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social science
psychology 2e
Psychology An Exploration 4th Edition Saundra Ciccarelli, J. White - Solutions
Identify the key elements of the arousal and incentive approaches to motivation.
Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs.
Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation.
Kip is worried that he is losing his mind because he finds himself angry at a friend who died in an automobile accident. Based on Kübler-Ross’s research, what might you tell him?a. Anger of this type is self-destructive and unhealthy.b. Anger is usually a mask to your true feelings of sadness.c.
Which theory of aging states that unstable oxygen molecules tend to steal electrons as they bounce around, thus causing damage to surrounding cells?a. cellular-clock theoryb. wear-and-tear theoryc. free-radical theoryd. activity theory
The crisis of late adulthood, according to Erikson, isa. identity versus role confusion.b. generativity versus stagnation.c. intimacy versus isolation.d. integrity versus despair.
Independence and self-reliance in the teenage years are most likely due to ____________ parenting.a. authoritativeb. authoritarianc. permissive neglectfuld. permissive indulgent
What cognitive changes occurring during middle adulthood are the most noticeable?a. Changes in memory begin to occur.b. Problem-solving skills diminish.c. Hearing begins to decline.d. Hair begins to turn gray.
Samantha enters a classroom where two students are talking. When they stop their discussion, Samantha is certain they must have been talking about her. Such a belief is an example ofa. the imaginary audience.b. the personal fable.c. abstract egocentrism.d. formal operations.
What is a most likely explanation as to why teenagers and young adults may engage in risky and dangerous behavior?a. Such behavior is due to the tremendous pressure applied by peers.b. Such behavior is actually hereditary.c. Such behavior may be due to unbalanced levels of hormones in the body.d.
In the Strange Situation, ____________ babies would cry when their mother left the room but were happy upon her return.a. secureb. avoidantc. ambivalentd. disorganized–disoriented
Which infant temperament is associated with babies who are very regular in their schedules of sleeping and eating?a. slow-to-warm-upb. easyc. difficultd. anxious
In which of Piaget’s stages does the child become capable of abstract reasoning?a. formal operationsb. sensorimotorc. preoperationald. concrete operations
In which of Piaget’s stages does the child become capable of understanding conservation?a. sensorimotorb. preoperationalc. formal operationsd. concrete operations
Studies of the infant brain show signs of what scientists call synaptic pruning. What occurs during this process?a. The brain creates additional neural connections by removing parts of the surrounding bone.b. Unused synaptic connections and nerve cells are cleared out to make way for new cells.c.
Dr. Kahn measures how long baby Lydia looks at a particular stimulus.The technique is known asa. preferential looking.b. dishabituation.c. habituation.d. stimulus discrimination.
At what age can the typical infant roll over?a. 2 monthsb. 5 weeksc. 8 monthsd. 12 months
Based on today’s science and medicine, when does the age of viability begin?a. between 8 and 12 weeksb. between 12 and 18 weeksc. between 22 and 26 weeksd. between 28 and 36 weeks
What part of an infant’s body is said to stay in an immature state until needed to produce more cells?a. uterusb. stem cellsc. umbilical cordd. placenta
Which of the following represents the fertilization process for monozygotic twins?a. One egg is fertilized by two different sperm.b. One egg splits and is then fertilized by two different sperm.c. One egg is fertilized by one sperm and then splits.d. Two eggs are fertilized by the same sperm.
In ____________ syndrome, the 23rd pair of chromosomes consists of an XXY pairing, resulting in reduced masculine characteristics and excessive height.a. PKUb. Downc. Klinefelter’sd. Turner’s
If a person has one gene influencing blue eyes but actually has brown eyes, blue eyes must be a ____________ trait.a. recessiveb. dominantc. sex-linkedd. polygenic
The thinking and attitudes of many who survived the Depression of the 1930s changed them for the rest of their lives. This would be an example of aa. cohort effect.b. cultural group.c. longitudinal group.d. cross-sequential group.
What stage might terminally ill patients be in if they refuse to write a last will and testament because they believe that in doing so, they are admitting they will die?a. denialb. angerc. depressiond. bargaining
According to research, the reason many older people are no longer involved in their community is becausea. they are not asked to take part.b. they quite often are unable to take part.c. they do not wish to be involved.d. they die.
Which theory of aging is compared to the limited number of repairs you can have before your car’s warranty runs out?a. wear-and-tear theoryb. cellular-clock theoryc. free-radical theoryd. activity theory
According to Baumrind, which type of parent would most likely say, “Because I said so” or “It’s my way or the highway!”a. authoritarianb. authoritativec. permissive neglectfuld. permissive indulgent
According to Erikson, the primary task of early adulthood isa. completing your education.b. finding a mate.c. starting a career.d. taking care of aging parents.
As Conrad has gotten older, he finds it is becoming more difficult to remember certain words or the name of a new acquaintance. What is the most likely explanation for this change in memory?a. Alzheimer’s diseaseb. the aging processc. stressd. heredity
What are your thoughts on the need for closure in dealing with someone’s death? Do you think it is always necessary?
