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social science
psychology 2e
Psychology An Exploration 4th Edition Saundra Ciccarelli, J. White - Solutions
Define what it means to be conscious.
Cade enjoys playing with sparklers on the 4th of July. He loves watching his sister run with a sparkler and the momentary trail of light that seems to be left behind. Which aspect of our visual system best explains this trail of light?a. achromatopsiab. lateral inhibitionc. microsaccades of the
Allison opened her new jigsaw puzzle but soon realized that she had the same puzzle when she was a child. With her past experience to rely on, Allison will probably use __________ to help her reassemble the puzzle.a. top-down processingb. bottom-up processingc. perceptual expectancyd. perceptual set
The Müller-Lyer illusion is influenced greatly by one’sa. culture.b. age.c. gender.d. level of intellect.
From experience, you know that commercial jets typically fly around 500 miles per hour at a height of 30,000 feet. However, as you watch one fly high overhead, it seems to slowly pass by. What monocular depth cue best explains this?a. overlapb. linear perspectivec. motion parallaxd. texture gradient
In viewing the items above, seeing three columns of Xs on the left versus three rows of Xs on the right can be explained by the Gestalt principle of __________.XX XX XX XXXXXX XX XX XX XXXXXX XX XX XX XXXXXXa. closureb. proximityc. similarityd. contiguity
Little Karla is with her mother at the docks waiting for her daddy to return from his naval deployment. While the boat is still a way out, her mother says, “There is daddy’s boat.” Karla is confused. She cannot understand how her dad can be on a boat that is so small that she can hold up her
A child may sometimes play by quickly turning around in a circle.When the child stops, he or she often feels like his or her head is still spinning. What is responsible for this sensation?a. fluid still rotating in the semicircular canalsb. proprioceptorsc. compression of the otolith organsd.
If Tabitha closes her eyes when she rides in her parents’ car, she can still tell that the car is moving. This is due to the movement of tiny crystals in thea. otolith organs.b. outer ear.c. cochlea.d. middle ear.
If a child suffers from congenital analgesia, why must he or she be careful when outside playing?a. The child’s sense of smell does not work properly.b. The child often cannot hear sounds unless he or she is within 3 feet of the source.c. The child lacks the ability to react to a dangerous
Jude is suffering from a severe cold. His nose has been stopped up for several days. What effect, if any, might his cold have on his sense of taste?a. His sense of taste will be dulled since taste and smell often work together.b. His sense of taste will be increased since he isn’t receiving
Studies show that taste preference can typically begina. before a baby is born.b. in the first 3 to 6 months after birth.c. by age 1.d. during preschool.
John has played his music loudly for years. Now, in his 20s, he finds he has a continuous ringing in both of his ears. What would John probably be diagnosed with?a. tinnitus, which is a nerve-based disorder that has no permanent cureb. conduction-based hearing impairment; however, hearing aids may
The hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup are part of thea. middle ear.b. outer ear.c. inner ear.d. cochlea.
A deer’s inability to quickly respond to the headlights of an approaching car is due to what sensory phenomenon?a. afterimageb. light adaptationc. dark adaptationd. opponent-process theory
What part of the eye hardens as we age, thus causing many to suffer from presbyopia?a. rodsb. lensc. conesd. vitreous humor
When an ophthalmologist surgically corrects a patient’s vision through LASIK or PRK, the doctor is making adjustments to the patient’sa. cornea.b. lens.c. retina.d. iris.
Which of the following terms refers to the amplitude of a light wave such as how high or low the wave is?a. brightnessb. colorc. pitchd. hue
You detect the strong smell of cedar when you enter a furniture store. However, after a short while in the store, you no longer can detect the smell. This is likely due toa. accommodation.b. habituation.c. perceptual constancy.d. sensory adaptation.
Stimuli that fall below the threshold of conscious awareness are called ________ stimuli.a. encodedb. automaticc. preconsciousd. subliminal
In making a large pot of chili for a family reunion, you find that you have to add 1 onion to your pot of chili that already has 5 onions mixed in it to notice a difference. According to Weber’s Law, how many onions would you have to add to notice a difference if you are making twice as much
Of the neuroimaging methods covered in Chapter Two, which methods might be best for examining the brain activity of someone who is watching a magic performance?Why?
The examples highlighted in this discussion are based on visual illusions; can you think of a magic trick or performance that may have been based on an illusion in a different sensory modality?
The first time Megan had to install a ceiling fan in her new home, it took a long time. But later when she helped install a ceiling fan in her best friend’s home, she completed the job very quickly. Her improved speed and skill can partially be attributed toa. bottom-up processing.b. top-down
Jason’s uncle claimed to have seen a black panther in the trees beside the highway, although no one else saw it. Knowing that his uncle has been looking for a black panther for years, Jason attributes his uncle’s “sighting” toa. perceptual defense.b. perceptual set.c. bottom-up
The Müller-Lyer illusion occurs more frequently ina. people living in a Western culture.b. children than adults.c. men than women.d. individuals living in poverty.
