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social science
psychology 2e
Psychology An Exploration 4th Edition Saundra Ciccarelli, J. White - Solutions
When examining Stanley Milgram’s research, some have suggested that a teacher’s willingness to deliver potentially lethal shocks may be more a product of _____________ than of obedience, but as of yet no research supports this specific conclusion.a. the foot-in-the-door techniqueb. the
Maria was approached by her neighbor, asking her to adopt two to three kittens that were abandoned by their mother. Although Maria refused to take in three kittens, she did agree to adopt just one.What compliance technique did her neighbor use on Maria?a. foot-in-the-doorb. door-in-the-facec.
According to the text, in which of the following has groupthink been known to occur?a. presidential electionsb. the fall of communismc. mass suicides by cultsd. the sinking of the Titanic
Saul admits that he conforms so as to be liked by others. This is known asa. compliance.b. obedience.c. informational social influence.d. normative social influence.
What are the drawbacks of drawing parallels between nonhuman primate behavior and human behavior?
Can you think of other diseases or disorders that include disrupted social behavior?
Which of the following scenarios probably will not result in the bystander effect?a. You come across someone lying on a busy sidewalk in a large city.b. You see someone pass out at a concert.c. You drive past an automobile accident where a crowd has gathered.d. You come across someone lying on a
When people are unable to reach a goal, frustration may result, which can ultimately turn intoa. aggression.b. pain.c. confusion.d. depression.
According to Robert Sternberg’s three components of love, which component addresses the physical aspects?a. intimacyb. passionc. commitmentd. concern
Joaquin moved from Nicaragua to the United States. He learned to speak and write English, changed his last name so that it would sound more “American,” and no longer maintains any of his old culture’s styles of dress or customs. Joaquin has used which method of entering the majority
Jewell and Amie became friends while taking an evening class at the local community college. Jewell was later horrified to find out that Amie was actually a teacher at the college. Subsequently, Jewell stopped talking with Amie, thus ending their friendship. What theory of prejudice and
Prejudice is about _____________, while discrimination is about _____________.a. beliefs; perceptionsb. perceptions; beliefsc. behavior; attitudesd. attitudes; behavior
What kinds of changes might have occurred in the personalities and performances of the children if the experiment had continued for more than 2 days with each group?
Are there any ethical concerns with what Elliot did in her classroom?
How do you think adults might react in a similar experiment?
Is there anything about this experiment you find disturbing?
How might someone who unknowingly is committing the fundamental attribution error explain Stanley Milgram’s obedience study?a. Subjects in that study were highly influenced by the power of Milgram and his team.b. Subjects in that study desired a high degree of positive reinforcement.c. Subjects
Caleb almost always shows up late for work. His friends attribute this to Caleb’s laziness. This is an example of a ____ cause.a. situationalb. dispositionalc. dispensationald. superficial
Kohanna thinks that everyone who smiles must always be happy, and those people who are quiet must be naturally shy. Such assumptions are the basis fora. stereotypes.b. implicit personality theory.c. attribution theory.d. attitudes.
One of your friends tells you, “I didn’t like the environmental-awareness presentation today. First of all, it was too long, not to mention the person that gave it was drinking out of a polystyrene cup and drove away in a huge SUV.” What kind of processing might your friend be using?a.
Erin hates snakes, even though she has never been bitten or been close to one. She developed her feelings by seeing how scared her mother was when she came across them in the garden or even when watching a movie or television show in which there was a snake. Erin’s attitude toward snakes was most
Which of the following represents the affective component of an attitude?a. “I love to go to the clubs—it makes me so happy!”b. “Tonight, we’re going to that new club downtown.”c. “It is interesting to watch people when I’m out at a club.”d. “I’m going to wear a new outfit to
Imagine you are asked to create a television commercial to sell a new product. Given what you know of the factors that effectively influence persuasion, how might you persuade a customer?
Stanley Milgram’s original study found that _____________ of“teachers” delivered shocks up to the point of being lethal.a. less than 30 percentb. 40 percentc. 65 percentd. 80 percent
Conner needs just $20 more to go out with his friends. He asks his mother for $50, but she tells him he can have $30 instead. In the end, Conner ended up with $10 more than he originally planned.What technique did Connor use?a. foot-in-the-door techniqueb. door-in-the-face techniquec. lowball
Which of the following would not be effective in minimizing groupthink?a. Caroline wants her team to openly vote by a show of hands either for or against her business plan.b. Karen openly invites input from all team members and even those outside her team.c. Annina reminds her team that everyone
In Asch’s study, conformity decreased whena. at least four confederates were present.b. at least one confederate agreed with the participant.c. the participant was a male.d. the participant had high self-esteem.
Define social neuroscience.
Identify the factors influencing why people help others.
