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social science
psychology 2e
Psychology An Exploration 4th Edition Saundra Ciccarelli, J. White - Solutions
Blake finds that if he washes his car prior to going out on the town, more of his friends want to ride along with him. What theory would best explain his willingness to always wash and clean his car before going out?a. Skinner’s theory of operant conditioningb. Thorndike’s law of effectc.
Caitlin works in the psychology department’s rat lab. In her studies, she found that many of her lab rats would develop a conditioned taste aversion to certain foods after as little as one trial. Caitlin’s psychology professor refers to this as a classic example ofa. psychological
Rhonda had tartar sauce with her fish one night. The next morning she was nauseated and sick for much of the day. The next time she was offered the chance to go out for fish, she felt queasy and declined. Her queasiness at the thought of fish with tartar sauce was probably due toa. a conditioned
During the cold winter, you have stopped taking your dog for walks. What’s more, your dog has gotten used to the fact that when you accidentally rattle his leash, he isn’t going for a walk, and subsequently he doesn’t come running to the front door. What has occurred?a. extinctionb. stimulus
A child has been classically conditioned to fear a white rat. If the child does not show fear when shown a black rat, this is calleda. stimulus discrimination.b. stimulus generalization.c. spontaneous recovery.d. extinction.
At home, you rattle the chain on your dog’s leash every time you prepare to take him for a walk. After several episodes like this, you find that your dog comes running to the front door even when you pick up the leash to put it back in the closet. In this example, what is the conditioned
Sheila almost got hit by a car at a street corner because she was too busy texting on her phone. From that day on, Sheila looks before she reaches the street corner. Her change in behavior is a result ofa. both sensation and perception.b. memory.c. motivation.d. learning.
Leticia wanted to help her father prepare breakfast. She had watched him crack eggs into a bowl many times, paying careful attention to how he did it. But when she went to crack her own eggs, they smashed into many pieces. Which of the following elements of observational learning was Leticia’s
What is the correct sequence of the four elements of observational learning?a. Attention, Memory, Imitation, Desireb. Attention, Imitation, Desire, Memoryc. Desire, Attention, Memory, Imitationd. Memory, Attention, Desire, Imitation
Which of the following statements is false?a. Prosocial behavior can be positively influenced by the viewing/playing of prosocial media.b. There is a strong link between viewing violent media and an increase in aggressive behavior among young people.c. Adults are not negatively affected by viewing
Bandura’s studies found that learning can take place without actual performance. What is this referred to as?a. insight-based learningb. learning/performance distinctionc. ARIDd. cognitive learning
Research by Steven Maier suggests that learned helplessness may be due to a higher-level region of the brain known as the ________, which helps subjects determine what is controllable.a. dorsal raphe nucleusb. amygdalac. hippocampusd. ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)
Which theory is commonly referred to as the “aha!” phenomenon?a. Köhler’s insight theoryb. Tolman’s latent learning theoryc. Seligman’s learned helplessness theoryd. Bandura’s observational learning
Lisa’s parents have decided to take a 3-week trip to Europe.Consequently, Lisa’s mother will not be able to make her famous pies for the upcoming bake sale. When her mother encourages Lisa to bake the pies herself, Lisa panics at first, but then she finds that she knows how to put the recipe
In Tolman’s maze study, the fact that the group of rats receiving reinforcement only after day 10 of the study solved the maze far more quickly than did the rats who had been reinforced from the first day can be interpreted to mean that these particular ratsa. were very hungry and therefore
Which of the following is the best example of applied behavior analysis?a. Agatha observes a child to see what purpose a disruptive classroom behavior serves and identifies a new replacement behavior. She then implements a training program for the new behavior, reinforcing often at the simplest
Tabitha signed up for a new credit card that offers reward miles for every purchase. Tabitha plans to make as many purchases as she can so that she can accumulate enough miles to go on a trip over spring break. Such an approach is an example ofa. a token economy.b. shaping.c. a schedule of
