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social science
introduction to logic
Questions and Answers of
Introduction To Logic
Social security is not merely a retirement program. Six and a half million children in the United States are kept out of poverty each year because of assistance from Social Security's survivors
What this country needs is a return to the concept of swift and certain justice. If we need more courts, judges and prisons, then so be it. And as for capital punishment, I say let the punishment fit
What this country needs is a return to the concept of swift and certain justice. If we need more courts, judges and prisons, then so be it. And as for capital punishment, I say let the punishment fit
One form of energy can be converted to another. For example, when an electric motor is connected to a battery, chemical energy is converted to electrical energy, which in turn is converted to
Nations are made in two ways, by the slow working of history or the galvanic force of ideas. Most nations are made the former way, emerging slowly from the mist of the past, gradually coalescing
If someone avoids and is afraid of everything, standing firm against nothing, he becomes cowardly; if he is afraid of nothing at all and goes to face everything, he becomes rash. Similarly, if he
Although it is customary to think of human population as increasing continuously without declines or fluctuations, population growth has not been a steady march. For example, great declines occurred
In areas where rats are a problem, it is very difficult to exterminate them with bait poison. That's because some rats eat enough poison to die but others eat only enough to become sick and then
The brain and the nervous system are composed of two types of cells- neurons and glial cells. Neurons are responsible for information transmission throughout the nervous system. Glial cells
There is no doubt that some businessmen conspire to shorten the useful life of their products in order to guarantee replacement sales. There is, similarly, no doubt that many of the annual model
A person never becomes truly self-reliant. Even though he deals effectively with things, he is necessarily dependent upon those who have taught him to do so. They have selected the things he is
Haydn developed the string quartet from the eighteenth-century divertimento, giving more substance to the light, popular form and scoring it for two violins, a viola, and a cello. His eighty-three
It is usually easy to decide whether or not something is alive. This is because living things share many common attributes, such as the capacity to extract energy from nutrients to drive their
If a man holding a belief which he was taught in childhood or persuaded of afterwards keeps down and pushes away any doubts which arise about it in his mind, purposely avoids the reading of books
The coarsest type of humor is the practical joke: pulling away the chair from the dignitary’s lowered bottom. The victim is perceived first as a person of consequence, then suddenly as an inert
Atoms are the basic building blocks of all matter. They can combine to form molecules, whose properties are generally very different from those of the constituent atoms. Table salt, for example, a
Dachshunds are ideal dogs for small children, as they are already stretched and pulled to such a length that the child cannot do much harm one way or the other.Determine which of the following
Since the 1950s a malady called whirling disease has invaded U.S. fishing streams, frequently attacking rainbow trout. A parasite deforms young fish, which often chase their tails before dying, hence
For organisms at the sea surface, sinking into deep water usually means death. Plant cells cannot photosynthesize in the dark depths. Fishes and other animals that descend lose contact with the main
No business concern wants to sell on credit to a customer who will prove unable or unwilling to pay his or her account. Consequently, most business organizations include a credit department which
Young people at universities study to achieve knowledge and not to learn a trade. We must all learn how to support ourselves, but we must also learn how to live. We need a lot of engineers in the
Bear one thing in mind before you begin to write your paper: Famous literary works, especially works regarded as classics, have been thoroughly studied to the point where prevailing opinion on them
Economics is of practical value in business. An understanding of the overall operation of the economic system puts the business executive in a better position to formulate policies. The executive who
Lions at Kruger National Park in South Africa are dying of tuberculosis. “All of the lions in the park may be dead within ten years because the disease is incurable, and the lions have no natural
Any unit of length, when cubed, becomes a unit of volume. Thus, the cubic meter, cubic centimeter, and cubic millimeter are all units of volume.Determine which of the following passages are
The pace of reading, clearly, depends entirely upon the reader. He may read as slowly or as rapidly as he can or wishes to read. If he does not understand something, he may stop and reread it, or go
The pace of reading, clearly, depends entirely upon the reader. He may read as slowly or as rapidly as he can or wishes to read. If he does not understand something, he may stop and reread it, or go
Mortality rates for women undergoing early abortions, where the procedure is legal, appear to be as low as or lower than the rates for normal childbirth. Consequently, any interest of the state in
I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist
Fictional characters behave according to the same psychological probabilities as real people. But the characters of fiction are found in exotic dilemmas that real people hardly encounter.
Fictional characters behave according to the same psychological probabilities as real people. But the characters of fiction are found in exotic dilemmas that real people hardly encounter.
