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engineering
engineering fluid mechanics

Questions and Answers of Engineering Fluid Mechanics

A cylinder with a diameter \(D\) floats upright in a liquid as shown in Fig. P7.18. When the cylinder is displaced slightly along its vertical axis it will oscillate about its equilibrium position
Consider a typical situation involving the flow of a fluid that you encounter almost every day. List what you think are the important physical variables involved in this flow and determine an
The weir shown in Fig. P7.20 is used to measure the volume flowrate \(Q\). The height \(H\) is a measure of this flowrate. The weir has length \(L\) (perpendicular to the paper). Select and include
Experiments are conducted on a washing machine agitator. The relevant dimensional parameters are the driving torque, \(\mathscr{T}\), the oscillation frequency, \(f\), the angular velocity,
The input power, \(\dot{W}\), to a large industrial fan depends on the fan impeller diameter \(D\), fluid viscosity \(\mu\), fluid density \(ho\), volumetric flow \(Q\), and blade rotational speed
Develop the appropriate dimensionless parameters for the period \(\tau\) of transverse vibration of a turbine rotor of mass \(m\) connected to a shaft of stiffness \(k \doteq F / L\) and length
A vapor bubble rises in a liquid. The relevant dimensional parameters are the liquid specific weight, \(\gamma_{\ell}\), the vapor specific weight, \(\gamma_{u}\), bubble velocity, \(V\), bubble
The speed of deep ocean waves depends on the wave length and gravitational acceleration. What are the appropriate dimensionless parameters?
A coach has been trying to evaluate the accuracy of a baseball pitcher. After two years of studying, he proposes a function that can be presented as the accuracy of any pitcher:\[\mathrm{Acc}=f(V, a,
A viscous fluid is poured onto a horizontal plate as shown in Fig. P7.27. Assume that the time, \(t\), required for the fluid to flow a certain distance, \(d\), along the plate is a function of the
The velocity, \(c\), at which pressure pulses travel through arteries (pulse-wave velocity) is a function of the artery diameter, \(D\), and wall thickness, \(h\), the density of blood, \(ho\), and
As shown in Fig. P7.29, a jet of liquid directed against a block can tip over the block. Assume that the velocity, \(V\), needed to tip over the block is a function of the fluid density, \(ho\), the
By inspection, arrange the following dimensional parameters into dimensionless parameters:(a) kinematic viscosity, \(v\), length, \(\ell\), and time, \(t\); (b) volume flow rate, \(Q\), pump
A screw propeller has the following relevant dimensional parameters: axial thrust, \(F\), propeller diameter, \(D\), fluid kinematic viscosity, \(v\), fluid density, \(ho\), gravitational
Shown in the following table are several flow situations and the associated characteristic velocity, size, and fluid kinematic viscosity. Determine the Reynolds number for each of the flows and
Develop the Weber number by starting with estimates for the inertia and surface tension forces.
Develop the Froude number by starting with estimates of the fluid kinetic energy and fluid potential energy.