If Colin is going to argue and disagree with his parents, which of the following topics will he typically be arguing over?a. political beliefsb. religious beliefsc. social valuesd. his taste in clothes
According to Erikson, the task of the adolescent is toa. find a consistent sense of self.b. develop a sense of initiative.c. find intimacy with another.d. develop a sense of industry.
According to Kohlberg, about one-fifth of the adult population is at the ____________ level of morality.a. preconventionalb. conventionalc. postconventionald. preliminary
“It can’t happen to me; I’m special” is a common attitude found in adolescents who have developeda. a self-concept.b. an imaginary audience.c. a personal fable.d. a preconventional morality.
A change in the body of young boys such as the appearance and growth of body hair is considereda. a primary sex characteristic.b. a secondary sex characteristic.c. the final stage of puberty.d. a sign of postconventional morality.
Marcus’s personality reflects the characteristics of both males and females, and this combination allows him to be more flexible in everyday behavior and his career choices. The term that describes this combination of male and female personality attributes is:a. gender schemab. gender-rolec.
Alex sees his mother mixing ingredients for a cake. Later, Alex takes a bowl and spoon out of the cabinet and pretends to mix some imaginary ingredients. This would be a good example of which theory of gender development?a. androgynyb. sex constancyc. gender schemad. social learning
In ____________ cultures, gender roles are seen as more traditional, whereas in ____________ cultures, they may be more nontraditional, especially for women.a. individualistic; collectivisticb. collectivistic; individualisticc. European; Asiand. affluent; poor
The development of a person’s sense of being male or female is calleda. gender role.b. gender identity.c. gender typing.d. gender stereotyping.
According to Erikson, which stage results in a sense of independence because of one’s ability to control their own actions?a. trust versus mistrustb. autonomy versus shame and doubtc. initiative versus guiltd. generativity versus stagnation
Studies by Harry Harlow showed that the most important element to developing attachment isa. feeding.b. physical contact.c. mental challenges.d. sleep.
What kind of attachment, according to Ainsworth, is shown by a baby who clings to his or her mother, gets upset when the mother leaves, and demands to be picked up but at the same time kicks and pushes her away?a. secureb. avoidantc. ambivalentd. disorganized–disoriented
Vygotsky defines ____________ as the process of helping less as the learner improves at a given task.a. scaffoldingb. habituationc. zone of proximal developmentd. metamemory
In which of Piaget’s stages would a child be who has just developed the ability to conserve?a. sensorimotorb. preoperationalc. concrete operationsd. formal operations
One way researchers study newborn development involves measuring how long infants continue to focus on a nonchanging stimulus.This technique is referred to asa. adaptation.b. habituation.c. longitudinal study.d. a cross-sectional design.
What might be the implications of Harlow’s work for human mothers who feed their infants with bottles rather than breastfeeding?
Intellectual disability and blindness are possible outcomes of the effects of ________ on the developing baby.a. mercuryb. caffeinec. alcohold. cocaine
The period of pregnancy that contains the clearest examples of critical periods is the ________ period.a. germinalb. embryonicc. fetald. gestational
Which of the following does not happen in the germinal period?a. dividing mass of cells travels to the uterusb. developing organs can be affected by toxins passing through the placentac. mass of cells form a hollow balld. cells begin to differentiate
The first 2 weeks of pregnancy are called the ________ period.a. germinalb. placentalc. embryonicd. fetal
The time is coming when choosing the genetic traits of your child is going to be possible. What kinds of ethical and practical problems may arise from this development?
Which disorder is characterized by having only one X chromosome in the 23rd pairing?a. Turner’s syndromeb. Tay-Sachsc. Klinefelter’s syndromed. PKU
Brandy has naturally blond hair. Based on this information, what do we know about Brandy’s parents?a. At least one of her parents has a recessive blond hair gene.b. Each of her parents must have one recessive blond hair gene.c. Each of her parents must have one dominant brown hair gene.d. Neither
The cognitive and social changes students go through because they are born and grow up in an age of smartphones would be referred to as a(n)a. experimental group.b. dominance effect.c. control group.d. cohort effect.
In a ________ design, one group of people is followed and assessed at different times as the group ages.a. longitudinalb. cross-sectionalc. cross-sequentiald. cross-longitudinal
Which of the following is a disorder resulting from recessive inheritance?a. cystic fibrosisb. Turner’s syndromec. Klinefelter’s syndromed. Down syndrome
Compare and contrast some cross-cultural differences in views of death and dying.
Describe Kübler-Ross’s theory of death and dying, and identify some criticisms of this theory.
Compare and contrast four theories of why aging occurs.
Apply Erikson’s theory to some common psychosocial concerns of adulthood.
Identify the physical and cognitive changes of adulthood.
Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence.
Describe the physical changes that occur in adolescence, and identify some of the sexually transmitted diseases to which adolescents may be vulnerable.
Compare and contrast two theories of gender-role development.
Define gender, and discuss the development of gender roles.
Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood.
Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder.
Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy and childhood.
Describe the three stages of prenatal development.
Explain the process of fertilization, including the twinning process.
Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders.
