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social science
introduction to logic

A Concise Introduction to Logic 13th edition Patrick J. Hurley, Lori Watson - Solutions

“Psychiatry” means the fortuitous melding of modern medicine with psychology that promises relief to thousands of poor, desperate souls who suffer the pains of emotional disorder.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
“Diadem” means an ornamental headband worn as a badge of royalty; a crown.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
“Diadem” means an ornamental headband worn as a badge of royalty; a crown.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
“Smoker” means a rude and disgusting individual who callously emits noxious tobacco fumes into the air, threatening the health and comfort of everyone in the vicinity.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
“Petrograb” means invading a country to steal its oil.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
“Neurosis” means a chronic emotional disturbance that arises from suppressed or forgotten emotional stress (such as resentment, hostility, aggression, or guilt) experienced in early childhood.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or
“Radioactive area” means, for purposes of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, any area accessible to individuals in which there exists radiation at such levels that a major portion of the body could receive in any one hour a dose in excess of 5 millirems or in any five consecutive days a
“Sound” means a compression wave, in air or some other elastic medium, having a frequency ranging (for humans) from 20 to 20,000 vibrations per second.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
“Sound” means a compression wave, in air or some other elastic medium, having a frequency ranging (for humans) from 20 to 20,000 vibrations per second.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
“Femikin” means a female manikin.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
“Intoxicated,” for purposes of driving a car in many states, means having a blood-alcohol content of 0.08 percent (.0008) or greater.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
“Politician” means a person of unquestioned honesty and integrity whom the people, in their collective wisdom, have duly elected to guide the ship of state and protect it from the reefs and shoals that threaten it on every sideDetermine whether the following definitions are stipulative,
“Fiduciary” means having to do with a confidence or trust; a person who holds something in trust.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
“Magnetism” means a property of certain substances such as iron, cobalt, and nickel that arises from the spin of the electrons in the unfilled inner shell of the atoms that compose the substance.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or
“Diffident” means lacking confidence in oneself; characterized by modest reserve.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
“Dogbomber” means an inconsiderate person who does not clean up the messes his dog leaves on other people’s lawns.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
“Football” means a sport in which modern-day gladiators brutalize one another while trying to move a ridiculously shaped “ball” from one end of the playing field to the other.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
“Blind” means, for federal income-tax purposes, either the inability to see better than 20/200 in the better eye with glasses or having a field of vision of 20 degrees or less.Determine whether the following definitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
Construct a series of four terms that exhibits increasing intension but nondecreasing extension.
Create the following disputes:1. A dispute focusing on the vagueness of the word “awesome”2. A dispute focusing on the ambiguity of the word “tip”3. A factual dispute focusing on the date of some historical event
JOSEPH: My friend Jarvis, who plays for the NFL, told me that he has never taken any performance-enhancing drugs.STEPHEN: That can’t be true. I know Jarvis too, and he told me that he has taken Viagra for years.Determine whether the following disputes are verbal, factual, or some combination of
JERRY: In spite of the great strides technology has made in this country, poverty remains a terrible problem. Why, some people earn less than $10,000 per year. The government should do something about it.FRANKIE: I hardly think that $10,000 per year constitutes poverty. Why, in many Third World
PENNY: In my mind, the use of marijuana should be legalized. After all, caffeine and alcohol are no less of a drug than marijuana, and it’s not illegal to enjoy a glass of beer or drink a cup of coffee.SAM: Your conclusion is way off. Beer and coffee are not drugs; they’re foods.Determine
BRIAN: All of us have a right to life, and that means to the things necessary to sustain life. Therefore, that penniless, hungry person had a right to steal food from the grocery store.ELAINE: You’re wrong about that. Rights are created by laws, and there is no law that says we have a right to
FRED: Today’s professional athletes are overpaid. Many of them make millions of dollars a year.SHAWN: I don’t think they are overpaid at all. Just look at the owners of some of these teams. They make ten times as much as the athletes do.Determine whether the following disputes are verbal,
MINDY: Blue Mango is a terrific three-piece band.FRED: That’s impossible. No band is terrific if it can only play three pieces.Determine whether the following disputes are verbal, factual, or some combination of the two. If verbal, discuss whether the dispute arises from vagueness or ambiguity.