What monocular depth cue can best explain why railroad tracks appear to come together in the distance?a. linear perspectiveb. convergencec. overlapd. texture gradient
Hunters who wear camouflage so that they can blend in with their surroundings are relying on which principle of perception?a. depth perceptionb. expectancyc. shape constancyd. figure–ground relationships
When opening a door, the actual image on your retina changes drastically, but you still perceive the door as a rectangle. This is an example ofa. color constancy.b. size constancy.c. shape constancy.d. brightness constancy.
Motion sickness often results from conflicting signals sent from the _______________ and from the __________.a. eyes; vestibular organsb. extremities; brainc. brain; internal organsd. conscious; unconscious
When you close your eyes and raise your hand above your head, you know where your hand is due to information froma. proprioceptors.b. the otolith organs.c. the horizontal canals.d. the semicircular canals.
In gate-control theory, substance Pa. is similar in function to endorphins.b. closes the spinal gates for pain.c. is unrelated to pain.d. opens the spinal gates for pain.
__________ are tactile receptors located just beneath the skin that respond to changes in pressure.a. Tactile interneuronsb. Oligodendrocytesc. Free nerve endingsd. Pacinian corpuscles
Olfactory receptors project directly to the ________ and are unique in that signals do not first connect to the thalamus.a. olfactory bulbsb. occipital lobec. hypothalamusd. gustatory cortex
How often are olfactory receptors replaced by new olfactory receptors?a. every 2–3 daysb. every 12–24 hoursc. every 5–8 weeksd. every 30 days
Research has found that taste information is sent to thea. suprachiasmatic nucleus.b. pons and medulla.c. insula and frontal operculum.d. cerebellum and parietal lobe.
Taste is often called a ________ sense because it works with the molecules of foods that people eat.a. chemicalb. physicalc. psychologicald. electrical
Which is considered the most common type of permanent hearing loss?a. frequency-based hearing lossb. psychological hearing lossc. conductive hearing lossd. sensorineural hearing loss
Ethan has suffered minor damage to the bones in his left middle ear.What treatment, if any, might help restore his hearing?a. a hearing aidb. a cochlear implantc. Both a hearing aid and a cochlear implant will be needed.d. Such damage is permanent and cannot be remedied.
Which theory cannot adequately account for pitches above 1,000 Hz?a. frequencyb. placec. volleyd. adaptive
The oval window is found in what part of the ear?a. inner earb. outer earc. middle eard. The oval window is not a structure of the ear.
The part of the ear that can be seen is also called thea. cochlea.b. oval window.c. organ of Corti.d. pinna.
Which of the following best explains afterimages?a. opponent-process theoryb. trichromatic theoryc. color-deficient visiond. monochrome color blindness
What are the three primary colors as proposed by the trichromatic theory?a. red, green, blueb. red, yellow, bluec. white, black, brownd. white, black, red
Colleen stares at a fixed spot in her bedroom using only one eye.After a while, what might happen to her vision?a. Objects will become more focused the longer she looks at them.b. Any object she focuses on will begin to rotate, first clockwise, then counterclockwise.c. Any small object that crosses
In farsightedness, also known as _____________, the focal point is _____________ the retina.a. presbyopia; aboveb. hyperopia; beyondc. myopia; belowd. presbyopia; in front of
Aside from the lens, damage to the _____________ can affect the eye’s ability to focus light.a. irisb. corneac. pupild. retina
Which of the following is largely determined by the length of a light wave?a. colorb. brightnessc. saturationd. duration
You are drinking a strong cup of coffee that is particularly bitter.After a while, the coffee doesn’t taste as strong as it did when you first tasted it. What has happened?a. sensory adaptationb. subliminal perceptionc. habituationd. perceptual defense
After being in class for a while, _________ is a likely explanation for not hearing the sound of the lights buzzing above you until someone says something about it.a. habituationb. accommodationc. adaptationd. sublimation
The lowest level of stimulation a person can consciously detect 50 percent of the time the stimulation is present is calleda. sensory adaptation.b. just noticeable difference.c. sensation.d. absolute threshold.
_________ involves the detection of physical stimuli from our environment and is made possible by the activation of specific receptor cells.a. Subliminationb. Perceptionc. Sensationd. Adaptation
Describe how the neuroscientific study of magic can help to explain visual and cognitive illusions.
Identify some common visual illusions and the factors that influence our perception of them.
Explain how we perceive depth using both monocular and binocular cues.
Describe how perceptual constancies and the Gestalt principles account for common perceptual experiences.
Describe the systems that tell us about balance and position and movement of our bodies.
Describe how we experience the sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
Explain how the sense of smell works.
Explain how the sense of taste works.
Identify types of hearing impairment and treatment options for each.
Summarize three theories of how the brain processes information about pitch.
Explain the nature of sound, and describe how it travels through the various parts of the ear.
Compare and contrast two major theories of color vision, and explain how color-deficient vision occurs.
Explain how light information reaches the visual cortex.
Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye.
Explain why some sensory information is ignored.
Describe the difference and absolute thresholds.
