Psychology An Exploration 4th Edition Saundra Ciccarelli, J. White - Solutions

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Describe the historical development of humanitarian reform.
Describe the effect that scientific thinking had on views of abnormal psychology and the rise of early asylums.
Explain the first views of mental disorders.
Explain the key features of an experimental design.
Discuss why correlational research designs are valuable, even though they cannot be used to make causal inferences.
Explain why a control (or comparison group) is necessary to adequately test a hypothesis.
Describe three different approaches used to gather information about mental disorders.
Discuss why abnormal psychology research can be conducted in almost any setting.
Distinguish between incidence and prevalence, and identify the most common and prevalent mental disorders.
Explain how culture affects what is considered abnormal, and describe two different culture-specific disorders.
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of classification.
Explain how we define abnormality and classify mental disorders.
Thought stopping, mental rehearsal, and focus training are some of the tools of the _______ psychologist.a. sportsb. experimentalc. clinicald. military
Alexandria is working to redesign the controls for a new type of plane so that pilots can tell the difference between instruments in the dark just by the way each control feels. Alexandria is probably a(n) ________ psychologist.a. human factorsb. industrial/organizationalc. experimentald. military
Which type of psychologist is most concerned with maximizing job satisfaction in night-shift employees?a. industrial/organizationalb. clinicalc. forensicd. environmental
Dr. Culpepper studies the topic of crowding. She often wonders why people can feel crowded in an elevator that has 8 to 10 people in it but not at a large sporting event where more than 2,000 people are present. What is Dr. Culpepper’s specialty?a. environmentalb. developmentalc. physiologicald.
In working with a professional athlete, what aspects of performance might a sports psychologist likely focus on?a. focus and relaxationb. strength and agility trainingc. memory and motivationd. perceptual and problem solving
What type of psychologist would be most likely to put together an antibullying program for middle school students?a. educationalb. experimentalc. clinicald. forensic
Dr. Stone is a ________ psychologist who conducts experiments using animals as her subjects. Her focus of study includes animal learning, memory, and even language.a. comparativeb. experimentalc. developmentald. social
Dr. Troxell conducts scientific studies on topics such as the power of prejudice, attitude change, aggressive behavior, and interpersonal attraction in teenagers. Dr. Troxell’s area of specialization is most likely in _______ psychology.a. socialb. personalityc. comparatived. developmental
Grace has always wanted to be a psychologist. She dreams of helping people with their problems and wants to become “Dr. Grace.”However, she is not interested in conducting scientific research or in becoming a medical doctor. What type of degree would be best for Grace to pursue?a. a Psy.D.b. a
Which of the following professionals has a medical degree?a. psychiatristb. clinical psychologistc. psychiatric social workerd. counseling psychologist
Are there factors outside of the game that might interfere with fostering team unity?
What are some other occupations in which people might benefit from using some of these techniques?
One of the earliest industrial/organization psychologists, ________, was a student of famed researcher Wilhelm Wundt and wrote a book entitled The Theory and Practice of Advertising.a. Walter D. Scottb. Keith Engelhornc. William Jamesd. Robert Yerkes
Which of the following would a human factors psychologist have the most input in designing?a. a new ergonomic chair that reduces muscle fatigue in the legs and backb. a new smartphone application that allows you to track your spendingc. a book of recipes for single parents who do not have a lot of
Dr. Irish is an industrial/organizational psychologist who has just been hired by a major electronics production company. His job there will include many different responsibilities. Which of the following is not likely to be high on his list of responsibilities?a. helping workers visualize their
Dr. Kandlend has spent his entire career working with chimpanzees, studying the ways their behavioral profiles are both similar to and different from those of human beings. Dr. Kandlend is probably a _______ psychologist.a. comparativeb. physiologicalc. zoologicald. forensic
________ psychologists are primarily interested in changes in the way people think, in how people relate to others, and in the ways people feel over the entire span of life. They often work in academic settings, such as colleges and universities, and may do research in various areas. They do not
Rochelle has earned a master’s degree but decided not to pursue her doctorate. She does, however, want to provide counseling and therapy to clients but does not want to be supervised for her entire career. After several years of training and appropriate supervision, she has achieved a degree
Dr. Saschi works at a hospital and is regularly called to the emergency room to assist with patients who are having acute mental health crises. She often prescribes psychotropic medications to help these patients get stabilized. Which of the following degrees has Dr. Saschi most likely earned?a.
Makayla has designed a new type of gearshift to be used in automobiles with an automatic transmission. Before she proposes it to the major car manufacturers, she wants to make sure it will be more advantageous for people who drive such cars. With which of the following types of psychologist would
Which of the following types of psychologists might be most interested in dealing with the work environment?a. industrial/organizational psychologistb. vocational psychologistc. health psychologistd. psychiatric social worker
The term ________ psychology refers to using findings from psychological research to solve real-world problems.a. appliedb. practicalc. pragmaticd. academic
Identify techniques used by sports psychologists.
Describe how the I/O field has evolved throughout its history.
Explain the fields of industrial/organizational psychology and human factors psychology.
Describe how psychology interacts with other career fields.
Describe some areas of specialization in psychology.
