Questions and Answers of Psychology 2e

Proponents of which approach to personality would be most likely to agree with the statement,“Personality can be thought of as learned responses to a person’s upbringing and environment”?a.
Bandura would rate a person who would make the statement, “I know I can’t do it” as low on ___________ _________.
Which approach to personality emphasizes the innate goodness of people and their desire to grow?a. Humanisticb. Psychodynamicc. Learningd. Biological and evolutionary
__________is the consistency of a personality test; __________is the ability of a test to actually measure what it is designed to measure.
__________ __________are standards used to compare scores of different people taking the same test.
Tests such as the MMPI-2-RF, in which a small sample of behavior is assessed to determine larger patterns, are examples of which of the following?a. Cross-sectional testsb. Projective testsc.
A person shown a picture and asked to make up a story about it would be taking a __________personality test.
Can you think of ways in which Freud’s theories of unconscious motivations are commonly used in popular culture? How accurately do you think such popular uses of Freudian theories reflect Freud’s
What are some examples of archetypes in addition to those mentioned in this module? In what ways are archetypes similar to and different from stereotypes?
If personality traits are merely descriptive and not explanatory, what use are they? Can assigning a trait to a person be harmful—or helpful? Why or why not?
In what ways are Cattell’s 16 source traits, Eysenck’s three dimensions, and the “Big Five” factors similar, and in what ways are they different? Which traits seem to appear in all three
Should personality tests be used for personnel decisions? Should they be used for other social purposes, such as identifying individuals at risk for certain types of personality disorders?
What do you think are some of the problems that developers and interpreters of self-report personality tests must deal with in their effort to provide useful information about test-takers? Why is a
How is health psychology a union between medicine and psychology?
What is stress, how does it affect us, and how can we best cope with it?
How do psychological factors affect health related problems such as coronary heart disease, cancer, and smoking?
How do our interactions with physicians affect our health and compliance with medical treatment?
How does a sense of well-being develop?
__________is defined as a response to challenging or threatening events.
Match each portion of the GAS with its definition. 1. Alarm and mobilization a. 2. b. 3. Ability to adapt to stress diminishes; symptoms appear Activation of sympathetic nervous system C. Use of
Stressors that affect a single person and produce an immediate major reaction are known as a. Personal stressors b. Psychic stressors C. d. Daily stressors Cataclysmic stressors
People with the personality characteristic of __________seem to be better able to successfully combat stressors.
Type __________behavior is characterized by cooperativeness and by being easygoing; Type __________behavior is characterized by hostility and competitiveness.
The Type A behavior pattern is known to directly cause heart attacks. True or false?
A cancer patient’s attitude and emotions may affect that their __________system and thus help or hinder their fight against the disease.
Smoking is used to regulate both nicotine levels and emotional states in smokers. True or false?
Health psychologists are most likely to focus on which of the following problems with health care?a. Incompetent health-care providersb. Rising health-care costsc. Ineffective communication between
If you want people to floss more to prevent gum disease, the best approach is toa. Use a negatively framed message.b. Use a positively framed message.c. Have a dentist deliver an encouraging message
Winning the lottery is likely toa. Produce an immediate and long-term increase in the level of well-being.b. Produce an immediate but not lingering increase in the level of well-being.c. Produce a
Why are cataclysmic stressors less stressful in the long run than other types of stressors? Does the reason relate to the coping phenomenon known as social support? How?
Given what you know about coping strategies, how would you train people to avoid stress in their everyday lives? How would you use this information with a group of veterans from the war in
Is there a danger of “blaming the victim” when we argue that the course of cancer can be improved if a person with the disease holds positive attitudes or beliefs, particularly when we consider
Do you think Type A or Type B behavior is more widely encouraged in the United States? Why?
Do you think stress plays a role in making communication between physicians and patients difficult? Why?
If money doesn’t buy happiness, what can you do to make yourself happier? As you answer, consider the research findings on stress and coping, as well as on emotions.
How can we distinguish normal from abnormal behavior?
What are the major perspectives on psychological disorders used by mental health professionals?
What are the major categories of psychological disorders?
What are the major psychological disorders?
How prevalent are psychological disorders?
What indicators signal a need for the help of a mental health practitioner?
One problem in defining abnormal behavior is thata. Statistically rare behavior may not be abnormal.b. Not all abnormalities are accompanied by feelings of discomfort.c. Cultural standards are too
If abnormality is defined as behavior that causes personal discomfort or harms others, which of the following people is most likely to need treatment?a. An executive is afraid to accept a promotion
Virginia’s mother thinks that her daughter’s behavior is clearly abnormal because, despite being offered admission to medical school, Virginia decides to become a waitress. What approach is
Which of the following is a strong argument against the medical perspective on abnormality?a. Physiological abnormalities are almost always impossible to identify.b. There is no conclusive way to
Cheryl is painfully shy. According to the behavioral perspective, the best way to deal with her“abnormal” behavior is toa. Treat the underlying physical problem.b. Use the principles of learning
Kathy is terrified of elevators. She could be suffering from a(n)a. Obsessive-compulsive disorderb. Phobic disorderc. Panic disorderd. Generalized anxiety disorder
Carmen described an incident in which her anxiety suddenly rose to a peak and she felt a sense of impending doom. Carmen experienced a(n) ____________________
Troubling thoughts that persist for weeks or months are known asa. Obsessionsb. Compulsionsc. Ritualsd. Panic attacks
An overpowering urge to carry out a strange ritual is called a(n) __________
The separation of the personality, which provides escape from stressful situations, is the key factor in __________disorders.