ANTHONY: The sun is much smaller than the earth. You see, it’s just a small thing up there in the sky. Therefore, since the sun’s gravitational attraction is proportional to its mass, the sun’s gravity is less than the earth’s.CINDY: You are as stupid as they come. I agree the mass of the
THOMAS: George Foreman committed those crimes of child abuse through his own free choice. Nobody put a gun to his head. Therefore, he should be punished for them.EMILIE: That’s not true. It’s been established that Foreman was severely abused himself when he was a child, and such children have
HAROLD: Professor Steinbeck is the most intelligent man I know. His lecture series on matter and consciousness was simply brilliant.JOYCE: Steinbeck is actually an idiot. Yesterday I watched while he tried to get his car started. When it wouldn’t start, he opened the hood, and he didn’t even
ERIC: I’ve just signed up for Philosophy 502—Dr. Peterson’s class in metaphysics. I know I’m going to enjoy it because I’ve always been fascinated by magic and ghosts.LEAH: I’m afraid you’re in for a surprise.Determine whether the following disputes are verbal, factual, or some
CAROL: Nelson could not have fought in the battle of Trafalgar, because that battle occurred in 1806, and Nelson died in 1804.JUSTIN: Your knowledge of history is atrocious! Nelson did fight in Trafalgar, and the date was October 21, 1805.Determine whether the following disputes are verbal,
CHERYL: Tomorrow I’m going to the Metallica concert. Their music is fabulous.OLIVER: You call that music? Really it’s just noise, and incredibly loud noise at that.Determine whether the following disputes are verbal, factual, or some combination of the two. If verbal, discuss whether the
KARL: There’s a euthanasia measure on the ballot today, and I think I’ll vote for it. It seems reasonable that terminally ill patients should be allowed to be disconnected from life-support systems so that they can die peacefully and naturally.SERGIO: You must be crazy! Euthanasia means giving
LESLIE: Your friend Paul told us that he would be visiting his parents in Knoxville this weekend. Therefore, he must not be at home.DIANA: I agree that Paul is probably not at home, but you didn’t hear him right. He said that his parents live in Nashville.Determine whether the following disputes
HEIDI: This morning I heard a lecture on the life of Jane Austen. She was such a wonderfully educated woman.DAVID: That’s not true at all. Jane Austen dropped out of school when she was only eleven, and she never even attended high school, much less college or graduate school.Determine whether
KATHY: I was saddened to hear about the death of your uncle. He was such a wonderful man. You must be consoled knowing that he’s enjoying his heavenly reward.ANNE: Thanks, but I’m afraid I don’t know what you mean. If death is the end of life, how could my uncle be alive right now in
ROGER: I think modern society is becoming more and more violent every day. Just look at the increase in murder, rape, and robbery. Violence is clearly an evil that must be eradicated.MARK: You might be right about the increase in crime, but the idea that violence is an evil is nonsense. Violence is
PHIL: That was a great basketball game last night. Stephen Curry scored 37 points.ARTHUR: Your statistics are all wet. Curry scored only 34 points.Determine whether the following disputes are verbal, factual, or some combination of the two. If verbal, discuss whether the dispute arises from
VICKIE: Yesterday I visited the exhibition of the work of Jean Michel Basquiat at the Central Gallery. What an interesting artist he is!BARBARA: Don’t be ridiculous! That’s not art—it’s just graffiti.Determine whether the following disputes are verbal, factual, or some combination of the
FRANK: Look at that huge tree that fell last night. It must have made a tremendous crash when it came down.SHIRLEY: No, I’m afraid you’re quite wrong. Sound is a perception, and perceptions depend on a perceiver. Therefore, since nobody was around here last night, there was no crash.Determine
Visit a drug store and find the aisle that displays hair-care products (shampoos, conditioners, etc.). Identify five items whose names have emotional meaning. Then, for each one, explain how its name is supposed to elicit a favorable response from the consumer.