The following dimensionless groups are often used to present data on centrifugal pumps: flow coefficient \(\varphi=\frac{Q}{\omega D^{3}}\), head coefficient \(\psi=\frac{g H}{\omega^{2} D^{2}}\),
The dimensional parameters used to describe the operation of a ship or airplane propeller (sometimes called a screw propeller) are rotational speed, \(\omega\), diameter, \(D\), fluid density,
The pressure rise, \(\Delta p=p_{2}-p_{1}\), across the abrupt expansion of Fig. P7.38 through which a liquid is flowing can be expressed as\[ \Delta p=f\left(A_{1}, A_{2}, ho, V_{1}\right) \]where
The pressure drop, \(\Delta p\), over a certain length of horizontal pipe is assumed to be a function of the velocity, \(V\), of the fluid in the pipe, the pipe diameter, \(D\), and the fluid density
The pressure drop across a short hollowed plug placed in a circular tube through which a liquid is flowing (see Fig. P7.40) can be expressed as\[ \Delta p=f(ho, V, D, d) \]where \(ho\) is the fluid
As shown in Fig. 2.26. Fig. P7.41, a rectangular barge floats in a stable configuration provided the distance between the center of gravity, \(C G\), of the object (boat and load) and the center of
The time, \(t\), it takes to pour a certain volume of liquid from a cylindrical container depends on several factors, including the viscosity of the liquid. Assume that for very viscous liquids the
In order to maintain uniform flight, smaller birds must beat their wings faster than larger birds. It is suggested that the relationship between the wingbeat frequency, \(\omega\), beats per second,
A \(250-\mathrm{m}\)-long ship has a wetted area of \(8000 \mathrm{~m}^{2}\). A \(\frac{1}{100}\)-scale model is tested in a towing tank with the prototype fluid, and the results are:Calculate the
A student is interested in the aerodynamic drag on spheres. She conducts a series of wind tunnel tests on a \(10-\mathrm{cm}\)-diameter sphere. The air in the wind tunnel is at \(50{ }^{\circ}
Air at \(80^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\) is to flow through a 2 - \(\mathrm{ft}\) pipe at an average velocity of \(6 \mathrm{ft} / \mathrm{s}\). What size pipe should be used to move water at \(60^{\circ}
You are to conduct wind tunnel testing of a new football design that has a smaller lace height than previous designs. It is known that you will need to maintain Re and St similarity for the testing.
A model of a submarine, \(1: 15\) scale, is to be tested at \(180 \mathrm{ft} / \mathrm{s}\) in a wind tunnel with standard sea-level air, while the prototype will be operated in seawater. Determine
The drag characteristics of a torpedo are to be studied in a water tunnel using a 1:5 scale model. The tunnel operates with fresh water at \(20{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), whereas the prototype torpedo
For a certain fluid flow problem it is known that both the Froude number and the Weber number are important dimensionless parameters. If the problem is to be studied by using a 1:15 scale model,
The fluid dynamic characteristics of an airplane flying \(240 \mathrm{mph}\) at \(10,000 \mathrm{ft}\) are to be investigated with the aid of a 1:20 scale model. If the model tests are to be
If an airplane travels at a speed of \(1120 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{hr}\) at an altitude of \(15 \mathrm{~km}\), what is the required speed at an altitude of \(8 \mathrm{~km}\) to satisfy Mach number
The Wide World of Fluids article "Modeling Parachutes in a Water Tunnel,". Flow characteristics for a 30-ftdiameter prototype parachute are to be determined by tests of a 1 -ft-diameter model
When small particles of diameter \(d\) are transported by a moving fluid having a velocity \(V\), they settle to the ground at some distance \(\ell\) after starting from a height \(h\) as shown in
A thin layer of an incompressible fluid flows steadily over a horizontal smooth plate as shown in Fig. P7.55. The fluid surface is open to the atmosphere, and an obstruction having a square cross
During a storm, a snow drift is formed behind a snow fence as shown in Fig. P7.56. Assume that the height of the drift, \(h\), is a function of the number of inches of snow deposited by the storm,
Air bubbles discharge from the end of a submerged tube as shown in Fig. P7.57. The bubble diameter, \(D\), is assumed to be a function of the air flowrate, \(Q\), the tube diameter, \(d\), the
For a certain model study involving a 1:5 scale model it is known that Froude number similarity must be maintained. The possibility of cavitation is also to be investigated, and it is assumed that
A model hydrofoil is to be tested. Is it practical to satisfy both the Reynolds number and the Froude number for the hydrofoil when it is operating near the water surface? Support your decision.
