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social science
introduction to logic

Questions and Answers of Introduction To Logic

Either you major in business administration, or you have no chance at a successful career. You told me that you aren’t majoring in business administration. It’s sad that you haven’t chosen a
During the fifty years that Mr. Jones worked, he contributed $90,000 to Social Security. Now that he is retired, he stands to collect $200,000 from the system. Obviously he will collect a much
George said that he was interviewing for a job drilling oil wells in the supervisor’s office. We can only conclude that the supervisor must have an awfully dirty office.Identify the fallacies of
Each and every cell in this carrot is 90 percent water. Therefore, the entire carrot is 90 percent water.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the
All men are mortal. Therefore, someday man will disappear from the earth.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a
Johnson is employed by the General Services Administration, and everyone knows that the GSA is the most inefficient branch of the government. Therefore, Johnson must be an inefficient worker.Identify
Alex, I heard your testimony in court earlier today. Tell me, why did you lie on the witness stand?Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the
If Thomas gives Marie a ring, then Thomas and Marie will be engaged. Thomas did give Marie a ring. In fact, he phoned her just the other night. Therefore, Thomas and Marie are engaged.Identify the
Twenty years ago, Kung Fong, the great sumo wrestler, could have yanked up one of the fir trees in the new municipal arboretum with a single pull. Therefore, since Mr. Fong is as strong today as he
Butane is combustible. Therefore, it burns.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer.
People who lack humility have no sense of beauty, because everyone who has a sense of beauty also has humility.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by
Water will quench one’s thirst. Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen. Therefore, hydrogen will quench one’s thirst, and so will oxygen.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and
Why is it so difficult for you to reach a decision?Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your
James said that he saw a picture of a beautiful girl stashed in Stephen’s locker. We can only conclude that Stephen has broken the rules, because girls are not allowed in the locker room.Identify
An athlete is a human being. Therefore, a good athlete is a good human being.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a
Every sentence in this paragraph is well written. Therefore, the paragraph is well written.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following
Either we require forced sterilization of Third World peoples or the world population will explode and all of us will die. We certainly don’t want to die, so we must require forced
Create the following informal fallacies:1. An appeal to unqualified authority relating to a psychic2. An appeal to ignorance about life on other planets3. A hasty generalization dealing with ageism4.
Some of the parents in our school district have asked that we provide bilingual education in Spanish. This request will have to be denied. If we provide this service, then someone will ask for
Radio entertainer Rush Limbaugh claims there is not a shred of evidence to prove that nicotine is addictive or that cigarettes cause emphysema, lung cancer, or any other disease. Given Limbaugh’s
On Monday I drank ten rum and Cokes, and the next morning I woke up with a headache. On Wednesday I drank eight gin and Cokes, and the next morning I woke up with a headache. On Friday I drank nine
No one, on encountering a wristwatch lying on a forest trail, would expect that it had simply appeared there without having been made by someone. For the same reason, no one should expect that the
Freedom of speech is guaranteed by the First Amendment. Therefore, your friend was acting within his rights when he shouted “Fire! Fire!” in that crowded theater, even though it was only a
Nobody has ever proved that immoral behavior by elected officials erodes public morality. Therefore, we must conclude that such behavior does not erode public morality.Identify the fallacies of
Folks who argue in favor of amnesty for undocumented immigrants are dead wrong. Homeland security is of vital importance. National security is necessary for a healthy economy and the psychological
It is ridiculous to hear that man from Peru complaining about America’s poverty. Peru has twice as much poverty as America has ever had.Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction
Members of the jury, you have heard Jack Fix testify that the defendant is not in fact a drug dealer. But Mr. Fix is a known drug dealer himself, and a close friend of the defendant. Also, only a
India is suffering a serious drought, thousands of children are dying of starvation in their mothers’ arms, and homeless beggars line the streets of the major cities. Surely we must give these poor
Mr. Flemming’s arguments against the rent-control initiative on the September ballot should be taken with a grain of salt. As a landlord he would naturally be expected to oppose the
To prevent dangerous weapons from being carried aboard airliners, those seeking to board must pass through a magnetometer or X-ray device and submit to a possible pat-down search. Therefore, to
Dear Internal Revenue Service: I received a notice that my taxes are being audited for last year. But you have no right to do this. The deadline for filing a return was April 15, and I filed my tax
James Dobson, founder of Focus on the Family, says that men have the divine obligation to lead their families, and women have the divine obligation to submit to their husband’s authority. Given
Student loan debt is becoming a national crisis. Clearly, we should provide free textbooks to all college students.Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following
The operation of a camera is similar in many ways to the operation of an eye. If you are to see anything in a darkened room, the pupils of your eyes must first dilate. Accordingly, if you are to take
Michael Moore, the documentary filmmaker, argues that capitalist institutions are ravaging America’s middle class and walking away with billions of dollars in their pockets. But Moore is just a