Liberalism has turned our welfare system from a social safety net into a hammock. We hand out money with few questions asked. When welfare recipients are asked for some contribution to our society in return, liberals scream that it’s unconstitutional.Liberalism has transformed our criminal
Thousands of years of organized religion have done nothing to solve any problems and have almost always exacerbated them by promoting fear, superstition, and irrational mythologies. Kneeling in prayer to some supernatural entity seeking “divine guidance” or, even more implausibly, “divine
A kind and loving God surely favors the pro-choice attitude. He wants his world inhabited by happy, well-fed children with parents who love and care for them.Our burgeoning population in Third World nations with constant famine and disease, and many other human miseries, could be relieved if the
It’s time to challenge all this nonsense about the “celebration of diversity” in our society. The more the schizophrenics preach the glories of diversity, the more we pull apart. This is not to deny appreciation of the ethnic roots, rituals, and foods, which add color to life. But to lay
Until now, the protest against the holocaust in our own nation has been vocal but far too small. The massacre of an unwanted generation through abortion and infanticide has sounded an alarm that should wake up every Christian. Helpless and guiltless little infants are mercilessly butchered daily in
The insanity plea should be done away with; criminals should lose this easy way out. Killers can theoretically spend as little as six months in a mental hospital, then be released. It’s time to take a stand for safety and put psychotic killers in prison.The following selections were taken from
God, guts, and guns made this great country of ours free, and you can bet your buns it will take more of the same to keep it that way. One of the very last things in this world we need is handgun control.The following selections were taken from the letters-to-the-editor section of a newspaper. Each
The creationists have no right to impose their mistaken, ignorant, superstitious beliefs on others. They claim the constitutional right to the free exercise of religion. How about the rights of the majority of people who want their children taught the scientific truth about evolution—not
How anyone who has seen even one photo of the fly-covered, starving children in Somalia can still believe in a loving, everpresent, omnipotent God is beyond intelligent reasoning.The following selections were taken from the letters-to-the-editor section of a newspaper. Each can be interpreted as
Why don’t animal lovers do something about these dog sled races? Have you ever witnessed a race on television? Talk about torture. It’s sickening to watch the dogs, panting and their tongues hanging out, pull a heavily laden sled with a driver through snow and ice in bitter cold.The following
The following selection is taken from a speech delivered by George C. Wallace, former governor of Alabama, on July 4, 1964. In this speech Wallace attacked Lyndon Johnson's signing of the Civil Rights Act. The speech is liberally sprinkled with emotive terminology. Make a list of what you consider
Create an extended argument, containing at least six statements, about climate change.
Turn to the editorial pages of a newspaper and select an editorial that contains an argument. Keep in mind that some editorials are really reports and contain no arguments at all. Also, few editorials are as neat and straightforward as the selections presented in Parts I and II of this exercise.
A small group of people still believe in nuclear weapons, but the facts dictate that nuclear weapons not only should be eliminated but they can be eliminated. The opposing arguments are that nuclear weapons hastened the end of World War II, they deter nations from going to war, they have kept the
A small group of people still believe in nuclear weapons, but the facts dictate that nuclear weapons not only should be eliminated but they can be eliminated. The opposing arguments are that nuclear weapons hastened the end of World War II, they deter nations from going to war, they have kept the
A manned trip to Mars is a justified scientific goal because it affords a unique opportunity to explore the origins of the solar system and the emergence of life. However, from a scientific standpoint, an initial landing on the tiny Martian moons, Phobos and Deimos, would be more rewarding than a
All of us have encountered motorists who will go to any length to get a parking spot within 20 feet of the door they expect to enter. This obsession with good parking spots transcends all logic. It might take 5 minutes to secure the ideal spot in a store parking lot, while a more distant spot that
Doctors who attend elderly people in nursing homes often prescribe tranquilizers to keep these people immobile. This practice is often unwarranted, and it often impairs the health of the patients. These tranquilizers often have damaging side effects in that they accentuate the symptoms of senility,
The argument has been made that to cut down on teenage drunk driving we should increase the federal excise tax on beer. Such a measure, however, would almost certainly fail to achieve its intended result. Teenagers are notoriously insensitive to cost. They gladly accept premium prices for the
