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social science
introduction to logic
Questions and Answers of
Introduction To Logic
If you buy our airline ticket now you can save 60 percent, and that means 60 percent more vacation for you.Most of the following selections were taken from letters-to-the-editor columns of news
As corporate farms continue to gobble up smaller family farms, they control a larger percentage of the grain and produce raised in the United States. Some have already reached a point in size where,
I am twelve years old. My class had a discussion on whether police used unnecessary force when arresting the people from Operation Rescue.My teacher is an ex-cop, and he demonstrated police holds to
As the oldest of eleven children (all married), I’d like to point out our combined family numbers more than 100 who vote only for pro-life candidates. Pro-lifers have children, pro-choicers do
People of the Philippines, I have returned! The hour of your redemption is here! Rally to me! Let the indomitable spirit of Bataan and Corregidor lead on! As the lines of battle roll forward to bring
I prayed for the U.S. Senate to defeat the prayer amendment—and it did. There is a God.Most of the following selections were taken from letters-to-the-editor columns of news papers and magazines.
Dear Ann: Recently I was shopping downtown in 20-below-zero weather. A stranger walked up to me and said, “I wonder how many beautiful rabbits died so you could have that coat?” I noticed she was
I say “bravo” and “right on!” Now we have some real-life humane heroes to look up to! These brave people [a group of animal liberators] went up against the insensitive bureaucratic
In our society it is generally considered improper for a man to sleep, shower, and dress amid a group of women to whom he normally would be sexually attracted. It seems to me, then, to be equally
We’ve often heard the saying, “Far better to let 100 guilty men go free than to condemn one innocent man.” What happens then if we apply the logic of this argument to the question, “Is a
The notion of “buying American” is as misguided as the notion of buying Wisconsin, or Oshkosh, Wisconsin, or South Oshkosh, Wisconsin. For the same reasons that Wisconsin increases its standard
How can we pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and not establish laws to punish people who burn the flag to make a statement? We are a people who punish an individual who
As somebody who has experienced the tragedy of miscarriage—or spontaneous abortion—at eight weeks, I greatly resent the position that a fetus is not a baby. I went through the grief of losing a
Just as our parents did for us, my husband and I rely solely on Christian Science for all the health needs of our four sons and find it invaluable for the quick cure of whatever ailments and
The fact is that the hype over “acid rain” and “global warming” is just that: hype. Take, for example, Stephen Schneider, author of Global Warming. In his current “study” he discusses a
So you think that putting the worst type of criminal out of his misery is wrong. How about the Americans who were sent to Korea, to Vietnam, to Beirut, to the Middle East? Thousands of good men were
You take half of the American population every night and set them down in front of a screen watching people getting stabbed, shot and blown away. And then you expect them to go out into the streets
Pigeons are forced to leave our city to battle for life. Their struggle is an endless search for food. What manner of person would watch these hungry creatures suffer from want of food and deny them
So you want to ban smoking in all eating establishments? Well, you go right ahead and do that little thing. And when the 40 percent of smokers stop eating out, the restaurants can do one of two
If the advocates of prayers in public schools win on this issue, just where will it end? Perhaps next they will ask for prayers on public transportation? Prayers by government workers before they
My gun has protected me, and my son’s gun taught him safety and responsibility long before he got hold of a far more lethal weapon—the family car. Cigarettes kill many times more people yearly
Would you rather invest in our nation’s children or Pentagon waste? The choice is yours.Most of the following selections were taken from letters-to-the-editor columns of news papers and magazines.