List the kinds of careers available to someone with a bachelor’s degree in psychology.
List the kinds of careers available to someone with a master’s degree in psychology.
Describe different types of psychological professionals, and identify their educational background and training.
Define applied psychology.
Your best friend tells you he got a correlational score of 14.6 from the research he conducted. What can you infer from his finding?a. Your friend’s analysis is flawed. Correlational scores only range from −1.00 to +1.00.b. Your friend’s research shows only a small correlation since 14.6 is
Dr. White finds that the results of his t-test are significant at p < 0.05.That means that he can bea. 95 percent certain that the results are not due to chance.b. reasonably assured that the results are not due to chance.c. reasonably assured that the results are due to chance.d. 5 percent certain
________ is a way of organizing numbers and summarizing them so that they can be understood, whereas ________ allows researchers to draw conclusions about the results of research.a. Descriptive statistics; inferential statisticsb. Inferential statistics; descriptive statisticsc. Correlational
In the normal curve,a. the mean, median, and mode are all on the highest point of the curve.b. the mean is on the highest point, while the median and mode are on either side of the mean.c. the median is on the highest point, while the mean and mode are on either side of the median.d. the standard
What is the mode?a. 71b. 75c. 9d. 700
Imagine that the following is a set of grades from your first psychology exam: 71, 71, 71, 73, 75, 76, 81, 86,
What is the median score?a. 75b. 71c. 9d. 700
Imagine that the following is a set of grades from your class’s first psychology exam: 71, 71, 71, 73, 75, 76, 81, 86,
The mean, median, and mode are all measures ofa. central tendency.b. correlations.c. inferential statistics.d. variability.
Your psychology instructor posts the results of the midterm on a histogram chart. On the chart, you see a high frequency of Bs and a high frequency of Ds. How else might you describe the results?a. This chart is skewed and bimodal.b. This is a normal curve.c. This chart is a typical bell-shaped
If a chart shows that more than 80 percent of the students received either an A or B in the class, one would describe the chart asa. negatively skewed.b. normal distribution.c. positively skewed.d. bell shaped.
Polygons and histograms are examples ofa. frequency distributions.b. correlations.c. inferential statistics.d. mode.
If a researcher wants to demonstrate that their findings depict a significant difference between participant groups, which of the following statistical statements would need to be made?a. r = ±1.00b. p ≤ .05c. t ≥ 2.50d. z ≤ 100
Bailey is conducting a correlational study that examines the frequency with which it rains in her town and the atmospheric pressure at noon on each day. When she is done, she calculates a correlation coefficient that will summarize the relationship between these two variables. This coefficient is
Andrew is conducting a test in which he has three different participant groups, and he wants to analyze the variance among the three groups. In other words, he wants to know whether the means of each group are significantly different from each other. Which of the following would he want to
________ statistics consist of techniques that allow researchers to determine the difference between results of a study that are meaningful and those that are merely due to chance variations.a. Inferentialb. Parametricc. Predictived. Descriptive
Which of the following is the underlying question of any psychological research statistics?a. Are groups different from each other, and are two variables related to each other?b. Is behavior determined by “nature” or “nurture”?c. Do people want to be “good” or “bad” in their general
What is the primary advantage of using statistical analysis in a research study?a. It allows you to attempt to account for any of the error that exists in virtually any body of data.b. It allows you to confirm the hypotheses that were set forth when you started the research.c. It allows you to
________ is the branch of mathematics that is concerned with the collection and interpretation of data from samples.a. Statisticsb. Psychometricsc. Probabilitiesd. Coefficients
Which of the following would be most useful if you want to know how many standard deviations from the mean a single score in a data set falls?a. A z scoreb. A t-scorec. A deviation coefficientd. A variance determination
Aaron has just received his grade on the third exam of his chemistry class. He earned a 90 on this test. He is happy because his grades have been steadily increasing since the start of the term. On the first exam he earned an 80, and on the second exam he earned an 85.Which of the following
Because of its very specific shape, a “normal” distribution is also often described as a ____________ curve.a. bellb. positively skewedc. negatively skewedd. multimodal
Dr. Kopelowoski has just given an examination to his Introduction to Psychology class. Because this is a class of more than 500 students, it would be difficult for him to assess the results looking at each score one at a time. If he wants to know how many students earned an A, a B, and so on, which
Explain how statistics are used to predict one score from another.
Describe how inferential statistics can be used to determine if differences in sets of data are large enough to be due to something other than chance variation.
Identify the types of statistics used to examine variations in data.
Identify three measures of central tendency and explain how they are impacted by the shape of the distribution.
Describe the types of tables and graphs that represent patterns in data.
Explain why statistics are important to psychologists and psychology majors.
In bilateral anterior cingulotomy,a. the front of the brain is cut away from the back.b. a thin wire electrode is used to destroy a small area of brain tissue.c. an electric shock is used to stimulate certain areas of the brain.d. a drug is injected into the brain to destroy a large area of brain
As part of the medical treatment trial she is participating in for severe and suicidal depression, Aldina was given _____________, which is being investigated due to its seemingly immediate, although short-term, effects.a. ketamineb. Lithiumc. valproic acidd. Paroxetine
Anton has been on an antipsychotic drug for many years to control his schizophrenia. He has developed repetitive, involuntary jerks and movements of the face, lips, legs, and body. These side effects make up a syndrome known asa. tardive dyskinesia.b. the “Thorazine shuffle.”c. neurolepsis.d.