Little Jimmie’s mother was upset to find that Jimmie had not picked up his building blocks after repeated requests to do so. The next morning, Jimmie found all his blocks had been picked up and put into a bag on top of the refrigerator. Jimmie’s mother told him that he couldn’t play with his
Joe owned a small repair shop. Each day, he would check the mail to see if any of his customers mailed in a payment for the work he had done for them. Some days, he would receive a check or two.At other times, he would have to wait days before getting another payment. What schedule of reinforcement
Edgar cannot sleep because he is terribly worried about his research paper. So, Edgar decides to get out of bed and continue working on the paper. Although he stays up to nearly 3 a.m., he is relieved that it is done and easily falls off to sleep. In the future, Edgar will be more likely to finish
To a dog, _______ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas _______ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.a. dog food; a Frisbeeb. a paycheck; moneyc. dog food; dog treatsd. a gold star; candy
Rescorla found that the CS must _________ the UCS for conditioning to take place.a. come at the same time asb. replacec. come afterd. predict
Cindy had cheesy tacos at a local Mexican restaurant. Later, she became terribly ill and suffered bouts of nausea and vomiting.What might we predict based on conditioned taste aversion research?a. Cindy will probably get nauseated the next time she tries to eat cheesy tacos.b. Cindy will probably
Which of the following would be an example of vicarious classical conditioning?a. As a young child, Tony frequently observed his older sisters jump around and scream whenever any of them saw a spider, as they were very afraid of them. Subsequently, Tony experiences feelings of fear when he sees a
In Watson’s experiment with “Little Albert,” the conditioned stimulus wasa. the white rat.b. the loud noise.c. the fear of the rat.d. the fear of the noise.
Ever since she was scared by a dog as a young child, Angelica has been afraid of all dogs. The fact that she is afraid of not only the original dog but all types of dogs is an example ofa. spontaneous recovery.b. extinction.c. stimulus generalization.d. stimulus discrimination.
Michael noticed that whenever he moved his dog’s food dish, his dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry and excited. He reasoned that because he feeds the dog using that dish, the sound of the dish had become a(n)a. unconditioned response.b. unconditioned stimulus.c. conditioned
Which drug, depending on the dosage, can be a hallucinogen, stimulant, depressant, or painkiller?a. marijuanab. PCPc. opiumd. caffeine
Jackie has found that when she tries to quit drinking, she gets headaches, has night sweats, and shakes uncontrollably. Such a reaction is an example ofa. psychological dependence.b. withdrawal.c. overdose.d. learned behavior.
Jackie is engaging in a mental exercise in which she deliberately pays attention to the moment-by-moment unfolding of her current experience. Jackie is most likely practicinga. self-hypnosis.b. mindfulness meditation.c. yoga.d. concentrative meditation.
Bobby agreed to be hypnotized during a comedy routine. While hypnotized, he stood on his chair and crowed like a rooster. Later, when his friends asked why he did this, Bobby replied that he didn’t know and that it must have been because he was hypnotized. What theory best explains his
Anthony’s therapist is using hypnosis to help him recall the night he was supposedly abducted by aliens. Danny’s therapist is using hypnosis to help him prepare for the pain of dental surgery because Danny is allergic to the dentist’s painkillers. Patrick’s therapist is using hypnosis to
When Tawny is asked to write down her dreams as a class assignment, she is bothered by the fact that her dreams often seem to jump randomly from scene to scene with little meaning. What theory best explains her dreams?a. activation-synthesisb. dreams as everyday lifec. sociocultural theoryd.
Calvin was being bullied by a coworker. That night, he dreamed that the coworker had a terrible accident. According to Sigmund Freud, his dream was most likely an example ofa. suppressed violent tendencies.b. manifest destiny.c. wish fulfillment.d. extreme mental illness.
Bill suddenly and without warning slips into REM sleep during the day. He often falls to the ground and is difficult to awaken. Bill may have a condition calleda. epilepsy.b. sleep apnea.c. insomnia.d. narcolepsy.