If stem-cell research is restricted, then future cures will not materialize. If future cures do not materialize, then people will die prematurely. Therefore, if stem-cell research is restricted, then
If stem-cell research is restricted, then future cures will not materialize. If future cures do not materialize, then people will die prematurely. Therefore, if stem-cell research is restricted, then
Mosquito bites are not always the harmless little irritations most of us take them to be. For example, some mosquitoes carry West Nile virus, and people who are infected can become very sick or even
It is strongly recommended that you have your house inspected for termite damage at the earliest possible opportunity.Determine which of the following passages are arguments. For those that are,
A mammal is a vertebrate animal that nurses its offspring. Thus, cats and dogs are mammals, as are sheep, monkeys, rabbits, and bears.Determine which of the following passages are arguments. For
Freedom of the press is the most important of our constitutionally guaranteed freedoms. Without it, our other freedoms would be immediately threatened. Furthermore, it provides the fulcrum for the
If public education fails to improve the quality of instruction in both primary and secondary schools, then it is likely that it will lose additional students to the private sector in the years
Create the following arguments:1. An argument having one or more premise indicators and the conclusion: “Uniforms should/should not be required in high schools.”2. An argument having a conclusion
Most of the environmental problems facing us stem, at least in part, from the sheer number of Americans. The average American produces three quarters of a ton of garbage every year, consumes hundreds
Parents who feel guilty for the little time they can (or choose to) spend with their children "pick up" after them-so the children don't learn to face the consequences of their own choices and
Ideally, decisions about health care should be based on the doctor's clinical judgment, patient preference, and scientific evidence. Patients should always be presented with options in their care.
A person cannot reject free will and still insist on criminality and codes of moral behavior. If people are compelled by forces beyond their control (genes or environment), then their actions, no
Infectious disease is no longer the leading cause of death in this country, thanks to antibiotics, but there are new strains of bacteria that are resistant to-and others that grow only in the
History has shown repeatedly that you cannot legislate morality, nor does anyone have a right to. The real problem is the people who have a vested interest in sustaining the multibillion-dollar drug
College is the time in which a young mind is supposed to mature and acquire wisdom, and one can only do this by experiencing as much diverse intellectual stimuli as possible. A business student may
Use truth tables to determine whether the following statement forms are tautologous, self-contradictory, or contingent.{[(p ⊃ q) ⋅ (r ⊃ s)] ⋅ (q ꓦ s)} ⊃ (p ꓦ r)
Use truth tables to determine whether the following statement forms are tautologous, self-contradictory, or contingent.{[(p ⊃ q) · (r ⊃ s)] ⋅ (p ꓦ r)} ⊃ (q ꓦ s)
Using the truth-table definitions of the dot, the wedge, and the tilde (curl), determine which of the following statements are true:(Stockholm is the capital of Norway ꓦ ~Paris is the capital of
Use truth tables to determine the validity or invalidity of each of the following arguments:(P1): (O ꓦ P) ⊃ Q(P2): Q ⊃ (O ⋅ P)∴(O ꓦ P) ⊃ (O ⋅ P)
Use truth tables to determine whether the following statement forms are tautologous, self-contradictory, or contingent.[p ⊃ (q ⊃ p)] ⊃ [(q ⊃ q) ⊃ ~(r ⊃ r)]
Using the truth-table definitions of the dot, the wedge, and the tilde (curl), determine which of the following statements are true:London is the capital of England ⋅ ~(Rome is the capital of Italy
Use truth tables to determine the validity or invalidity of each of the following arguments:(P1): M ꓦ (N · ~ N)(P2): M∴ ~(N ⋅ ~ )
Use truth tables to determine whether the following statement forms are tautologous, self-contradictory, or contingent.[p ⊃ (q ⊃ r)] ⊃ [( p ⊃ q) ⊃ ( p ⊃ r )]
Using the truth-table definitions of the dot, the wedge, and the tilde (curl), determine which of the following statements are true:Paris is the capital of France ⋅ ~(Paris is the capital of France
Use truth tables to prove the validity or invalidity of each of the argument forms in Section 8.5, Group B, pp. 288–9.(P1): U ⊃ (V ꓦ W)(P2): (V · W) ⊃ ~U∴~U
Use truth tables to determine whether the following statement forms are tautologous, self-contradictory, or contingent.(p ⊃ p) ⊃ (q · ~q)
Use truth tables to prove the validity or invalidity of each of the argument forms in Section 8.5, Group B, pp. 288–9.(P1): (R ꓦ S) ⊃ T(P2): T ⊃ (R ⋅ S)∴(R ⋅ S) ⊃ (R ꓦ S)
Use truth tables to prove the validity or invalidity of each of the argument forms in Section 8.5, Group B, pp. 288–9.(P1): (O ꓦ P) ⊃ Q(P2): Q ⊃ (O ⋅ P)∴(O ꓦ P) ⊃ (O ⋅ P)
Use truth tables to prove the validity or invalidity of each of the argument forms in Section 8.5, Group B, pp. 288–9.(P1): M ꓦ (N · ~ N)(P2): M∴ ~(N ⋅ ~ )
Use truth tables to prove the validity or invalidity of each of the argument forms in Section 8.5, Group B, pp. 288–9.(P1): (G ꓦ H) ⊃ (G · H)(P2): ~(G · H)∴ ~(G ꓦ H)
Use truth tables to prove the validity or invalidity of each of the argument forms in Section 8.5, Group B, pp. 288–9.(P1): E ⊃ F(P2): F ⊃ E∴E ꓦ F
Use truth tables to prove the validity or invalidity of each of the argument forms in Section 8.5, Group B, pp. 288–9.(P1): (C ꓦ D)(C · D)(P2): C · D∴C ꓦ D
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing
Use truth tables to prove the validity or invalidity of each of the argument forms in Section 8.5, Group B, pp. 288–9.(P1): (A ꓦ B) ⊃ (A · B)(P2): A ꓦ B∴A ⋅ B
For the following statements, if there are forced truth-value assignments, make them. If there are no forced truth-value assignments, determine, using Maxim V, the requisite truth-value combinations