Typical antipsychotic drugs work by blocking what neurotransmitter?a. norepinephrineb. serotoninc. dopamined. epinephrine
With regard to treatment of psychological disorders, many psychological professionals believe medications work best in combination witha. electroconvulsive therapy.b. psychotherapy.c. psychosurgery.d. deep brain stimulation.
If Dr. Kelly uses an eclectic approach to her work as a therapist, what specifically is she doing?a. Dr. Kelly uses one or a combination of any number of therapeutic treatments, depending on the situation.b. Dr. Kelly tends to rely on a behavioral approach in the treatment of her clients.c. Dr.
Family therapy is a form of group therapy in whicha. nonprofessionals lead a selected group of family members with similar concerns.b. the entire family participates, as no one person is seen as the problem.c. family members meet to single out the individual who is causing problems in the family
Which therapy style requires the therapist to actively confront a client’s irrational beliefs?a. person-centeredb. frontal lobotomyc. rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)d. cognitive restructuring
Sydney tends to blow negative events out of proportion to their importance (magnification) while ignoring relevant positive events(minimization). What therapeutic technique may work best to help Sydney?a. rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)b. group therapyc. virtual therapyd. bilateral
Aidan’s wife comes home angry from her job, and he immediately assumes that he has done something wrong. Such irrational thinking is an example ofa. personalization.b. Overgeneralization.c. arbitrary inference.d. selective thinking.
Stephan gets a text message from his girlfriend saying that she will have to work overtime tonight. Stephan immediately assumes his girlfriend is seeing someone else at work. Beck would say that Stephan has engaged in what type of distorted thinking?a. arbitrary inferenceb. selective thinkingc.
For both children and adults, and for many undesirable behaviors, the use of _____________ or some form of “time-out” can be quite effective.a. arbitrary inferenceb. extinctionc. positive reinforcementd. negative reinforcement
Maria sat down with her daughter, Zoe, and together wrote out a list of things that Zoe was expected to do each day and the rewards she would get if she accomplished them, as well as the penalties she would face if she did not do them. This is most like which technique?a. token economyb. time-outc.
Megan’s daughter Kayla was afraid of dogs. Megan took Kayla to a therapist to help her overcome her fear but was surprised when the therapist brought a dog into the room. At first, Kayla was asked to watch from across the room as the therapist showed her how to approach and pet the dog and not
To overcome her fear of balloons, because of the loud sound they might suddenly make should they pop, Riley must sit in a room filled with balloons while the therapist pops each one. After a while, Riley realizes that her fear is unjustified and even begins to pop balloons herself. This technique
Which of the following clients would probably get the least benefit from a humanistic therapy?a. Colin, who is bright but confused about self-imageb. Claire, who is very talkative and open in discussing feelingsc. Colleen, who enjoys exploring the inner workings of the mindd. Cody, who has a hard
What differentiates motivational interviewing from person-centered therapy?a. Motivational interviewing has specific goals of reducing ambivalence about change and increasing intrinsic motivation to bring changes about, while traditional person-centered therapy does not.b. Motivational interviewing
Through the use of _____________, a person-centered therapist conveys they are trying to understand the experience of the person they are working with.a. reflectionb. unconditional positive regardc. empathyd. authenticity
The hidden meaning of a dream is the _____________ content, according to Freud.a. repressedb. latentc. manifestd. sexual
Jenna is going to a therapist to gain a better understanding of why she has self-destructive relationships with all her friends. This type of therapy is known as _____________ therapy.a. insightb. actionc. behaviorald. biomedical
Can you think of any disadvantages to this method of therapy?
What other disorders can you think of that might benefit from virtual reality psychotherapy?
A new therapeutic technique known as deep brain stimulation (DBS)is showing promise in the treatment ofa. anorexia nervosa where other treatments have failed.b. phobias.c. personality disorders.d. mania.
Today’s electroconvulsive shock therapy is often quite useful in the treatment ofa. dissociative identity disorder.b. Schizophrenia.c. mild anxiety.d. severe depression.
Prolonged use of antipsychotic medication can lead to a side effect called _____________, which is characterized by involuntary facial and tongue movements (e.g., grimacing, constant chewing), or repetitive involuntary jerks or dance-like movements of the arms and legs.a. agranulocytosisb. tardive
Why are antidepressants taking the place of many antianxiety drugs in the treatment of anxiety disorders?a. Antidepressants are more cost effective.b. Antianxiety drugs may be addictive and have more side effects.c. Antianxiety drugs are becoming less effective.d. Antianxiety drugs are actually no
At what age do you think children and/or teenagers should be able to decide if they will take medications to treat abnormal psychological functioning or behavior?
After reviewing the questions raised above, describe how you would share the results of Treatment A versus Treatment B with students who are not psychology majors. What would be the most relevant points you would share?

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