Which of the following would be bad advice for someone suffering from insomnia?a. Go to bed only when you are sleepy.b. Don’t take sleeping pills.c. Don’t look at the clock.d. Do not exercise—it overstimulates the brain.
Gerald has difficulty falling off to sleep. Harley can fall off to sleep easily but often wakes up early. Dale typically sleeps for 10 hours.All three are tired and not rested on rising. Who seems to be experiencing insomnia?a. Daleb. Geraldc. Harleyd. All three suffer from insomnia.
Your doctor has told you that your youngest son suffers from somnambulism.What is another name for somnambulism?a. sleepwalkingb. insomniac. sleep apnead. narcolepsy
Josef has had a very demanding day. Though his work is not physically challenging, it tends to mentally drain him. Which type of sleep will Josef probably require more of?a. Rb. N1c. N2d. N3
In which stage of sleep do sleep spindles occur?a. N2b. N1c. N3d. R
REM sleep makes up nearly ________ percent of an infant’s total sleep.a. 50b. 20c. 30d. 80
After watching television while surfing the Internet on your tablet, you find yourself having trouble falling asleep at night. According to what we know about the biology of sleep, what is the most likely cause of your sleep problem?a. The bright screens are causing your pineal gland to release too
Your uncle Karl, who recently retired, has mentioned how he doesn’t sleep as well as he did when he was younger. For many years, he regularly slept about 7 to 8 hours, but now that he is in his 60s, he tends to get only 5 to 6 hours of sleep per night. What would you tell him?a. Getting less
Carlos is pulling an all-nighter in preparation for his big psychology test tomorrow. According to the research, what is the result on Carlos’s memory when he deprives himself of sleep the night prior to his exam?a. Carlos will retain information from staying up all night, but only if his test is
As the sun begins to set, Winston finds himself becoming more and more sleepy. What structure is sensitive to light and influences when to go to sleep and when to awaken?a. suprachiasmatic nucleusb. corpus callosumc. occipital lobed. thalamus
What part of the brain is influential in determining when to sleep?a. hypothalamusb. hippocampusc. thalamusd. frontal lobe
Jane is aware that she is sitting in her psychology class, and it is almost lunchtime. She is also aware of how tired she is after staying up late to watch a movie. Thus, if Jane is aware of what is going on around her and what is going on within her, then it is safe to say that she is in a(n)a.
Most studies of marijuana’s effects have found thata. it is easy to overdose on the substance.b. it creates a strong physical dependency.c. it produces intense withdrawal symptoms.d. it creates a powerful psychological dependency.
Typically, opiates have the ability toa. cause deep levels of depression.b. cause intense hallucinations.c. stimulate the user.d. suppress the sensation of pain.
________ is a tranquilizer also known as the “date rape” drug.a. Halcionb. Rohypnolc. Libriumd. Xanax
Which of the following statements about nicotine is true?a. Nicotine can slow the heart and therefore create a sense of relaxation.b. In terms of addictive power, nicotine is more powerful than heroin or alcohol.c. Overall, the number of Americans smoking is on the increase.d. Overall, the number
What drug’s physical withdrawal symptoms include severe mood swings (crash), paranoia, extreme fatigue, and an inability to feel pleasure?a. cocaineb. heroinc. caffeined. alcohol
As consequences to stopping drug use, headaches, nausea, shaking, and elevated blood pressure are all signs ofa. withdrawal.b. overdose.c. psychological dependency.d. amphetamine toxicity.
Which of the following is NOT one of the effects of meditation on health?a. Meditation can prevent cancer.b. Meditation has been shown to reduce stress.c. Meditation can reduce blood pressure in many people.d. Meditation may be able to reduce levels of chronic pain.