Flesh food is not a necessity in the human diet, as nutritionally adequate alternatives are readily available. Many people in the world thrive on a non-meat diet. Indeed, vegetarian Seventh-Day Adventists in this country live an average of six years longer than their meat-eating counterparts. The
Flesh food is not a necessity in the human diet, as nutritionally adequate alternatives are readily available. Many people in the world thrive on a non-meat diet. Indeed, vegetarian Seventh-Day Adventists in this country live an average of six years longer than their meat-eating counterparts. The
All men crave material success because it serves as an insurance policy against sexual rejection. This is true because women love men who are successful. Both men and women want power, and success is the form of power women feel most deprived of. Thus, women try to achieve it vicariously through
Although Thomas Jefferson’s contributions to the foundation of the country were profound, as the master of Monticello, Jefferson was a monster. Simultaneously with his writing the Declaration of Independence, which announced the self-evident truth that all men are created equal, he owned 175
Society values white lives more than black lives. This is clear from the fact that killers of whites are much more likely to be sentenced to death than killers of blacks. Of the 1,788 people currently on death row, 1,713 were convicted of killing a white person. Yet blacks are six times more likely
Society values white lives more than black lives. This is clear from the fact that killers of whites are much more likely to be sentenced to death than killers of blacks. Of the 1,788 people currently on death row, 1,713 were convicted of killing a white person. Yet blacks are six times more likely
America’s farm policy desperately needs revamping. Seventy-three cents of every farm-program dollar ends up in the pockets of the nation’s superfarmers. As a result, the mid-sized family farms are being squeezed out of existence. Also, our farm policy courts environmental disaster. Federal
The United States is currently experiencing the greatest economic inequality since the 1920s, and this inequality is depressing the economy. The true sustainers of the economy are the bottom 99 percent of households, but the top 1 percent takes in 93 percent of the growth in income. Also, economic
Unscrupulous for-profit colleges are not only cheating their students but they are also ripping off the American taxpayer to the tune of billions of dollars. Ninety-six percent of the students who attend these colleges are forced to take out loans. Most of these students leave without degrees. And
The use of ethanol as an additive in gasoline is really a bad idea. Ethanol is produced from corn, and when 40 percent of the annual corn crop is burned up in car engines, that obviously raises the price of corn for food. Also, adding ethanol to gasoline is highly inefficient. Ethanol yields about
Research leading to the development of a scramjet engine is worthwhile. Commercial aircraft incorporating such an engine could cross the Pacific in as little as two hours. This would relieve the fatigue of flights from New York to Tokyo. Also, such an engine could power future orbiting
Contributions to relief organizations are often wasted. Food sent to war-torn countries rarely reaches its destination, because food distribution is controlled by the warring groups, and 4 these groups sell the food to buy weapons and ammunition.The following arguments were abstracted from
The rain forest of Brazil produces oxygen for the whole world, yet it yields no monetary return to that country. Given that the industrialized nations consume the most oxygen, those nations ought to pay Brazil an annual fee for the use of its rain forestThe following arguments were abstracted from
1. Defending the war on drugs may not be fashionable, but the fact remains that2. hard-core drugs should remain illegal. 3 As long as hard-core drugs are illegal, they are harder to get, and 4 the social stigma of being arrested deters many users.The following arguments were abstracted from
1. Homework stifles the thrill of learning in the mind of the student.2. It instills an oppressive learn-or-else discipline. 3 It quenches the desire for knowledge and the love of truth. For these reasons 4 homework should never be assigned.The following arguments were abstracted from newspaper
The development of carbon-embedded plastics, otherwise called “composits,” is an important new technology because 2 it holds the key for new aircraft and spacecraft designs. This is so because 3 these composits are not only stronger than steel but lighter than aluminum.The following arguments
Create the following arguments:1. Two valid arguments, having the same form, about jobs.2. Two invalid arguments, having the same form, about fast food.
All FHA loans are living-standard enhancers for the following reasons. All reverse mortgages that are FHA loans are either living-standard enhancers or home-equity depleters, and all reverse mortgages are home-equity depleters.Use the counterexample method to prove each of the following arguments
All merchandisers that are retailers are businesses that are inventory rotators. Therefore, all merchandisers are inventory rotators.Use the counterexample method to prove each of the following arguments invalid.
Some wrestlers are colorful hulks, since some wrestlers are colorful and some wrestlers are hulks.Use the counterexample method to prove each of the following arguments invalid.