Explain how aggressive behavior is determined by biology and learning.
Describe the different types of love outlined in Sternberg’s theory.
Identify factors involved in interpersonal attraction.
Identify social and cultural factors that influence stress reactions.
Describe theories of how prejudice is learned and how it can be overcome.
Distinguish between prejudice and discrimination.
Describe the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others.
Describe how people form impressions of others.
Explain how people react when attitudes differ from behavior.
Describe how attitudes can be changed.
Identify the three components of an attitude and how attitudes are formed.
Identify factors that make obedience more likely.
Compare and contrast three compliance techniques.
Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others.
The first stage of David Allen’s Getting Things Done (GTD) method is __________ anything and everything that has your attention.a. reviewingb. doingc. capturingd. organizing
Which theory of emotion relies heavily on cognition and labeling?a. the original, or common-sense, theoryb. Schachter and Singer’s theoryc. Cannon and Bard’s theoryd. James and Lange’s theory
What theory of emotion states that the emotion typically occurs before arousal and behavior?a. James and Lange’s theoryb. Schachter and Singer’s theoryc. Cannon and Bard’s theoryd. the original, or common-sense, theory
What is meant by a display rule?a. an understanding of when and under what conditions emotions and feelings may be displayed within a cultureb. an understanding of what behaviors can be expressed when someone is new to a situationc. an understanding of how children are to act in the presence of
Research on facial expressions has taught us that facial expressions appear to bea. inherent to a region and therefore mean different things in different countries.b. inherent to a culture and therefore mean different things to different cultures.c. learned.d. universal.
LeDoux’s work on the physiology involving emotions has focused on what part of the brain?a. thalamusb. hippocampusc. prefrontal cortexd. amygdala
The Kinsey report indicates that more than __________ as many men had intercourse by age 16 than women.a. ten timesb. four timesc. three timesd. twice
Studies indicate that women from __________ are more likely to eat because their body tells them they are hungry.a. Hungaryb. the United Statesc. Italyd. Japan
Leptin is a hormone involved ina. appetite reduction.b. metabolism control.c. digestion of fatty foods.d. neurotransmissions.
Unpredictable, large-scale events that create a great deal of stress and feelings of threat are calleda. major life events.b. catastrophes.c. hassles.d. major hassles.
Gary is having trouble with psychology and statistics. He goes to the school’s academic help center for tutoring and spends extra time working on problems at home. Gary’s method of coping isa. problem focused.b. emotion focused.c. defensive focused.d. internal focused.
Jacob believes he is in control of his own destiny. He feels he is secure in the friendships he has with others. However, he still feels the need to master many of the challenges in his own life and career.According to self-determination theory, which stage is Jacob still working to complete?a.
According to Maslow, what is meant by a peak experience?a. the point, even for a moment, when someone reaches a state of self-actualizationb. the point at which someone reaches transcendencec. the point at which someone begins to work through the hierarchyd. the point at which someone must descend
According to the arousal theory, people are typically motivated toward __________ point of arousal.a. the highestb. the optimalc. the easiestd. the quickest
An important component to Carol Dweck’s theory of motivation isa. one’s view of self.b. an understanding of classical conditioning and its impact on motivation.c. the importance of heredity on biological motivations.d. an understanding of emotions.
Dodi is always looking for new hobbies. He prefers exciting hobbies that will get him noticed. In his company, Dodi constantly asks for feedback from customers so he can know what he needs to do to be the best. Dodi is high in the need fora. achievement.b. affiliation.c. power.d. attention.
Motivational theories such as __________ are physical in terms of their needs, whereas __________ is based on psychological motives.a. drive theory; instinctual theoryb. biological theory; drive theoryc. drive theory; McClelland’s need theoryd. need-for-power theory; drive theory
The approach to motivation that forced psychologists to consider the value of homeostasis in motivation was the __________ approach.a. arousalb. drive-reductionc. instinctd. incentive
Eli enjoys woodcarving. Although none of his teenage friends are interested, he often spends hours creating several different pieces.His enjoyment of the task is all his own, and he rarely shows others his work. Many would call his motivation __________ in nature.a. instinctualb. arousalc.
Jasmine often requires her friends’ approval when she buys new outfits. Her need is an example of a(n) __________ drive.a. primaryb. acquired (secondary)c. innated. instinctive
What sort of personal barriers or roadblocks might you have to using a time- or task-management system?
Aside from having a bunch of “lists” and possibly getting things done, what might be some specific personal benefits to keeping track of tasks and projects you have committed to?