A thin layer of particles rests on the bottom of a horizontal tube as shown in Fig. P7.60. When an incompressible fluid flows through the tube, it is observed that at some critical velocity the
The pressure rise, \(\Delta p\), across a blast wave, as shown in Fig. P7.61, is assumed to be a function of the amount of energy released in the explosion, \(E\), the air density, \(ho\), the speed
An incompressible fluid oscillates harmonically \(\left(V=V_{0}\right.\) \(\sin \omega t\), where \(V\) is the velocity) with a frequency of \(10 \mathrm{rad} / \mathrm{s}\) in a 4-in.-diameter pipe.
As shown in Fig. P7.63, a "noisemaker" B is towed behind a minesweeper A to set off enemy acoustic mines such as at \(\mathrm{C}\). The drag force of the noisemaker is to be studied in a water tunnel
The drag characteristics for a newly designed automobile having a maximum characteristic length of \(20 \mathrm{ft}\) are to be determined through a model study. The characteristics at both low speed
The drag characteristics of an airplane are to be determined by model tests in a wind tunnel operated at an absolute pressure of \(1300 \mathrm{kPa}\). If the prototype is to cruise in standard air
The drag on a sphere moving in a fluid is known to be a function of the sphere diameter, the velocity, and the fluid viscosity and density. Laboratory tests on a 4-in.-diameter sphere were performed
A dam spillway is \(40 \mathrm{ft}\) long and has fluid velocity of \(10 \mathrm{ft} / \mathrm{s}\). Considering Weber number effects as minor, calculate the corresponding model fluid velocity for a
A flagpole has a diameter of \(1.0 \mathrm{ft}\) and is \(45 \mathrm{ft}\). long. The manufacturer wants to find the bending moment at the base of the pole for a wind speed of \(60 \mathrm{mph}\). To
A very small needle valve is used to control the flow of air in a \(\frac{1}{8}\)-in. air line. The valve has a pressure drop of \(4.0 \mathrm{psi}\) at a flow rate of \(0.005 \mathrm{ft}^{3} /
In low-speed external flow over a bluff object, vortices are shed from the object (as shown in Fig. P7.70). The frequency of vortex shedding, \(f \doteq 1 / \mathrm{T}\), depends on \(ho, \mu, V\),
In a nutritional products plant, a plate heat exchanger cools infant formula by approximately \(25{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) from an inlet temperature of \(68{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) as it flows
The pressure rise, \(\Delta p\), across a centrifugal pump of a given shape can be expressed as\[ \Delta p=f(D, \omega, ho, Q) \]where \(D\) is the impeller diameter, \(\omega\) the angular
At a large fish hatchery the fish are reared in open, water-filled tanks. Each tank is approximately square in shape with curved corners, and the walls are smooth. To create motion in the tanks,
The Wide World of Fluids article titled "Galloping Gertie,". The Tacoma Narrows Bridge failure is a dramatic example of the possible serious effects of wind-induced vibrations. As a fluid flows
The Wide World of Fluids article titled "Ice Engineering,". A model study is to be developed to determine the force exerted on bridge piers due to floating chunks of ice in a river. The piers of
As illustrated, models are commonly used to study the dispersion of a gaseous pollutant from an exhaust stack located near a building complex. Similarity requirements for the pollutant source involve
As winds blow past buildings, complex flow patterns can develop due to various factors such as flow separation and interactions between adjacent buildings. Assume that the local gage pressure, \(p\),
Assume that the pump performance characteristics shown in Fig. P7.78 are for a pump running at \(1200 \mathrm{rpm}\). Assuming that the pump head, \(h_{p}\), the pump impeller diameter, \(D\), and