Some wrestlers are colorful hulks, since some wrestlers are colorful and some wrestlers are hulks.Use the counterexample method to prove each of the following arguments invalid.
If energy taxes are increased, then either the deficit will be reduced or conservation will be taken seriously. If the deficit is reduced, then inflation will be checked. Therefore, if energy taxes are increased, then inflation will be checked.Use the counterexample method to prove each of the
If energy taxes are increased, then either the deficit will be reduced or conservation will be taken seriously. If the deficit is reduced, then inflation will be checked. Therefore, if energy taxes are increased, then inflation will be checked.Use the counterexample method to prove each of the
All homeless people who are panhandlers are destitute individuals. Therefore, all homeless people are destitute individuals.Use the counterexample method to prove each of the following arguments invalid.
If carbon dioxide is present in the atmosphere, then plants have a source of carbon. Hence, since plants have a source of carbon, carbon dioxide is present in the atmosphere.Use the counterexample method to prove each of the following arguments invalid.
Some near-death experiences are supernatural phenomena, and no near-death experiences are easily forgotten happenings. Consequently some easily forgotten happenings are not supernatural phenomena.Use the counterexample method to prove the following categorical syllogisms invalid. In doing so,
Some near-death experiences are supernatural phenomena, and no near-death experiences are easily forgotten happenings. Consequently some easily forgotten happenings are not supernatural phenomena.Use the counterexample method to prove the following categorical syllogisms invalid. In doing so,
Some near-death experiences are supernatural phenomena, and no near-death experiences are easily forgotten happenings. Consequently some easily forgotten happenings are not supernatural phenomena.Use the counterexample method to prove the following categorical syllogisms invalid. In doing so,
Some drone attacks are assaults on human life, given that some stealth operations are assaults on human life and all drone attacks are stealth operations.Some drone attacks are assaults on human life, given that some stealth operations are assaults on human life and all drone attacks are stealth
No movie producers are uncompetitive business executives, and some Hollywood moguls are movie producers. It follows that no Hollywood moguls are uncompetitive business executives.Use the counterexample method to prove the following categorical syllogisms invalid. In doing so, follow the suggestions
Some school boards are not groups that oppose values clarification, because some school boards are not organizations with vision, and some groups that oppose values clarification are not organizations with vision.Use the counterexample method to prove the following categorical syllogisms invalid.
Some toxic dumps are sites that emit hazardous wastes, and some sites that emit hazardous wastes are undesirable places to live near. Thus, some toxic dumps are undesirable places to live near.Use the counterexample method to prove the following categorical syllogisms invalid. In doing so, follow
All meticulously constructed timepieces are true works of art, for all Swiss watches are true works of art and all Swiss watches are meticulously constructed timepieces.Use the counterexample method to prove the following categorical syllogisms invalid. In doing so, follow the suggestions given in
Some farmworkers are not people who are paid decent wages, because no undocumented individuals are people who are paid decent wages, and some undocumented individuals are not farmworkers.Use the counterexample method to prove the following categorical syllogisms invalid. In doing so, follow the
Some evolutionists are not people who believe in the Bible, for no creationists are evolutionists, and some people who believe in the Bible are not creationists.Use the counterexample method to prove the following categorical syllogisms invalid. In doing so, follow the suggestions given in the text.
Create the following sound and cogent arguments:1. A sound argument about musicians2. A valid unsound argument about painters3. An invalid argument about writers4. A cogent argument relating to politics5. A weak argument relating to cooking
Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:1. Some arguments, while not completely valid, are almost valid.2. Inductive arguments allow for varying degrees of strength and weakness.3. Invalid deductive arguments are basically the same as inductive arguments.4. If a deductive
Define the following terms:
Since Michael is a Pisces, it necessarily follows that he was born in March.Determine whether the following arguments are inductive or deductive. If an argument is inductive, determine whether it is strong or weak. If it is deductive, determine whether it is valid or invalid.
Statistics reveal that 86 percent of those who receive flu shots do not get the flu. Jack received a flu shot one month ago. Therefore, he should be immune, even though the flu is going around now.Determine whether the following arguments are inductive or deductive. If an argument is inductive,

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