentional killings are cases of self-defense.Rewrite the following
All Peace Corps volunteers are people who have witnessed poverty and desolation, and all people insensitive to human need are people who have failed to witness poverty and desolation. Thus, all Peace
Some people who do not regret their crimes are convicted murderers, so some convicted murderers are people insusceptible of being reformed, since all people susceptible of being reformed are people
Some intelligible statements are true statements, because all unintelligible statements are meaningless statements and some false statements are meaningful statements.Rewrite the following arguments
Create five standard-form categorical syllogisms about flowers, each of which breaks one of the five rules for syllogisms.
All successful flirts are masters at eye contact.All masters at eye contact are people genuinely interested in others.Therefore, some people genuinely interested in others are successful flirts.Use
All inside traders are people subject to prosecution.Some executives with privileged information are not people subject to prosecution.Therefore, some executives with privileged information are
All war zones are places where abuse of discretion is rampant.Some places where abuse of discretion is rampant are international borders.Therefore, some international borders are war zones.Use the
No searches based on probable cause are violations of Fourth Amendment rights.Some warrantless searches are violations of Fourth Amendment rights.Therefore, some warrantless searches are not searches
All members of the National Rifle Association are people opposed to gun control.All members of the National Rifle Association are law-abiding citizens.Therefore, all law-abiding citizens are people
All transparent metals are good conductors of heat.All transparent metals are good conductors of electricity.Therefore, some good conductors of electricity are good conductors of heat.Use the five
Some cases of affirmative action are not measures justified by past discrimination.No cases of affirmative action are illegal practices.Therefore, some illegal practices are not measures justified by
No endangered species are creatures loved by the timber industry.All spotted owls are endangered species.Therefore, some spotted owls are not creatures loved by the timber industry.Use the five rules
No individuals sensitive to the difference between right and wrong are people who measure talent and success in terms of wealth.All corporate take-over experts are people who measure talent and
Some nebulas are clouds of gas.Some clouds of gas are objects invisible to the naked eye.Therefore, some objects invisible to the naked eye are nebulas.Use the five rules to determine whether the
Reconstruct the following syllogistic forms and use the five rules for syllogisms to determine if they are valid from the Boolean standpoint, conditionally valid from the Aristotelian standpoint, or
Reconstruct the following syllogistic forms and use the five rules for syllogisms to determine if they are valid from the Boolean standpoint, conditionally valid from the Aristotelian standpoint, or
Reconstruct the following syllogistic forms and use the five rules for syllogisms to determine if they are valid from the Boolean standpoint, conditionally valid from the Aristotelian standpoint, or

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