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social science
psychology 2e
Psychology An Exploration 4th Edition Saundra Ciccarelli, J. White - Solutions
In terms of differing cultures, what should be the goal of every test designer?a. to create a test free of cultural biasb. to create a test that is culturally fairc. to create a test with no questions involving cultured. to create a series of culture-varied tests
Professor Collins designed an IQ test. To validate this test, she should be careful to do which of the following?a. Strive to make sure that the test measures what it is supposed to measure.b. Give the test at least twice to the same group to ensure accuracy.c. Select the people in the sample from
According to Sternberg, intelligence comprises analytical, creative, and _____________ aspects.a. practicalb. artisticc. scientificd. logical
In Gardner’s view, effective counseling psychologists and managers would likely be high in _____________ intelligence.a. intrapersonalb. verbal/linguisticc. visual–spatiald. interpersonal
How might you determine whether flute-playing ability is a highly heritable trait? If you want to improve your flute playing and someone tells you that musical ability is heritable, should you stop practicing?
What kind of questions would you include on an intelligence test to minimize cultural bias?
Which of the following is the best way to encourage divergent, creative thinking?a. Force yourself to think of something new and creativeb. Stare at a blank sheet of paper until a new, innovative solution comes to mindc. Engage in many activities simultaneouslyd. Go for a walk or engage in some
Ed and Harry believe that ghosts are running rampant in a nearby town. When looking for information on the Internet, they ignore any sites that are skeptical of their beliefs and only visit sites that support their beliefs. This is an example ofa. creativity biasb. functional fixednessc.
Bella leaves her office building only to find it is raining. She returns to her office and gets a trash bag out of the supply cabinet. Using a pair of scissors, she cuts the bag so that she can put her head and arms through the bag without getting wet. In using the trash bag as a makeshift rain
While taking a shower, Miguel suddenly realizes the solution to a problem at work. When later asked how he solved this problem, Miguel said, “The answer just seemed to pop into my head.”Miguel’s experience is an example ofa. insightb. a mechanical solutionc. a heuristicd. an algorithm
People in the United States often think of a sports car when asked to envision a fun, fast form of travel. In this example, a sports car would be considered aa. mental imageb. prototypec. natural conceptd. formal concept
What is thinking?a. simply and succinctly, it is only our ability to rememberb. spontaneous, nondirected, and unconscious mental activityc. mental activity that involves processing, organizing, understanding, and communicating informationd. all mental activity except memory
Identify some methods for improving your cognitive health.
Summarize the research on the ability of animals to communicate and use language.
Evaluate whether or not language influences how people think.
Explain how language develops.
Identify the different elements and structure of language.
Evaluate the influence of heredity and environment on the development of intelligence.
Define intellectual disability, giftedness, and emotional intelligence.
Identify ways to evaluate the quality of a test.
Compare and contrast some methods of measuring intelligence.
Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence.
Recall some characteristics of creative, divergent thinking.
Identify three common barriers to successful problem solving.
Identify some methods that people use to solve problems and make decisions.
Describe how concepts and prototypes influence our thinking.
Explain how mental images are involved in the process of thinking.
Your English instructor has given you an assignment to write down your most favorite memory from when you were 12 months old.What might you tell him?a. Students will probably not be able to recall events from such an early age.b. Memories from this time are exceptionally vivid because of the
Henry Gustav Molaison, infamously known as H.M., was unable to form new declarative memories. He suffered from what psychologists calla. anterograde amnesia.b. psychogenic amnesia.c. retrograde amnesia.d. retroactive amnesia.
You are surprised by the fact that you cannot remember if Abraham Lincoln’s head faces the left or the right on a penny. This is all the more surprising given the fact that you work with money at your job on nearly a daily basis. What would best explain such an inability to recall this
In Hermann Ebbinghaus’s classic study on memory and the forgetting curve, how long after learning the lists does most forgetting happen?a. 1 hourb. immediatelyc. 5 hoursd. 9 hours
The ability to remember where you were and what you were doing when the United States was attacked on September 11, 2001, is an example ofa. eyewitness testimony.b. flashbulb memory.c. encoding specificity hypothesis.d. false-memory syndrome.
The tendency of certain elements to enter long-term memory with little or no effort to encode and organize them is what definesa. automatic encoding.b. encoding specificity.c. flashbulb memories.d. eidetic imagery.
Research by Elizabeth Loftus shows that eyewitness recognition is very prone to what psychologists calla. a flashbulb memory.b. automatic encoding.c. a false positive.d. a recency effect.