A stream of atmospheric air is used to keep a ping-pong ball aloft by blowing the air upward over the ball. The ping-pong ball has a mass of \(2.5 \mathrm{~g}\) and a diameter \(D_{1}=3.8
\(\mathrm{A} \frac{1}{10}\)-scale model of an airplane is tested in a wind tunnel at \(70^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\) and 14.40 psia. The model test results are:Find the corresponding airplane velocities
A company manufactures geometrically similar airplane propellers up to \(4.0 \mathrm{~m}\) in diameter. Wind tunnel tests are run on geometrically similar propellers up to \(0.33 \mathrm{~m}\) in
A breakwater is a wall built around a harbor so the incoming waves dissipate their energy against it. The significant dimensionless parameters are the Froude number Fr and the Reynolds number Re. A
A viscous fluid is contained between wide, parallel plates spaced a distance \(h\) apart as shown in Fig. P7.83. The upper plate is fixed, and the bottom plate oscillates harmonically with a velocity
The deflection of the cantilever beam of Fig. P7.84 is governed by the differential equation.\[ E I \frac{d^{2} y}{d x^{2}}=P(x-\ell) \]where \(E\) is the modulus of elasticity and \(I\) is the
A liquid is contained in a pipe that is closed at one end as shown in Fig. P7.85. Initially the liquid is at rest, but if the end is suddenly opened the liquid starts to move. Assume the pressure
A student drops two spherical balls of different diameters and different densities. She has a stroboscopic photograph showing the positions of each ball as a function of time. However, she wants to
The basic equation that describes the motion of the fluid above a large oscillating flat plate is\[ \frac{\partial u}{\partial t}=v \frac{\partial^{2} u}{\partial y^{2}} \]where \(u\) is the fluid
The dimensionless parameters for a ball released and falling from rest in a fluid are\[ \mathrm{C}_{\mathbf{D}}, \quad \frac{g t^{2}}{D}, \quad \frac{ho}{ho_{b}}, \quad \text { and } \quad \frac{V
Use the Reynolds transport theorem (Eq. 4.19) with \(B=\) volume and, therefore, \(b=\) volume/mass \(=1 /\) density to obtain the continuity equation for steady or unsteady incompressible flow
An incompressible fluid flows horizontally in the \(x-y\) plane with a velocity given by\[ u=30\left(1-e^{-4 \frac{y}{\hbar}}\right) \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}, v=0 \]where \(y\) and \(h\) are in
Water flows steadily through the horizontal piping system shown in Fig. P5.3. The velocity is uniform at section (1), the mass flowrate is 10 slugs/s at section (2), and the velocity is nonuniform at
Water flows out through a set of thin, closely spaced blades as shown in Fig. P5.4 with a speed of \(V=10 \mathrm{ft} / \mathrm{s}\) around the entire circumference of the outlet. Determine the mass
Estimate the rate (in gal/hr) that your car uses gasoline when it is being driven on an interstate highway. Determine how long it would take to empty a 12-oz soft-drink container at this flowrate.
The pump shown in Fig. P5.6 produces a steady flow of \(10 \mathrm{gal} / \mathrm{s}\) through the nozzle. Determine the nozzle exit diameter, \(D_{2}\), if the exit velocity is to be \(V_{2}=100
The fluid axial velocities shown in Fig. P5.7 are the average velocities measured in \(\mathrm{ft} / \mathrm{s}\) in each annular area of a duct. Find the volume flowrate for the flowing fluid.Figure
The human circulatory system consists of a complex branching pipe network ranging in diameter from the aorta (largest) to the capillaries (smallest). The average radii and the number of these vessels
Air flows steadily between two cross sections in a long, straight section of \(0.1-\mathrm{m}\)-inside-diameter pipe. The static temperature and pressure at each section are indicated in Fig. P5.9.