Environmentalists accuse us of blocking the plan to convert Antarctica into a world park. In fact, nothing could be further from the truth. Antarctica is a huge continent teeming with life. It is the
Extensive laboratory tests have failed to prove any deleterious side effects of the new painkiller lexaprine. We conclude that lexaprine is safe for human consumption.Identify the fallacies of
When water is poured on the top of a pile of rocks, it always trickles down to the rocks on the bottom. Similarly, when rich people make lots of money, we can expect this money to trickle down to the
Ellen Quinn has argued that logic is not the most important thing in life. Apparently Ellen advocates irrationality. It has taken two million years for the human race to achieve the position that it
Practically everyone has a fake ID card these days. Therefore, you should have no qualms about getting one yourself.Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following
Johnny, of course I deserve the use of your bicycle for the afternoon. After all, I’m sure you wouldn’t want your mother to find out that you played hooky today.Identify the fallacies of
Emily has bought over 100 tickets on the weekly state lottery, and she has never won anything. Therefore, the likelihood increases every week that she will win something if she continues to buy
World-renowned physicist Stephen Hawking claims that black holes do not gobble up everything that falls into them without leaving a trace, but that something is always left behind. Given Hawking’s
What the farmer sows in the spring he reaps in the fall. In the spring he sows $8-per-bushel soybeans. Therefore, in the fall he will reap $8-per-bushel soybeans.Identify the fallacies of relevance
Todd Burpo, the best-selling author, argues in his book that heaven is real and that his son Colton met Jesus and John the Baptist in a near-death experience. But it’s clear that Burpo says these
These equal rights ordinances that supposedly protect gays and transexuals from discrimination are the work of the devil! Once these ordinances are enacted, sexual deviants, lurking in the shadows of
Tagging by graffiti artists has become a terrible problem in recent years. Obviously our schools are stifling the creative spirit of these young people.Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak
I bumped into my friend Andy the other day, and the first thing his German shepherd did was rush up to me and sniff that spot about ten inches beneath my navel. When I visited Lucy at her home, her
There are more churches in New York City than in any other city in the nation, and more crimes are committed in New York City than anywhere else. So, if we are to eliminate crime, we must abolish the
No one has proved conclusively that America’s nuclear power plants constitute a danger to people living in their immediate vicinity. Therefore, it is perfectly safe to continue to build nuclear
No one should buy clothing at a department store without first trying it on. Accordingly, no one should buy food at a grocery store without first tasting it.Identify the fallacies of weak induction
We don’t dare let the animal-rights activists get their foot in the door. If they sell us on the idea that dogs, cats, and dolphins have rights, next it will be chickens and cows. That means no
Probably no life exists on Venus. Teams of scientists have conducted exhaustive studies of the planet’s surface and atmosphere, and no living organisms have been found.Identify the fallacies of
There is substantial evidence that units of the Chinese military hack into the computers of American technology companies to steal intellectual property and trade secrets. But Chinese Premier Li
George Clooney and Angelia Jolie give large sums of money to charitable causes every year. It must be the case that all movie stars give large amounts of money to charity every year.Identify the
Lester Brown, universally respected author of the yearly State of the World report, has said that the destruction of tropical rain forests is one of the ten most serious worldwide problems. Thus, it
No one has ever been able to prove the existence of extrasensory perception. We must therefore conclude that extrasensory perception is a myth.Identify the fallacies of weak induction committed by
A few minutes after Governor Harrison finished his speech on television, a devastating earthquake struck southern Alaska. For the safety of the people up there, it is imperative that Governor
The accumulation of pressure in a society is similar to the buildup of pressure in a boiler. If the pressure in a boiler increases beyond a critical point, the boiler will explode. Accordingly, if a
The accumulation of pressure in a society is similar to the buildup of pressure in a boiler. If the pressure in a boiler increases beyond a critical point, the boiler will explode. Accordingly, if a
The secretaries have asked us to provide lounge areas where they can spend their coffee breaks. This request will have to be refused. If we give them lounge areas, next they’ll be asking for spas
There must be something to psychical research. Three famous physicists— Oliver Lodge, James Jeans, and Arthur Stanley Eddington—took it seriously.There must be something to psychical research.
If a car breaks down on the freeway, a passing mechanic is not obligated to render emergency road service. For similar reasons, if a person suffers a heart attack on the street, a passing physician
The Daily News carried an article this morning about three local teenagers who were arrested on charges of drug possession. Teenagers these days are nothing but a bunch of junkies.Identify the
Create the following informal fallacies:1. An appeal to force dealing with an automobile collision2. An appeal to pity about hiring someone for a job3. An appeal to fear related to immigration4. A
Mr. Rhodes is suffering from amnesia and has no recollection whatever of the events of the past two weeks. We can only conclude that he did not commit the crime of murdering his wife a week ago, as
Dr. Morrison has argued that smoking is responsible for the majority of health problems in this country and that every smoker who has even the slightest concern for his or her health should quit.
Marie Osmond says on TV that Nutrisystem is the best way to get rid of belly fat. But this is exactly what you would expect given that Nutrisystem pays her millions of dollars to make these ads.