Eileen smiles wherever she goes. She smiles a lot in the classroom, which in turn prompts her fellow students to smile, making them feel happier, too. This effect is best explained by which of the following theories of emotion?a. Schachter-Singerb. James-Langec. cognitive-mediationald. facial
In Schachter and Singer’s classic study, participants who received epinephrine and were in the company of the “angry” research confederate interpreted their physiological arousal as __________, whereas those who were exposed to the “happy” confederate interpreted their arousal as
One day at school, someone collides with you in the hall and knocks you down, causing you to be angry. However, when playing football with friends, if you get knocked down, you do not express anger. What theory best explains how we label each situation and choose the appropriate emotion to show?a.
“I believe that emotions and physiological arousal tend to happen simultaneously.” Which theorist would be responsible for making such a statement?a. William James or Carl Langeb. Walter Cannon or Philip Bardc. Stanley Schachter or Jerome Singerd. Sigmund Freud or Erik Erikson
The phrase “I’m embarrassed because my face is red” is best explained by which theory of emotion?a. James-Langeb. Cannon-Bardc. Schachter-Singerd. common-sense theory of emotion
Which of the following is not one of the three elements of emotion?a. Physical arousalb. Behavioral reactionc. Objective experienced. Subjective experience
Which of these theories of emotion do you feel is most correct? Why?
In this experiment, what was the independent variable manipulated by the experimenters?What was the dependent variable?
According to Schachter and Singer’s theory, for your first date with a person, should you choose a happy movie or a sad one?
The Savic et al. 2005 study found that homosexual men responded to a pheromone in the same way asa. heterosexual men.b. transsexual men.c. heterosexual women.d. homosexual women.
Robert Trivers’s theory of _____________ states one must consider the extent to which pregnancy will require them to make an investment of time and effort when deciding whether to have sex with a potential partner.a. parental investmentb. gender schematac. sexual fluidityd. sexual orientation
The largest study of human sexual behavior conducted since the work of Alfred Kinsey began in 1983 and was spearheaded by:a. Alfred Kinsey, Jr.b. Janus and Janusc. Sharf and Titusd. Maron and Butcher
Which of the following was a criticism of Kinsey’s research?a. The study was incomplete.b. The study asked poorly worded questions.c. The study was rushed.d. The study had a restricted sample.
In cultures in which Western lifestyles of eating and exercising have been adopted, obesity rates have _____________ over the last 20 years.a. tripledb. remained relatively stablec. doubledd. decreased slightly
In a study examining the influence of culture on individual eating habits, researchers found that women from the United States were more likely to eat in response to _____________, whereas women from Japan were more likely to eat in response to _____________.a. stress; depressionb. being instructed
Jermaine eats a late breakfast at 10:00 a.m. but finds he is hungry at 11:30 a.m. when he typically eats lunch. What best explains his hunger pains only 90 minutes after eating breakfast?a. classical conditioningb. self-actualizationc. social pressured. heredity
Which of the following is not a hormone that influences eating behavior in human beings?a. leptinb. insulinc. serotonind. glucagon
Would the cultural differences in the effects of praise be likely to affect areas of daily life other than educational situations?
Studies show that _____________ is the optimal amount of stress that people need to positively promote their health and sense of well-being, which coincides with _____________ theory.a. intensity; cognitive consistencyb. distress; biological instinctc. eustress; arousald. eustress; Maslow’s
In Ryan and Deci’s self-determination theory, what is the key to achieving one’s needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness?a. support from others around youb. an instinctual motivationc. a motivation often driven by heredityd. a driving desire not to be a failure
In Maslow’s theory, how often do people reach a point of self-actualization?a. Seldom, although there are times in a person’s life when they are self-actualized at least temporarily.b. Most people reach a state of self-actualization before they reach adulthood.c. Most people reach a state of
In terms of arousal and task difficulty, easy tasks typically demand a _____________ level for optimal performance, whereas difficult tasks require a _____________ level.a. high–moderate;low–moderateb. low–moderate;high–moderatec. either a high or low;mediumd. low; low
People high in the need for _____________ want to be liked by others and are good team players.a. affiliationb. achievementc. powerd. emotion
If a person carries out a behavior to receive an outcome that is separate from the person, this is known asa. intrinsic motivation.b. extrinsic motivation.c. drive-reduction motivation.d. instinctual motivation.
How might the three types of needs discussed in this section relate to the goals of many politicians?Would some needs be more important than others?
Summarize the five steps of the GTD method.
Identify the key elements in the cognitive arousal and cognitivemediational theories of emotion.
Distinguish among the commonsense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion.
Describe the three elements of emotion.
Distinguish among the various sexual orientations, and identify some potential influences on sexual orientation.
Explain the motivation for sexual behavior.
Recognize some of the factors that contribute to obesity.
Identify the physical and social factors that influence hunger.
Define stress and stressors, and describe two methods for coping with stress.
Describe how maslow’s hierarchy of needs and self-determination theories explain motivation.
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