Your mother tells you to dress for success at your interview because it’s all about “first impressions.” In other words, she is telling you that people often remember what they see first. This belief is in line with what element of memory?a. the primacy effectb. the tip-of-the-tongue
When creating a presentation, many public-speaking instructors will tell you to develop a strong opening or attention getter to your presentation as well as a good summary and finish. What aspect of memory best explains these suggestions?a. serial position effectb. parallel distributed processing
Which of the following is an example of a test using recognition?a. true–falseb. short answerc. essayd. fill in the blanks
Phineas walks out of his office and into the conference room.However, after he leaves his office, he forgets what he was coming into the conference room for. According to the encoding specificity hypothesis, what should Phineas do to regain his lost memory?a. Phineas should ask someone else,
The semantic network model of memory suggests that the _______ nodes you must pass through to access information, the longer it will take for you to recall information.a. moreb. fewerc. bigger thed. more complex the
_______ memory includes what people can do or demonstrate, whereas _______ memory is about what people know and can report.a. Nondeclarative; declarativeb. Declarative; nondeclarativec. Semantic; nondeclaratived. Episodic; semantic
Mary has just met an attractive man named Austin at a party.She wants to make sure she remembers his name. What should she do?a. Mary should chunk it by remembering the first three letters as a set and then remembering the remaining letters as a set.b. Mary should repeat the name continuously so as
Early studies of the capacity of short-term memory suggested that most people could remember approximately _______ bits of information.a. twob. sevenc. threed. ten
You are introduced to someone at a party. While talking with the person, you realize that you have already forgotten the person’s name. What amount of time does it typically take before such information is lost from short-term memory?a. Short-term memories typically last a lifetimeb.
For information to travel from either the iconic or echoic sensory system to short-term memory, it must first be _______ and then encoded primarily into _______ form.a. selectively attended to; visualb. unconsciously chosen; auditoryc. selectively attended to; auditoryd. biologically chosen; visual
Which type of memory system best explains the “What?”phenomenon?a. echoic sensory systemb. iconic sensory systemc. short-term memory systemd. tactile sensory system
According to Sperling, what is the capacity of iconic memory?a. Everything that can be perceived in a lifetime.b. Everything that can be heard in 1 minute.c. Everything that can be sensed in 1 second.d. Everything that can be seen at one time.
The steps to memory can best be described as follows:a. a series of passive data filesb. finding it, using it, storing it, using it againc. sensing it, perceiving it, remembering it, forgetting itd. putting it in, keeping it in, getting it out
Which neurotransmitter is no longer readily produced in Alzheimer’s patients?a. GABAb. dopaminec. endorphinsd. acetylcholine
What type of amnesia do you have when you cannot remember things that happened before a traumatic accident?a. anterograde amnesiab. retrograde amnesiac. psychogenic amnesiad. infantile amnesia
Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.) suffered from profound anterograde amnesia after his ____________ were surgically removed in an attempt to control his seizures.a. hippocampib. amygdalaec. frontal lobesd. thalami
Chantal is very afraid of clowns, no doubt because she was frightened by one when she was very young. Chantal’s memories of that fearful encounter are likely to be associated with thea. amygdala.b. cerebellum.c. prefrontal cortex.d. posterior cingulate cortex.
Noland bought a fancy new smart phone. It was a different brand of phone than his old phone, so he spent quite a few frustrating hours learning to use the new one. The problem was that he kept trying to tap icons on the new phone in the places they had been on his old phone. Noland’s problem was
Shantel spent a year living abroad in Spain. During that time, her ability to read and speak Spanish grew tremendously. However, now, 2 years later, Shantel feels she can no longer travel there because she can barely remember a thing. Her problem is most likely due toa. retroactive interference.b.
Collin is asked to repeat what his mother just told him. He says he“forgot,” but in reality Collin wasn’t paying attention to his mother at all. This is an example of the ____________ explanation of forgetting.a. encoding failureb. interferencec. memory traced. repression
Raven has just finished learning a list of nonsense words given to her by her psychology instructor as part of a class activity. She had 100 percent recall at the end of class. According to Ebbinghaus’s curve of forgetting, how quickly will Raven likely forget about 40 percent of the information
A key component for any person to believe that a false event is in fact true is to make sure the false information isa. introduced as soon after the event as possible.b. as plausible as possible.c. introduced by a source perceived as trustworthy.d. introduced no sooner than 24 hours after the event
In Loftus’s 1978 study, subjects viewed a slide presentation of an accident. Later, some of the subjects were asked a question about a yield sign when the actual slides contained pictures of a stop sign.When presented with this inaccurate information, how did these subjects typically respond?a.
Felisha can recall with great detail the day of her wedding and all that occurred. What might psychologists say about these particular flashbulb memories?a. The memories were likely enhanced in part by the hormones released during emotional moments.b. The memories should last up to 15 to 20
Multiple-choice test questions typically rely on ____________, while essay questions rely on ____________.a. recognition; recallb. rehearsal; recallc. relearning; rehearsingd. recall; recognition
Jaclynn had written a grocery list but accidentally left it at home.Trying to remember the list, Jaclynn remembers what was at the beginning of the list and what was at the end but not those things in the middle. This is an example ofa. the tip-of-the-tongue effect.b. encoding specificity.c. the
What concept suggests that the best place to study for your psychology final to ensure good retrieval of concepts is your psychology classroom?a. serial position effectb. encoding specificityc. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenond. automatic encoding
The Innocence Project (www.innocenceproject.org) helps prisoners prove their innocence through DNA testing. More than 300 people in the United States have been freed by this testing, and the average time they served in prison before release is 13 years. Is eyewitness testimony enough, or should DNA
How might police officers taking statements about a crime avoid getting inaccurate information from eyewitnesses?