Of course you want to buy a pair of Slinky fashion jeans. Slinky jeans really show off your figure, and all the Hollywood starlets down on the Strip can be seen wearing them these days.Identify the
Animal rights activists say that animals are abused in biomedical research labs. But consider this: Pets are abused by their owners every day. Probably 25 percent of pet owners should never get near
I know that some of you oppose the appointment of David Cole as the new sales manager. On further consideration, however, I am confident you will find him well qualified for the job. If Cole is not
TV commentator Larry Kudlow argues that government should get off the back of the American businessman. Obviously, Kudlow wants to abolish government altogether. Yet without government there would be
TV commentator Larry Kudlow argues that government should get off the back of the American businessman. Obviously, Kudlow wants to abolish government altogether. Yet without government there would be
Rudolf Höss, commandant of the Auschwitz concentration camp, confessed to having exterminated 1 million people, most of whom were Jews, in the Auschwitz gas chamber. We can only conclude that Höss
Professor Pearson’s arguments in favor of the theory of evolution should be discounted. Pearson is a cocaine-snorting sex pervert and, according to some reports, a member of the Communist
U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren argues that big banks have been ripping off the American consumer for years. It’s clear, however, that Warren says this only to scratch up more campaign contributions
The First Amendment to the Constitution prevents the government from interfering with the free exercise of religion. The liturgical practice of the Religion of Internal Enlightenment involves human
Surely architect Norris is not responsible for the collapse of the Central Bank Tower. Norris has had nothing but trouble lately. His daughter eloped with a child molester, his son committed suicide,
We’ve all heard the argument that too much television is the reason our students can’t read and write. Yet many of today’s TV shows are excellent. Madam Secretary offers a look at the personal
Ladies and gentlemen, today the lines of battle have been drawn. When the din of clashing armor has finally died away, the Republican party will emerge victorious! We are the true party of the
If 20 percent of adult Americans are functionally illiterate, then it’s no wonder that morons get elected to public office. In fact, 20 percent of adult Americans are functionally illiterate.
Giving ridiculous reasons, the editors of the Daily Register have accused our company of being one of the city’s worst water polluters. But the Daily Register is responsible for much more pollution
Something is seriously wrong with high school education these days. After ten years of decline, SAT scores are still extremely low, and high school graduates are practically incapable of reading and
Senator Barrow advocates increased Social Security benefits for the poor. It is regrettable that the senator finds it necessary to advocate socialism. Socialism defeats initiative, takes away
Surely you welcome the opportunity to join our protective organization. Think of all the money you will lose from broken windows, overturned trucks, and damaged merchandise in the event of your not
Friedrich Nietzsche’s philosophy is not worth the paper it’s printed on. Nietzsche was an immoral reprobate who went completely insane from syphilis before he died.Identify the fallacies of
You should read Irving Stone’s latest novel right away. It’s sold over a million copies, and practically everyone in the Manhattan cocktail circuit is talking about it.Identify the fallacies of
You should read Irving Stone’s latest novel right away. It’s sold over a million copies, and practically everyone in the Manhattan cocktail circuit is talking about it.Identify the fallacies of
Whoever thrusts a knife into another person should be arrested. But surgeons do precisely this when operating. Therefore, surgeons should be arrested.Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by
Whoever thrusts a knife into another person should be arrested. But surgeons do precisely this when operating. Therefore, surgeons should be arrested.Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by
The school board argues that our schools are in desperate need of repair. But the real reason our students are falling behind is that they spend too much time on their smartphones. Becoming educated
Erica Evans, who takes orders at the local Taco Bell, argues persuasively in favor of increasing the minimum wage. But this is exactly what you would expect. Erica is paid the minimum wage, and if
The position open in the accounting department should be given to Frank Thompson. Frank has six hungry children to feed, and his wife desperately needs an operation to save her eyesight.Identify the
Create the following formal and informal fallacies:1. A hypothetical syllogism that contains a formal fallacy (see the “apes” argument given earlier in this section)2. An informal fallacy similar
Some corporate mergers are arrangements that produce layoffs. Some arrangements that produce layoffs are social catastrophes. Therefore, some corporate mergers are social catastrophesDetermine
Some corporate mergers are arrangements that produce layoffs. Some arrangements that produce layoffs are social catastrophes. Therefore, some corporate mergers are social catastrophesDetermine
If plastic guns are sold to the public, then terrorists will carry them aboard airliners undetected. If plastic guns are sold to the public, then airline hijackings will increase. Therefore, if
Mark Zuckerberg, cofounder of Facebook, argues in favor of opening up the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling. But consider this: Zuckerberg is just a moneygrubbing capitalist who only
Sarah Jessica Parker, Ben Affleck, and Julia Roberts are Democrats. Therefore, it must be the case that all Hollywood stars are Democrats.Determine whether the fallacies committed by the following
Sarah Jessica Parker, Ben Affleck, and Julia Roberts are Democrats. Therefore, it must be the case that all Hollywood stars are Democrats.Determine whether the fallacies committed by the following

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