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social science
psychology 2e
Psychology An Exploration 4th Edition Saundra Ciccarelli, J. White - Solutions
Describe different disorders of mood, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders.
Summarize explanations for dissociative disorders.
Differentiate among dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and dissociative identity disorder.
Identify potential causes of anxiety, trauma, and stress disorders.
Describe obsessive-compulsive disorder and stress-related disorders.
Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms.
Describe how psychological disorders are diagnosed and classified.
Identify models used to explain psychological disorders.
Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time.
Personality neuroscience is an emerging field offering evidence of a possible relationship between various aspects of personality witha. brain structure and function.b. the structure and function of individual neurons.c. skull shape and size.d. neuroticism.
The _____________ is based on the five-factor model, while the _____________ is based on the work of Raymond Cattell.a. NEO-PI-3; 16PFb. MBTI; NEO-PI-3c. MMPI-2-RF; MBTId. 16PF; MMPI-2-RF
Which type of assessment would be the most reliable?a. subjective testb. projective testc. personality inventoryd. observational study
As examples of what might be required as parts of specific projective tests, the _____________ asks clients to look at a picture and tell a story while the _____________ asks clients to report everything they see in an ambiguous figure.a. Rorschach; Thematic Apperception Testb. MMPI-2-RF; Thematic
Jolene rarely takes any work home, preferring to leave her work worries at the office. She is a bit carefree and not as ambitious as some of the other women in her office. Instead, Jolene likes to have a lot of leisure time whenever possible. She is also easygoing and doesn’t lose her temper
Studies of the hereditability of personality traits have founda. little evidence to support the belief that personality can be passed on by genetics.b. evidence to support the belief that personality can be passed on by genetics but only in highly developed countries.c. strong evidence to support
Dr. Hill is constantly late for meetings. She often arrives to her classes 5 to 10 minutes late and leaves students waiting at her door during office hours for up to 30 minutes. Using the fivefactor model, which dimension would show a very low score for Dr. Hill?a. self-sufficiencyb. opennessc.
According to Rogers, a mismatch between the real and ideal selfa. can result in anxiety and neurotic behavior.b. typically motivates individuals to close the gap.c. causes one to better understand their unconscious motives.d. causes an increase in unconditional positive regard.
An old motto of the U.S. Army was: “Be all you can be.” This concept fits well with Carl Rogers’s theory ofa. self-actualizing. tendency.b. empathy.c. unconditional positive regard.d. the real versus the ideal self.
Which perspective of psychology focuses on the role of each person’s conscious life experiences and choices in personality development?a. traitb. behaviorc. humanisticd. psychodynamic
What is a primary advantage of the social-cognitive view of personality over the psychodynamic view?a. The social cognitive view tries to explain how people become the people they are.b. The social cognitive view stresses the importance of early childhood in personality development.c. The social
Letty works hard at her job because she believes it will increase her chances for a promotion. According to Julian Rotter’s theory, her effort is an example of what he callsa. reinforcement value.b. expectancy.c. archetypes.d. latency stage.
Ginger believes that fate will help her find the right man with whom to live her life. According to Rotter, she has a(n)a. external locus of control.b. internal locus of control.c. strong self-efficacy.d. perceived sense of control.
Karen Horney’s study of one’s personality focused ona. anxiety during childhood.b. biological changes during adolescence.c. trait-based characteristics that were present in infancy.d. environmental influences through adulthood.
According to Adler, the defense mechanism of _____________ is important in our personality development, as we attempt to overcome feelings of inferiority.a. compensationb. denialc. sublimationd. identification
Your professor explains how all females have an inner masculine side that adds to their personality. This concept is known as a(n)a. anima.b. animus.c. shadow.d. source trait.
Four-year-old Brandon has watched his father as he has mowed the lawn. This year, Brandon has asked for a lawn mower of his own for his birthday. Freud would say that Brandon is beginning the process of _____________ as a way of resolving his Oedipal conflict.a. identificationb. compensationc.
You are shocked to hear that two of your coworkers who seemingly hated one another are now getting married. According to Freud, what defense mechanism best explains their prior behavior?a. projectionb. reaction formationc. repressiond. regression
According to Freud, the _____________ works off of the pleasure principle, while the _____________ is often perceived as the executive director of your personality.a. id; egob. ego; superegoc. superego; idd. superego; ego
If you are describing characteristics of your child such as irritability or adaptability, psychologists would say you are not describing their personality but rather theira. character.b. consciousness.c. mood.d. temperament.
If personality traits are so closely linked with brain structure, what does that say about the plasticity of personality? Are people able to change their traits? Their behavior?
We use personality assessments to make predictions about employment, marriage, and stability, among other things. What might it mean for the future if a brain scan becomes part of personality assessment?