The death penalty is the punishment for murder. Just as we have long jail terms for armed robbery, assault and battery, fraud, contempt of court, fines for speeding, reckless driving and other
I see that our courts are being asked to rule on the propriety of outlawing video games as a “waste of time and money.”It seems that we may be onto something here. A favorable ruling would open
The conservative diatribe found in campus journalism comes from the mouths of a handful of affluent brats who were spoon-fed through the ’90s. Put them on an ethnically more diverse campus, rather
Doctors say the birth of a baby is a high point of being a doctor. Yet a medical survey shows one out of every nine obstetricians in America has stopped delivering babies.Expectant mothers have had
Before I came to the United States in July 1922, I was in Berlin where I visited the famous zoo. In one of the large cages were a lion and a tiger. Both respected each other’s strength. It occurred
When will they ever learn—that the Republican party is not for the people who voted for it?Most of the following selections were taken from letters-to-the-editor columns of news papers and
After reading “Homosexuals in the Churches,” I’d like to point out that I don’t know any serious, capable exegetes who stumble over Saint Paul’s denunciation of homosexuality. Only a fool
A capital gains tax [reduction] benefits everyone, not just the “rich,” because everyone will have more money to invest or spend in the private economy, resulting in more jobs and increasing
How would you feel to see your children starving and have all doors slammed in your face? Isn’t it time that all of us who believe in freedom and human rights stop thinking in terms of color and
A parent would never give a ten-year-old the car keys, fix him or her a martini, or let him or her wander at night through a dangerous part of town. The same holds true of the Internet. Watch what
Mexico’s president expresses legitimate concern when he questions supplying oil to Americans who are unwilling to apply “discipline” in oil consumption. In view of the fact that his country’s
The American Civil Liberties Union did a study that found that in the last eighty years it believes twenty-five innocent people have been executed in the United States. This is unfortunate. But,
The American Civil Liberties Union did a study that found that in the last eighty years it believes twenty-five innocent people have been executed in the United States. This is unfortunate. But,
Dear Ann: I’ve read that one aspirin taken every other day will reduce the risk of heart attack. Why not take two and double the protection?Most of the following selections were taken from
Women in military combat is insane. No society in its right mind would have such a policy. The military needs only young people and that means the only women who go are those in their childbearing
When will these upper-crust intellectuals realize that the masses of working people are not in cozy, cushy, interesting, challenging, well-paying jobs, professions and businesses? My husband is now
Exporting cigarettes [to Asia] is good business for America; there is no reason we should be prohibited from doing so. Asians have been smoking for decades; we are only offering variety in their
Create the following informal fallacies:1. A begging the question connected with religion2. A complex question dealing with cyberstalking3. A false dichotomy related to a Tiffany watch4. An
Are you in favor of the ruinous economic policy of the Democratic Platform Committee?Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by
A line is composed of points. Points have no length. Therefore, a line has no length.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by
People are driving their cars like maniacs tonight. There must be a full moon.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the
Dozens of species of plants and animals are being wiped out every year, even though we have laws to prevent it. Clearly, we should repeal the Endangered Species Act.Identify the fallacies of
When I visited Dr. Ames about my cholesterol, she insisted that I go on a statin drug. She says everybody should be on a statin. And when I saw Dr. Collins for depression, he prescribed Prozac. And
Nobody has ever proved that using cell phones causes brain tumors. Therefore, using cell phones does not cause brain tumors.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption,
Either you buy me a new BMW, or I won’t be able to get back and forth to school. I know you want me to go to school, so the choice is clear.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction,
The vast majority of car accidents occur within twenty miles of one’s home. Apparently it is much more dangerous to drive close to home than far away from home.Identify the fallacies of relevance,
Rhubarb pie is a dessert. Therefore, whoever eats rhubarb pie eats a dessert.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the
The students attending Bradford College come from every one of the fifty states. Michelle attends Bradford College. Therefore, Michelle comes from every one of the fifty states.Identify the fallacies
The Book of Mormon is true because it was written by Joseph Smith. Joseph Smith wrote the truth because he was divinely inspired. We know that Joseph Smith was divinely inspired because the Book of
Good steaks are rare these days, so don’t order yours well done.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following
Raising a child is like growing a tree. Sometimes violent things, such as cutting off branches, have to be done to force the tree to grow straight. Similarly, corporal punishment must sometimes be
Mr. Franklin has lost at the craps table for the last ten throws of the dice. Therefore, it is extremely likely that he will win on the next throw.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction,
Professor Glazebrooks’s theory about the origin of the Martian craters is undoubtedly true. Rudolph Orkin, the great concert pianist, announced his support of the theory in this morning’s
Criminals are basically stupid, because anyone who isn’t basically stupid wouldn’t be a criminal.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit
The travel brochure states that walking up O’Connell Street, the statue of Parnell comes into view. Apparently that statue has no trouble getting around.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak
The farmers of our state have asked that we introduce legislation to provide subsidies for soybeans. Unfortunately, we will have to turn down their request. If we give subsidies to the soybean
Real estate mogul Donald Trump argues that good management is essential to any business. But who is he to talk? Trump’s own mismanagement drove Trump Entertainment Resorts into bankruptcy three
We’ve all heard the complaint that millions of Americans are without adequate health care. But America’s doctors, nurses, and hospitals are among the best in the world. Thousands of people come
Recent studies have shown that conventional food has the same vitamins, minerals, proteins, and other nutrients as organic food. Therefore, it’s just as good to eat conventional food as organic