When you take your final exam in your psychology class, what type of memory will you most certainly need to access to answer each question?a. semanticb. nondeclarativec. episodicd. working
Brenda has been able to tie her shoes since she was 4 but now finds it difficult to explain to her baby brother how to tie his shoes, but she can easily demonstrate it for him. Brenda’s memory for shoe tying is best characterized as a _______ memory.a. semanticb. declarative (explicit)c.
Amber meets a cute guy named Carson at a party. She wants to make sure she remembers his name, so she reminds herself that he has the same name as the capital of Nevada (Carson City). This transferring of information from short-term memory to long-term memory is an example of what type of
Of the following, which is the most similar to the concept of long-term memory?a. a computer mouseb. a computer monitorc. a computer hard drived. a computer keyboard
Information enters into short-term memory through a process known as _______.a. selective attentionb. recency effectc. primacy effectd. repetition
_______ memories are said to linger in the mind for a few seconds, allowing people the chance to keep up with the flow of conversations and remember what was just said.a. Long-termb. Iconicc. Short-termd. Echoic
Research has demonstrated you can enhance your memory for a specific word if you think about its meaning, how it can be used, and by giving a personal example of its use. This is best accounted for by which model of memory?a. levels-of-processing modelb. parallel distributed processing modelc.
Which model of memory suggests that memory processes occur throughout a neural network simultaneously?a. parallel distributed processing modelb. levels-of-processing modelc. information-processing modeld. three-stage model
Ruth just finished her research paper and handed it in. As she walks out of the classroom, she realizes there were a few more things she should have included in the paper. Ruth’s problem is in the memory process ofa. storage.b. encoding.c. retrieval.d. retention.
Human memory consists of multiple systems that have the ability to store information for periods of time that range from ________ to ________.a. seconds; hoursb. seconds; our lifetimec. minutes; decadesd. hours; our lifetime
Explain how sleep, exercise, and diet affect memory.
Identify the biological causes of amnesia.
Explain the biological bases of memory in the brain.
Identify some common reasons people forget things.
Describe the “curve of forgetting.”
Explain how the constructive processing view of memory retrieval accounts for forgetting and inaccuracies in memory.
Describe how some memories are automatically encoded into long-term memory.
Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition.
Identify the effects of cues on memory retrieval.
Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms.
Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory.
Describe the process of sensory memory.
Explain how the different models of memory work.
Identify the three processes of memory.
Darla has noticed how some of her friends have lost weight and gotten trim by exercising 1 to 2 hours each day. However, she has no plans to imitate their behavior. What component of Bandura’s model of observational learning will explain why Darla has not started a similar weight-loss program?a.
What does AMID stand for?a. Attention, Memory, Imitation, Desireb. Attention, Memory, Intention, Detentionc. Ask, Memory, Imitate, Developd. Association, Memory, Imitation, Desires
Jody failed repeatedly in college algebra. Finally, she gave up and was seriously considering dropping out of college. One day, her best friend offered to personally help her if she signed up for college algebra again, but she refused. What concept might explain her reluctance?a. observational
Jose was lying in bed when he suddenly realized how he might deal with a fast-approaching deadline at work. When his coworkers asked how he came up with his idea, he said, “It just came to me out of nowhere.” Psychologists would refer to this asa. observational learning.b. latent learning.c.
Studies by Keller and Marian Breland found that many animals exhibit instinctive drift. What does this mean?a. The animals studied would learn skills through reinforcement, and they remained that way no matter how much reinforcement they were given.b. The animals studied could not learn any skills
Which of the following is an example of the use of extinction with operant conditioning?a. A mother ignores her child’s temper tantrum so that the behavior ultimately goes away.b. A mother gives in to her child’s demands for candy by buying the child some chocolate so as to quiet him or her.c.
What is the relationship between negative reinforcement and punishment?a. Negative reinforcement strengthens a response, while punishment weakens a response.b. Both tend to strengthen a response.c. Both tend to weaken a response.d. Negative reinforcement weakens a response, while punishment
Denise is grounded for coming home after curfew. Additionally, her parents have taken away her cell phone for a month. Losing her cell phone privileges is an example ofa. punishment by removal.b. negative reinforcement.c. punishment by application.d. learned helplessness.
Ben gets paid every 2 weeks. In one 2-week period, he works a total of 20 hours. During another 2-week period, he worked a total of 50 hours. Regardless of the total number of hours he works each week, he is paid every 2 weeks. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?a. fixed intervalb. fixed
Belinda has a terrible headache. If she takes some aspirin so as to make her headache go away, this would be an example ofa. negative reinforcement.b. positive reinforcement.c. punishment.d. generalization.
Positive reinforcement results in ________ in the target behavior and negative reinforcement results in ________ in the target behavior.a. a decrease; an increaseb. an increase; a decreasec. a decrease; a decreased. an increase; an increase
Where do secondary reinforcers get their power from?a. Classical conditioningb. Law of effectc. Observational theoryd. Insight theory
In classical conditioning, behavior typically is ________, whereas with operant conditioning, behavior is ________.a. involuntary; voluntaryb. rewarded; punishedc. biological; internald. voluntary; involuntary
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