What is the function of a validity scale?a. to determine if a person is giving an accurate responseb. to determine how a subject really feelsc. to help better explain the results of a personality testd. to offer a diagnosis of abnormal behavior plus a positive therapeutic treatment
Which of the following personality assessments might be best suited for objectively identifying abnormal patterns of behavior or thinking?a. Personal interviewb. MBTIc. MMPI-2-RFd. TAT
Frequency counts and rating scales are especially helpful in assessinga. internal thought processes.b. observable behaviors.c. self-efficacy.d. personal values.
Which of the following is an example of a halo effect?a. Jordan always seems to like the last person she interviews for a job because she remembers the most about them.b. Kenneth tends to distrust all instructors, regardless if they are new or if he has had them for multiple classes.c. Shawn
Should employers require prospective employees to take a personality test? Why or why not? Would such a requirement make more sense in certain professions, and, if so, what professions might those be?
Soleil has been very upset with her boss for the past few days because she was reprimanded for something that was not her fault. Soleil’s boyfriend keeps encouraging her to talk to her boss about the problem, but Soleil always has difficulty expressing negative emotions and thus keeps them
Greg rushes to an appointment, arriving 20 minutes early, whereas Aaron arrives with only minutes to spare. Slightly annoyed when Greg points this out, Aaron replies very casually, “Hey, I’m here.”We might assume Greg has more of a _____________ personality, whereas Aaron is more
According to Richard Lazarus, when someone asks themselves,“How can I deal with this potentially harmful stressor?” the individual is focused on a _____________ appraisal.a. primaryb. secondaryc. tertiaryd. minimal
Which of the following questions would be most immediately addressed by conducting what Richard Lazarus refers to as a primary appraisal?a. “Will school be canceled tomorrow?”b. “Do I need to go grocery shopping?”c. “Do I know where to go in the library to research the paper that I have
Several studies have found nearly a _____________ percent rate of heritability across several cultures with respect to the five-factor model of personality.a. 20b. 30c. 40d. 50
What, if anything, have adoption studies taught us regarding the relationship between heredity and personality?a. Adoption studies are a new area of study and have yet to offer any information on the effects of heredity on personality.b. Adoption studies have confirmed that personality can be
Which of the following traits or characteristics were not found to be more similar in identical twins when compared to fraternal twins in the Minnesota twin study?a. intelligenceb. leadershipc. tendency to divorced. empathy
What is a major shortcoming in the field of behavioral genetics in terms of their studies on human personality traits?a. Behavioral geneticists are unable to conduct controlled research studies on human subjects.b. Behavioral geneticists are unable to scientifically validate anything.c. Behavioral
If your culture was not listed for a personality dimension, where do you think your culture would fall on that dimension?
Was your own culture listed for any of these dimensions? If so, do you agree with the personality dimension assigned to your culture?
In the Big Five theory of personality, “E” stands fora. empathy.b. energy.c. external.d. extraversion.
Cattell’s research and use of factor analysis essentially scaled down many, many different ways of describing aspects of personality into _____________ source traits.a. 10b. 16c. 5d. 2
A colleague at work is asked to describe you to the new manager.Most likely, the traits they will use in their description are examples ofa. common traits.b. cardinal traits.c. source traits.d. surface traits.
Trait theories are less concerned with _____________ and more concerned with _____________.a. changing personality; predicting personalityb. describing personality; explaining personality developmentc. predicting personality; changing personalityd. predicting behavior; changing personality
Mia’s parents told her they expected her to become a doctor, like her father and grandfather before her. They told her that if she chose any other career, they would no longer support her or respect her choice. According to Rogers, Mia’s parents were giving hera. unconditional positive
Which of the following statements concerning the self-concept is false?a. It is based on what people are told by others.b. It is a reflection of the sense of self in the words and actions of others.c. It is an important tool in human self-actualization.d. It is formed based solely on what a person
What did Carl Rogers mean by the term “fully functioning person”?a. someone who is working to discover his or her real selfb. someone who is working to discover his or her ideal selfc. someone who is experiencing a match between his or her real and ideal self and who is trusting of their
In Rogers’s viewpoint, what is the striving to fulfill innate capacities and needs called?a. functioning fullyb. self-actualizing tendencyc. real selfd. self-concept
Bebarly appreciates compliments about her new photography business but really values constructive criticism, as she can then address particular issues. According to Julian Rotter, Bebarly has a(n)a. internal locus of control.b. real self.c. strong self-concept.d. external locus of control.
You have walked in late to class, and your psychology professor is explaining how one personality theorist sees personality as a relatively stable set of potential responses to various situations.You know immediately that your professor is talking about the theories ofa. Julian Rotter.b. B. F.
Albert Bandura considers _____________ as a person’s expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance.a. self-imageb. self-esteemc. self-awarenessd. self-efficacy
According to behavioral theory, personality primarily consists ofa. unconscious forces.b. learned responses.c. biologically driven traits.d. personal choices.