Mr. Prime Minister, I am certain you will want to release the members of our National Liberation Group whom you currently hold in prison. After all, I’m sure you will want to avoid having car bombs
What goes up must come down. The price of food has been going up for years. Therefore, it will surely come down soon.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and
We know that induction will provide dependable results in the future because it has always worked in the past. Whatever has consistently worked in the past will continue to work in the future, and we
Pauline said that after she had removed her new mink coat from the shipping carton she threw it into the trash. We conclude that Pauline has no appreciation for fine furs.Identify the fallacies of
Humanitarian groups have argued in favor of housing for the poor. Unfortunately, these high-density projects have been tried in the past and have failed. In no time they turn into ghettos with
Each and every brick in the completely brick-faced Wainright Building has a reddish-brown color. Therefore, the Wainright Building has a reddish-brown color.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak
Motives and desires exert forces on people, causing them to choose one thing over another. But force is a physical quantity, governed by the laws of physics. Therefore, human choices are governed by
If someone rents a piece of land and plants crops on it, the landlord is never permitted to come and take those crops for himself when harvest time arrives. Similarly, if couples enlist the services
White sheep eat more than black sheep (because there are more of them). Therefore, this white sheep eats more than that black sheep.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption,
Either we have prayer in our public schools or the moral fabric of society will disintegrate. The choice should be obvious.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity,
Molecules are in constant random motion. The Statue of Liberty is composed of molecules. Therefore, the Statue of Liberty is in constant random motion.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak
Professor Andrews, surely I deserve a B in logic. I know that I have gotten F’s on all the tests, but if you give me an F for my final grade, I will lose my scholarship. That will force me to drop
Senator Chris Murphy’s arguments for the protection of wilderness areas should be ignored. Murphy is just another one of those tree-hugging liberals who supports such legislation only to please the
Texas oilman T. Boone Pickens says that natural-gas fracking is perfectly safe and poses no threat to the nation’s drinking water. Therefore we must conclude that fracking is just as safe as he
Paul, it was great to see you at the party the other night. Everyone there was doing crack. Incidentally, how long have you been dealing that stuff?Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak
This administration is not anti-German, as it has been alleged. Germany is a great country. It has contributed immensely to the world’s artistic treasury. Goethe and Schiller made magnificent
Childhood obesity is a major problem these days. Obviously our public health officials have not been doing their job.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and
The twenty-story Carson Building is constructed of concrete blocks. Each and every concrete block in the structure can withstand an earthquake of 9.5 on the Richter scale. Therefore, the building can
When a car breaks down so often that repairs become pointless, the car is thrown on the junk heap. Similarly, when a person becomes old and diseased, he or she should be mercifully put to
Giant pandas are rapidly disappearing. This animal is a giant panda. Therefore, this animal should disappear any minute now.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption,
No one has ever proved that the human fetus is not a person with rights. Therefore, abortion is morally wrong.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit
The idea that black people in this country live in poverty is ridiculous. Look at LeBron James. He’s a millionaire. And so are Sean Combs, Samuel L. Jackson, and Michael Jordan.Identify the
Surely it’s morally permissible to kill animals for food. If God didn’t want us to eat animals, he wouldn’t have made them out of meat.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction,
Of course you should eat Wheaties. Wheaties is the breakfast of champions, you know.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by
Every member of the Delta Club is over seventy years old. Therefore, the Delta Club must be over seventy years old.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and
Every member of the Delta Club is over seventy years old. Therefore, the Delta Club must be over seventy years old.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and
A crust of bread is better than nothing. Nothing is better than true love. Therefore, a crust of bread is better than true love.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption,
Oregon State Representative Dennis Richardson says that the reason the Newtown school massacre occurred is because the teachers were not armed. Thus, to prevent future shootings of this sort we must
Oregon State Representative Dennis Richardson says that the reason the Newtown school massacre occurred is because the teachers were not armed. Thus, to prevent future shootings of this sort we must
Mr. Wilson said that on July 4 he went out on the veranda and watched the fireworks go up in his pajamas. We conclude that Mr. Wilson must have had an exciting evening.Identify the fallacies of
In his History of the American Civil War, Jeffry Noland argues that the war had little to do with slavery. However, as a historian from Alabama, Noland could not possibly present an accurate account.
Of course abortion is permissible. After all, a woman has a right to do as she pleases with her own body.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the
Emeralds are seldom found in this country, so you should be careful not to misplace your emerald ring.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the
The author warns about numerous computational errors in his accounting text. Therefore, he must have written it very carelessly.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit
Sylvia, I saw you shopping for wine the other day. Incidentally, are you still drinking excessively?Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the
An atomic bomb causes more damage than a conventional bomb. Therefore, during World War II more damage was caused by atomic bombs than by conventional bombs.Identify the fallacies of presumption,
Picasso is the greatest artist of the twentieth century. We know that this is so because art critics have described him in these terms. These art critics are correct in their assessment because they
Switzerland is 48 percent Protestant. Heidi Gilsing is a Swiss. Therefore, Heidi Gilsing is 48 percent Protestant.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed
Either James Franco or Miley Cyrus is a popular singer. James Franco is not a popular singer. Therefore, Miley Cyrus is a popular singer.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit
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