States of extreme euphoria and energy paired with severe depression characterize __________disorder.
__________schizophrenia is characterized by symptoms that are sudden and of easily identifiable onset; __________schizophrenia develops gradually over a person’s life span.
The __________ __________states that schizophrenia may be caused by an excess of certain neurotransmitters in the brain.
The latest version of DSM is considered to be the definitive guide to defining psychological disorders. True or false?
Match the disorder with the culture in which it is most common: a. Amok b. Anorexia nervosa c. Brain fag Catatonic schizophrenia India b. Malaysia a. United States d. West Africa C.
Do you agree or disagree that DSM should be updated every several years? Why? What makes abnormal behavior so variable?
Imagine that an acquaintance of yours was recently arrested for shoplifting a $15 necktie. Write an explanation for this behavior from each perspective on abnormality: the medical perspective, the
What cultural factors might contribute to the rate of anxiety disorders found in a culture? How might the experience of anxiety differ among people of different cultures?
Personality disorders are often not apparent to others, and many people with these problems seem to live basically normal lives and are not a threat to others. Because these people can function well
Why is inclusion in the DSM-5 of disorders such as hoarding behavior so controversial and political? What disadvantages does inclusion bring? Does inclusion bring any benefits?
What societal changes would have to occur for psychological disorders to be regarded as the equivalent of appendicitis or another treatable physical disorder? Do you think a person who has been
What are the goals of psychologically based and biologically based treatment approaches?
What are the psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive approaches to treatment?
What are the humanistic approaches to treatment?
What is interpersonal therapy?
How does group therapy differ from individual types of therapy?
How effective is psychotherapy, and which kind of psychotherapy works best in a given situation?
How are drug, electroconvulsive, and psychosurgical techniques used today in the treatment of psychological disorders?
Match the following mental health practitioners with the appropriate description. 1. Psychiatrist 2. Clinical psychologist 3. Counseling psychologist 4. Psychoanalyst a. PhD specializing in the
According to Freud, people use __________ __________as a means of preventing unwanted impulses from intruding on conscious thought.
In dream interpretation, a psychoanalyst must learn to distinguish between the __________content of a dream, which is what appears on the surface, and the __________content, its underlying meaning.
Which of the following treatments deals with phobias by gradual exposure to the item producing the fear?a. Systematic desensitizationb. Partial reinforcementc. Behavioral self-managementd. Aversion
Match each of the following treatment strategies with the statement you might expect to hear from a therapist using that strategy. 1. Group therapy Unconditional positive regard 3. Behavioral therapy
__________therapies assume that people should take responsibility for their lives and the decisions they make.
One of the major criticisms of humanistic therapies is thata. They are too imprecise and unstructured.b. They treat only the symptom of the problem.c. The therapist dominates the patient–therapist
In a controversial study, Eysenck found that some people go into ____________________, or recovery without treatment, if they are simply left alone instead of treated.
Antipsychotic drugs have provided effective, long-term, and complete cures for schizophrenia. True or false?
One highly effective biomedical treatment for a psychological disorder that is used mainly to arrest and prevent manic-depressive episodes isa. Chlorpromazineb. Lithiumc. Libriumd. Valium
Psychosurgery has grown in popularity as a method of treatment as surgical techniques have become more precise. True or false?
The trend toward releasing more patients from mental hospitals and into the community is known as __________.
In what ways are psychoanalysis and cognitive therapy similar, and how do they differ?
How might you examine the reliability of dream interpretation?
How can people be successfully treated in group therapy when individuals with the “same” problem are so different? What advantages might group therapy offer over individual therapy?
List some examples of behavior that might be considered abnormal among members of one cultural or economic group and normal by members of a different cultural or economic group. Suppose that most
One of the main criticisms of biological therapies is that they treat the symptoms of mental disorder without uncovering and treating the underlying problems from which people are suffering. Do you
If a dangerously violent person could be “cured” of violence through a new psychosurgical technique, would you approve the use of this technique? Suppose the person agreed to—or requested—the
What are attitudes, and how are they formed, maintained, and changed?
How do people form impressions of what others are like and the causes of their behavior?
What are the biases that influence the ways in which people view others’ behavior?
What are the major sources and tactics of social influence?
How do stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination differ?
How can we reduce prejudice and discrimination?
Why are we attracted to certain people, and what progression do social relationships follow?
What factors underlie aggression and prosocial behavior?
An evaluation of a particular person, behavior, belief, or concept is called a(n) __________.
One brand of peanut butter advertises its product by describing its taste and nutritional value. It is hoping to persuade customers through __________route processing. In ads for a competing brand, a
Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we commonly change our behavior to keep it consistent with our attitudes. True or false?
Sopan was happy to lend his textbook to a fellow student who seemed bright and friendly. He was surprised when his classmate did not return it. His assumption that the bright and friendly student
A ____________________, or person who agrees with the dissenting viewpoint, is likely to reduce conformity.

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