Explain the relationship between heredity and environmental factors in determining development.
Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study development.
Cognitive universalism tends to __________ the linguistic relativity hypothesis.a. contradictb. supportc. add further proof tod. mildly downplay
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf theorized that __________, a concept reflected in their linguistic relativity hypothesis.a. language shapes thoughtsb. thoughts shape languagec. language and thought develop independentlyd. language and thought influence each other
What does the Flynn effect theorize?a. Intelligence scores are decreasing due to an overreliance on technologyb. Intelligence scores are steadily increasing in modernized countriesc. Intelligence scores are relatively stable in contrast to improvement in our educational systemd. Intelligence scores
What might be the best predictor of why some people do not excel in school but essentially succeed in their life and career choices?a. cretinismb. emotional intelligencec. phonemesd. one’s intelligence quotient
In Terman’s study of gifted children, mental health issues and relationship problems during childhood only occurred in those with IQs ofa. 180 or higherb. 150 or higherc. 45 or lowerd. 100 or lower
Dr. Park has found that her patient, Ye-Jun, has a defect in a gene on the X chromosome of his 23rd pair, resulting in a deficiency of a protein needed for brain development. Ye-Jun most likely suffers froma. fragile X syndromeb. Down syndromec. cretinismd. fetal alcohol syndrome
Dr. Garber works with children who have grown up in poor socioeconomic conditions. Many of her clients come from homes that do not emphasize education or social involvement, and opportunities for advancement are practically nonexistent. Many are malnourished, have been exposed to a variety of
The goal of all test developers is to __________ cultural bias in their intelligence tests.a. eliminateb. maximizec. minimized. hide
In contrast to comparing mental age to chronological age, most modern tests of intelligence use __________.a. age-group comparison normsb. Stern’s formulac. creativity assessmentsd. emotional assessments
Dr. Stevenson gives all her classes 45 minutes to complete their psychology test regardless if the class meets for 50 minutes, 75 minutes, or even 3 hours. Such a technique promotes testa. standardizationb. reliabilityc. validityd. norms
Which of the following tests came first?a. The ACTb. The Wechsler testsc. The Stanford Binetd. Binet’s mental ability test
According to Sternberg, intelligence is comprised of how many aspects?a. oneb. twoc. threed. four
Which type of intelligence, according to Howard Gardner, would most likely be present in farmers, landscapers, and biologists?a. naturalistb. visual/spatialc. existentialistd. movement
Which of the following questions would be more likely to produce divergent thinking?a. “What does a clothes hanger typically look like?”b. “What is a clothes hanger?”c. “How do you spell clothes hanger?”d. “How many uses can you think of for a clothes hanger?”
One day at work, Julie’s earring fell on the floor, and she was unable to find the back. To keep from losing her earring, Julie reinserted it and used part of a pencil eraser to keep the earring in place. Using a pencil eraser as a temporary earring back showed that Julie overcamea. functional
Lynn and Ted bought a new house with an unfinished basement.To determine how they want to finish it, they lay down tape on the floor showing where walls will go and rooms will be. This process of problem solving is known asa. algorithmsb. representativeness heuristicc. trial and errord. working
Trial and error is sometimes referred to as a(n)a. heuristicb. algorithmc. mechanical solutiond. rule of thumb
A psychologist asks people to envision a circle. Next, he asks them to draw the circle they envisioned. When comparing the pictures, almost all circles look identical. The fact that a circle typically fits a specific and rigid set of rules is an example of aa. natural conceptb. formal conceptc.
Research suggests we engage mental images in our mind __________ the way we engage or interact with physical objects.a. much likeb. a little likec. not at all liked. randomly and completely different than
Researchers have found that it takes __________ to view a mental image that is larger or covers more distance than a smaller or more compact one.a. longerb. less timec. the same amount of timed. half the time
“Mommy go bye-bye” is an example of ___________a. cooingb. babblingc. a holophrased. telegraphic speech
___________ believed language helps develop concepts, whereas ___________ believed concepts must be developed first if language is to follow.a. Sapir and Whorf; Vygotskyb. Chomsky; Sapir and Whorfc. Piaget; Rosch-Heiderd. Vygotsky; Piaget
Researchers believe that up to the age of ___________, individuals possess the ability to understand phonemes of all languages.a. 2 yearsb. 3 monthsc. 9 monthsd. 7 years
According to Noam Chomsky, what is a language acquisition device?a. a biological element of the brain that allows us to learn languageb. an environmental entity that allows people to learn foreign languagesc. a learning method that many can use to understand the language of infants and small
The basic units of sound in a language are known asa. phonemesb. grammarc. morphemesd. syntax
Which of the following would be an example of a stereotype threat?a. Tiana, who believes that all testing, no matter the type, is biasedb. Joaquim, who believes IQ tests are unfair to Hispanics, something that his IQ score seems to reflectc. Jasmine, who feels she must excel on her IQ testd. Malik,
In recent studies, what do some researchers argue is a more accurate means of gauging success in relationships and careers?a. intellectual intelligenceb. emotional intelligencec. heredity studiesd. stress surveys
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