Describe how we get information from the outside world into our brains.
Although the brain works largely as a whole, which of the following is not a correct pairing of hemisphere and function?a. right; control of right-handed motor functionsb. left; control of right-handed motor functionsc. right; recognition of facesd. left; reading
Felicia is recovering from a brain injury. She is able to speak fluently but often uses incorrect words in a sentence. In one instance at a friend’s birthday party, she said, “I would like something to drink.Can I have some battery?” Felicia’s problem may be a symptom ofa. Wernicke’s
Jaime’s grandfather recently suffered a stroke and has had difficulty with language production ever since. Most likely, he has experienced damage to the ________ area of his brain.a. right rearb. left frontalc. left reard. right frontal
Jessica has suffered a severe blow to the back of her head when she was thrown from her horse. Subsequently, her occipital lobe has been injured. Which of her senses has the highest chance of being affected?a. visionb. hearingc. touchd. taste and smell
Which part of the brain is involved in the creation of long-term, declarative memories and is often linked to Alzheimer’s disease?a. amygdalab. thalamusc. hypothalamusd. hippocampus
Your psychology professor refers to this as the great sensory relay station of the brain. What part is he or she referring to?a. hypothalamusb. thalamusc. hippocampusd. amygdala
Nicole and Camille are synchronized swimmers for their college swim team. They often work long hours to ensure the movements in their routine are perfectly timed. What part of their brains must Camille and Nicole rely on most?a. cerebellumb. medullac. ponsd. reticular formation
Maria often sleeps soundly and rarely awakens to any outside noise. However, the cries of Maria’s baby can awaken her immediately.What part of the brain is responsible for this reaction?a. reticular formationb. medullac. ponsd. cerebellum
Bailey is a subject in a study on memory and problem solving. The researcher is applying magnetic pulses to her brain through copper wire coils positioned directly above her scalp. Bailey’s study would best be described as a(n)a. noninvasive stimulation technique.b. invasive stimulation
In which of Selye’s stages is death a possible outcome?a. exhaustionb. alarmc. resistanced. reaction
Which gland(s) influence all other glands within the endocrine system?a. pineal glandb. pituitary glandc. thyroid glandd. adrenal glands
Roberto has had difficulty sleeping for the past 6 months and his body seemingly no longer differentiates between night and day. His doctor believes the problem lies with Roberto’s endocrine system.What gland will his physician likely focus on?a. thyroidb. pituitaryc. adrenald. pineal
As you take notes, your heart beats at a normal rate. Your breathing is normal and your stomach slowly digests your earlier meal.What division of the peripheral nervous system is currently in action?a. autonomicb. sympatheticc. parasympatheticd. somatic
Involuntary muscles are controlled by the ________ nervous system.a. autonomicb. somaticc. sympatheticd. parasympathetic
Heroin mimics the actions of endorphins, inhibiting pain signals.Heroin is an example of a(n):a. agonist.b. protagonist.c. antagonist.d. glial cell.
Which neurotransmitter stimulates skeletal muscle cells to contract but slows contractions in the heart?a. GABAb. acetylcholine (ACh)c. serotonin (5-HT)d. endorphin
When a neuron is in the resting potential state, the neuron is negatively charged on the ________ and positively charged on the ________.a. top; bottomb. outside; insidec. inside; outsided. bottom; top
Which of the following insulates and protects a neuron’s axon and helps speed along electrical impulses?a. myelin sheathb. synaptic knobsc. receptor sitesd. neuromodulators
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells generate a fatty substance known asa. neurilemma.b. glial.c. soma.d. myelin.
In the structure of the neuron, the ________ receives messages from other cells.a. myelinb. axonc. somad. dendrite
What kinds of problems may arise in individuals taking ADHD medications when they do not have the actual symptoms of the disorder?
If a college student has ADHD, what aspects of his or her school or personal life might be impacted by problems with vigilance or cognitive control?
How might a psychology professional help parents or teachers understand the neuroimaging techniques and brain areas associated with ADHD?
How might the modern study of psychology help us better understand other historical case studies?
What kind of supports and structure might have been provided to Phineas through his post-accident jobs that would have possibly helped him with his recovery?
What type of questions should you ask yourself when referring to case studies? Do the questions differ based on the case studies being modern or historical?
You have a dream in which you wake up to find that people around you are using words that make no sense. What’s more, your friends don’t seem to understand you when you speak. At one point in your dream, your mom tells you that you almost forgot your tree limb today. When you give her a puzzled
In which of the following lobes of the brain would you find the primary visual cortex?a. frontalb. occipitalc. temporald. parietal
What part of the brain can sometimes be referred to as the “rind” or outer covering?a. cortexb. thalamusc. medullad. corpus callosum
Which brain structure relays incoming sensory information?a. thalamusb. hypothalamusc. hippocampusd. pons
If you were to develop a rare condition in which you were not able to remember to be afraid of certain situations, animals, or events, which part of the brain would most likely be damaged?a. amygdalab. cingulate cortexc. hypothalamusd. reticular activating system
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