A hydraulic jump (see Video V10.11) is in place downstream from a spillway as indicated in Fig. P5.10. Upstream of the jump, the depth of the stream is \(0.6 \mathrm{ft}\) and the average stream
A woman is emptying her aquarium at a steady rate with a small pump. The water pumped to a 12 -in.-diameter cylindrical bucket, and its depth is increasing at the rate of 4.0 in. per minute. Find the
An evaporative cooling tower (see Fig. P5.12) is used to cool water from 110 to \(80^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\). Water enters the tower at a rate of \(250,000 \mathrm{lbm} / \mathrm{hr}\). Dry air (no
At cruise conditions, air flows into a jet engine at a steady rate of \(65 \mathrm{lbm} / \mathrm{s}\). Fuel enters the engine at a steady rate of \(0.60 \mathrm{lbm} / \mathrm{s}\). The average
Water at \(0.1 \mathrm{~m}^{3} / \mathrm{s}\) and alcohol \((S G=0.8)\) at \(0.3 \mathrm{~m}^{3} / \mathrm{s}\) are mixed in a \(y\)-duct as shown in Fig. 5.14. What is the average density of the
In the vortex tube shown in Fig. P5.15, air enters at \(202 \mathrm{kPa}\) absolute and \(300 \mathrm{~K}\). Hot air leaves at \(150 \mathrm{kPa}\) absolute and \(350 \mathrm{~K}\), whereas cold air
Molten plastic at a temperature of \(510^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\) is augered through an extruder barrel by a screw occupying \(\frac{3}{5}\) of the barrel's volume (Fig. P5.16). The extruder is \(16
A water jet pump (see Fig. P5.17) involves a jet cross-sectional area of \(0.01 \mathrm{~m}^{2}\), and a jet velocity of \(30 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). The jet is surrounded by entrained water. The
To measure the mass flowrate of air through a 6-in.-insidediameter pipe, local velocity data are collected at different radii from the pipe axis (see Table). Determine the mass flowrate corresponding
Two rivers merge to form a larger river as shown in Fig. P5.19. At a location downstream from the junction (before the two streams completely merge), the nonuniform velocity profile is as shown and
Various types of attachments can be used with the shop vac shown in Video V5.2. Two such attachments are shown in Fig. P5.20-a nozzle and a brush. The flowrate is \(1 \mathrm{ft}^{3} / \mathrm{s}\).
An appropriate turbulent pipe flow velocity profile is\[ \mathbf{V}=u_{c}\left(\frac{R-r}{R}\right)^{1 / n} \hat{\mathbf{i}} \]where \(u_{c}=\) centerline velocity, \(r=\) local radius, \(R=\) pipe
As shown in Fig. P5.22, at the entrance to a 3 -ft-wide channel the velocity distribution is uniform with a velocity \(V\). Further downstream the velocity profile is given by \(u=4 y-2 y^{2}\),
The cross-sectional area of a rectangular duct is divided into 16 equal rectangular areas, as shown in Fig. P5.23. The axial fluid velocity measured in feet per second in each smaller area is given
Oil for lubricating the thrust bearing shown in Fig. P5.24 flows into the space between the bearing surfaces through a circular inlet pipe with velocity\[
Flow of a viscous fluid over a flat plate surface results in the development of a region of reduced velocity adjacent to the wetted surface as depicted in Fig. P5.25. This region of reduced flow is
Air at standard conditions enters the compressor shown in Fig. P5.26 at a rate of \(10 \mathrm{ft}^{3} / \mathrm{s}\). It leaves the tank through a 1.2-in.-diameter pipe with a density of \(0.0035
Estimate the time required to fill with water a cone-shaped container (see Fig. P5.27) \(5 \mathrm{ft}\) high and \(5 \mathrm{ft}\) across at the top if the filling rate is \(20 \mathrm{gal} /
For an automobile moving along a highway, describe the control volume you would use to estimate the flowrate of air across the radiator. Explain how you would estimate the velocity of that air.
A water jet leaves a fixed nozzle with a velocity of \(10 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). The jet diameter is \(10 \mathrm{~cm}\). A \(30^{\circ}\) cone is pushed into the water jet at a speed of \(5
A hypodermic syringe (see Fig. P5.30) is used to apply a vaccine. If the plunger is moved forward at the steady rate of \(20 \mathrm{~mm} / \mathrm{s}\) and if vaccine leaks past the plunger at 0.1

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