Which theory of hypnosis includes the idea of a “hidden observer”?a. biologicalb. social cognitivec. dissociatived. expectancy
Your friend tells you she is seeing a therapist who wishes to use hypnosis as part of her therapy. However, your friend is concerned that she might be hypnotized without knowing it. What might you tell her?a. Don’t worry. Hypnotists can only control their patient’s behavior about 40 percent of
Some researchers have suggested that hypnosis may work due to an individual’s personal expectations about what being hypnotized is supposed to be like and the individual’s ability to play a particular role in the given social situation. Which theory of hypnosis best accounts for these possible
The primary key to hypnosis is finding someone whoa. accepts suggestions easily.b. has a vivid imagination.c. is already very tired.d. is easily distracted.
Studies show that most people tend toa. not dream at all.b. dream in black and white.c. only have nightmares.d. dream in color.
Which of the following statements about the content of dreams is true?a. Men are more likely than women to have dreams about fighting.b. Dreams usually consist of very unusual activities.c. Men and women tend to dream about the same things.d. There are no cultural differences in dream content.
Michael finds that most of his dreams are little more than random images that seemingly have been put into a strange storyline. Which theory of dreams best explains this?a. activation-synthesis hypothesisb. Freudian dream theoryc. dreams for survival theoryd. Hall’s dreams as reflections of
In Freud’s theory, dreams were a way to examine the __________ of his patients.a. most recent memoriesb. early memoriesc. most recent experiencesd. conscious mind
Sleepwalking occurs in stage __________ sleep, whereas nightmares occur in stage __________ sleep.a. N2; N1b. N1; N2c. R; N3d. N3; R
Which of the following is a characteristic of stage N3, or slow-wave sleep?a. increased body temperatureb. paralysis of voluntary musclesc. increased heart rated. deepest level of sleep
Which of the following is involved in determining when we sleep?a. digestionb. body positionc. body temperatured. GABA
The pineal gland receives instructions from the __________ to release __________.a. suprachiasmatic nucleus; melatoninb. thalamus; dopaminec. occipital lobe; serotonind. spinal cord; acetylcholine
The sleep–wake cycle typically follows a 24-hour cycle and is regulated by the __________.a. suprachiasmatic nucleusb. cerebellumc. frontal lobed. pituitary gland
Which of the following statements is false?a. It is safe to drive and talk on a cell phone as long as it is hands free.b. Brushing your hair while talking on the phone is easy to do.c. Texting while driving is more dangerous than talking on a cell phone while driving.d. Driving while talking on a
Which of the following is an example of an automatic process?a. brushing your teethb. driving a carc. talking on a cell phoned. doing math problems
Consciousness can be defined as a set of action potentials occurring among neurons in which of the following views?a. behavioralb. cognitive neurosciencec. socioculturald. evolutionary
A change in the quality or pattern of mental activity such as increased alertness or divided consciousness, is called a(n)a. waking consciousness.b. altered state of consciousness.c. transient state of consciousness.d. hallucination.
Describe an example of conditioning in the real world.
List the four elements of observational learning.
Describe the process of observational learning.
Summarize Seligman’s studies on learned helplessness.
Explain how Köhler’s studies demonstrated that animals can learn by insight.
Explain the concept of latent learning.
Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior.
Explain the concepts of discriminant stimuli, extinction, generalization, and spontaneous recovery as they relate to operant conditioning.
Identify the effect that punishment has on behavior.
Identify the four schedules of reinforcement.
Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement.
Identify the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner to the concept of operant conditioning.
Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias and taste aversions.
Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment.
Define the term learning.
Describe how the workings of our consciousness can explain“supernatural” visitations.
Identify the effects and dangers of using hallucinogens.
Identify the effects and dangers of using depressants.
Identify the effects and dangers of using stimulants.
Distinguish between physical dependence and psychological dependence on drugs.
Describe meditation and its effects on stress and health.
Compare and contrast two views of why hypnosis works.
Explain how hypnosis affects consciousness.
Identify commonalities and differences in the content of people’s dreams.
Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream.
Differentiate among the various sleep disorders.
Identify the different stages of sleep.
Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle.
Differentiate between the different levels of consciousness.
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