Which neo-Freudian believed personality was mostly a product of dealing with anxieties during childhood?a. Karen Horneyb. Erik Eriksonc. Carl Jungd. Alfred Adler
Many of Johnathon’s friends like to dress up on Halloween as devils, vampires, and zombies. According to Carl Jung’s theory, what archetype is being expressed?a. animab. animusc. personad. shadow
The awakening of sexual curiosity and interest in the genitals is the beginning of what Freud termed thea. phallic stage.b. anal stage.c. oral stage.d. latency stage.
According to Freud, which part of the personality is totally buried within each individual?a. egob. superegoc. idd. conscience
According to Freud, the _____________ mind was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality.a. preconsciousb. consciousc. conscienced. unconscious
If you are asked to describe your best friends by explaining how they act, typically feel, and what they think about, you would be describing theira. temperament.b. character.c. personality.d. mood.
What aspects of psychodynamic theory do you think still have relevance in today’s world? Was there one neo-Freudian whose theory appealed to you and, if so, why?
Identify some biological bases of personality.
Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using projective personality tests.
Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews, behavioral assessments, and personality inventories to measure personality.
Explain how personality types and attitudes can influence people’s reaction to stress.
Summarize Lazarus’s cognitive appraisal approach to stress.
Summarize current research on the heritability of personality.
Explain how twin studies and adoption studies are used in the field of behavioral genetics.
Evaluate the strengths and limitations of the trait view of personality.
Identify the five trait dimensions of the five-factor model of personality.
Describe early attempts to use traits to conceptualize personality.
Evaluate the strengths and limitations of the humanistic view of personality.
Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality.
Evaluate the strengths and limitations of the behavioral and social cognitive learning views of personality.
Compare and contrast the learning theories of Bandura and Rotter.
Evaluate the influence of Freudian theory on modern personality theories.
Describe how the neo-Freudians modified Freud’s theory.
Distinguish among the five psychosexual stages of personality development.
Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud.
Define the term personality and identify several traditional perspectives in the study of personality.
Which of the following would the field of social neuroscience be most likely to study?a. what parts of the brain influence social behaviorb. how influential heredity is on social behaviorc. what impact head trauma has on developing relationshipsd. what impact friends have in resolving conflicts
While serving as a chaperone for her son’s class trip to the museum, Cara witnessed someone fall down a flight of stairs. She was able to request emergency assistance by simply dialing 9-1-1 on her cell phone. Which step in the decision process for helping was Cara?a. noticingb. taking actionc.
To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of those around LaShanda Calloway to help her?a. bystander effect and altruismb. aggression and diffusion of responsibilityc. altruism and diffusion of responsibilityd. bystander effect and diffusion of responsibility
The concept that aggression results from a social role is based on what psychological theory?a. humanisticb. social learningc. psychoanalyticald. cognitive
According to Sternberg, a couple whose love is based on intimacy and passion but who are not yet committed to a long-term relationship are in the form of love called _____________ love.a. companionateb. consummatec. affectionated. romantic
Vivian and Steve met at work. At first they were just friends, but over time, they found themselves falling in love—or as Vivian tells her friends, “Steve just grew on me!” According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for their attraction isa. mere
Which of the following people may have the greatest ability to cope with stress?a. Mary, a very religious person who is involved in her communityb. Carrie, who works hard but doesn’t have any apparent hobbies or other interestsc. Jeri, who has few friends and whose family lives far away from
Huong has moved from China to the United States. While she dresses and acts like her American friends, she still has retained much of her cultural heritage and attends traditional Chinese dance classes on the weekends. This is an example ofa. assimilation.b. integration.c. separation.d.
The “Robber’s Cave” experiment showed the value of _____________ in combating prejudice.a. “jigsaw classrooms”b. an equal status contactc. subordinate goalsd. stereotyping vulnerability
Thomas likes to “hang with the guys.” These people with whom Thomas identifies most strongly with are called a(n)a. referent group.b. in-group.c. out-group.d. “them” group.
If behavior is assumed to be caused by external characteristics, this is known asa. a situational cause.b. a dispositional cause.c. a fundamental attribution error.d. actor–observer bias.
Gerard goes to a job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn T-shirt, and sandals. His hair is uncombed and he hasn’t shaved in a few days. Obviously, Gerard knows nothing abouta. cognitive dissonance.b. attitude formation.c. impression formation.d. groupthink.
If LaShonda experiences a sense of cognitive dissonance between her attitude and behavior, which of the following would help her reduce that uncomfortable sensation?a. thinking constantly about the mismatchb. maintaining her existing attitudec. discussing the inconsistency with othersd. changing
Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. The defendant was not very well-spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. Sandy was using _____________
Researchers have found that a _____________ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective, particularly when it is combined with _____________.a. maximum; information about how to prevent the fearful consequencesb. minimum; threatsc. moderate; threatsd. moderate; information about how to
The public service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation?a. direct contactb. direct instructionc. vicarious conditioningd. observational learning
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