For the following argument, construct both (a) A direct formal proof of validity and(b) An indirect proof of validity. Compare the lengths of the two proofs. (P₁): (V-W) (XY) (P₂): (-WZ)
For each of the following, either construct a formal proof of validity or prove invalidity by means of the STTT. In each case, use the notation in parentheses.If Salome is intelligent and studies
The following set of arguments involves, in each case, one inference only, in which one of the ten logical equivalences set forth in this section has been employed. Here are two examples, the first
For each of the following arguments, inferring just two statements from the premises will produce a formal proof of its validity. Construct a formal proof for each of these arguments.In these formal
For the following statements, if there are forced truth-value assignments, make them. If there are no forced truth-value assignments, determine, using Maxim V, the requisite truth-value combinations
Here follows a set of twenty elementary valid arguments. They are valid because each of them is exactly in the form of one of the nine elementary valid argument forms. For each of them, state the
Use Conditional Proof (C.P.) to prove that the following statements are tautologies.R ⊃ ~~ R
The following set of arguments involves, in each case, one inference only, in which one of the ten logical equivalences set forth in this section has been employed. Here are two examples, the first
Use indirect proof to prove that the following statements are tautologies.(A ⊃ B) ꓦ (A ⊃ ~ B)
Translate each of the following into the logical notation of propositional functions and quantifiers, in each case using the abbreviations suggested and making each formula begin with a quantifier,
For each of the following arguments, it is possible to provide a formal proof of validity by validly inferring just three statements. Writing these out, carefully and accurately, will strengthen your
For each of the following arguments, inferring just two statements from the premises will produce a formal proof of its validity. Construct a formal proof for each of these arguments.In these formal
For the following statements, if there are forced truth-value assignments, make them. If there are no forced truth-value assignments, determine, using Maxim V, the requisite truth-value combinations
For each of the following, either construct a formal proof of validity or prove invalidity by means of the STTT. In each case, use the notation in parentheses.If I buy a new car this spring or have
Here follows a set of twenty elementary valid arguments. They are valid because each of them is exactly in the form of one of the nine elementary valid argument forms. For each of them, state the
Use Conditional Proof (C.P.) to prove that the following statements are tautologies.~~ R ⊃ R
The following set of arguments involves, in each case, one inference only, in which one of the ten logical equivalences set forth in this section has been employed. Here are two examples, the first
Translate each of the following into the logical notation of propositional functions and quantifiers, in each case using the abbreviations suggested and making each formula begin with a quantifier,
For each of the following arguments, it is possible to provide a formal proof of validity by validly inferring just three statements. Writing these out, carefully and accurately, will strengthen your
For each of the following, either construct a formal proof of validity or prove invalidity by means of the STTT. In each case, use the notation in parentheses.If God were willing to prevent evil, but
For each of the following arguments, inferring just two statements from the premises will produce a formal proof of its validity. Construct a formal proof for each of these arguments.In these formal
For the following statements, if there are forced truth-value assignments, make them. If there are no forced truth-value assignments, determine, using Maxim V, the requisite truth-value combinations
Here follows a set of twenty elementary valid arguments. They are valid because each of them is exactly in the form of one of the nine elementary valid argument forms. For each of them, state the
The following set of arguments involves, in each case, one inference only, in which one of the ten logical equivalences set forth in this section has been employed. Here are two examples, the first
Use Conditional Proof (C.P.) to prove that the following statements are tautologies.(M ⊃ N) ⊃ (~ N ⊃ ~ M)
Translate each of the following into the logical notation of propositional functions and quantifiers, in each case using the abbreviations suggested and making each formula begin with a quantifier,
For each of the following two arguments, construct an indirect proof of validity.If precipitation levels remain unchanged and global warming intensifies, ocean levels will rise and some ocean ports
For each of the following arguments, it is possible to provide a formal proof of validity by validly inferring just three statements. Writing these out, carefully and accurately, will strengthen your
For each of the following arguments, inferring just two statements from the premises will produce a formal proof of its validity. Construct a formal proof for each of these arguments.In these formal
For each of the following, either construct a formal proof of validity or prove invalidity by means of the STTT. In each case, use the notation in parentheses.If there are the ordinary symptoms of a
For the following statements, if there are forced truth-value assignments, make them. If there are no forced truth-value assignments, determine, using Maxim V, the requisite truth-value combinations
Here follows a set of twenty elementary valid arguments. They are valid because each of them is exactly in the form of one of the nine elementary valid argument forms. For each of them, state the
Use Conditional Proof (C.P.) to prove that the following statements are tautologies.[D ⊃ (F ⊃ G)] ⊃[F ⊃ (D ⊃ G)]
The following set of arguments involves, in each case, one inference only, in which one of the ten logical equivalences set forth in this section has been employed. Here are two examples, the first
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