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engineering
introduction mechanical engineering
Principles Of Mechanical Engineering 1st Edition Sadhu Singh - Solutions
Steam at a pressure of 8 bar and 0.95 dry is expanded to a pressure of 1.8 bar. Find the final condition of steam and the heat drop for each of the following methods expansion:(a) Adiabatic expansion(b) Throttling expansion
Steam at 10 bar flows into a barrel containing \(150 \mathrm{~kg}\) of water at \(10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). The final temperature of water is \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and the increase in mass is \(4 \mathrm{~kg}\). Calculate the dryness fraction of steam. Take \(c_{p w}=4.187 \mathrm{~kJ} /
In a separating and throttling calorimeter, the steam main pressure is 8 bar absolute and the temperature after throttling is \(130^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). The pressure in the throttling calorimeter is 0.01 bar gauge, the barometer reading being \(75 \mathrm{~cm} .0 .15 \mathrm{~kg}\) of water is
A throttling calorimeter is used to measure the dryness fraction of steam in the steam main where the steam is flowing at a pressure of 6 bar. The steam after passing through the calorimeter comes out at \(100 \mathrm{kPa}, 120^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). Calculate the dryness fraction of steam. Specific
Steam at 2 MPa is sampled at a flow rate of \(3.8 \mathrm{gram} / \mathrm{s}\). Electric power supplied is 580 watts and outlet conditions are \(150 \mathrm{kPa}, 180^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). Calculate the quality of steam at entry.
Steam flows in a pipe line at 2 MPa. After expanding to 0.1 MPa in a throttling calorimeter, the temperature is found to be \(150^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). Find the quality of steam in the pipe line.
The following observations were made with a separating and throttling calorimeter Pressure in pipe line \(=1.5 \mathrm{MPa}\)Condition after throttling \(=0.1 \mathrm{MPa}, 110^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\)Moisture collected in the separating calorimeter in 5 minutes \(=0.150\) litre, \(70^{\circ}
The following data refer to a barrel calorimeter.Pressure of steam \(=6.5 \mathrm{bar}\)Mass of water \(=50 \mathrm{~kg}\) at \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\)Water equivalent of bucket calorimeter \(=3 \mathrm{~kg}\)Temperature of mixture \(=38^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\)Mass of steam \(=1.5
Steam at a pressure of 6 bar passes into a tank containing water where it gets condensed. The mass and temperature in the tank before the admission of steam are \(60 \mathrm{~kg}\) and \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) respectively. Calculate the dryness fraction of steam as it enters the tank if \(4
In a separating and throttling calorimeter for determining the dryness fraction, steam is throttled from \(1.5 \mathrm{MPa}\) to \(0.15 \mathrm{MPa}\). The temperature of steam after throttling is \(150^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). The discharge from the separator, which is placed ahead of the throttling
1.5 kg of steam at a pressure of 10 bar and temperature of \(250^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is expanded until the pressure becomes 2.8 bar. The dryness fraction of the system is then 0.9. Calculate the change of internal energy. The extract from the steam tables is as under. Assume \(c_{p s}=2.1
Calculate the enthalpy and internal energy of \(1 \mathrm{~kg}\) of steam at a pressure of 10 bar and dryness fraction as 0.95 . Use the following table : Pressure Saturated temperature Specific volume m/kg bar C Vf Specific enthalpy kJ/kg hy hg 10 179.88 0.0011274 0.19429 762.61 2776.2
For the data of Example 4.33 with \(x=0.8\), calculate (a) external work done during evaporation, (b) internal energy of steam, and (c) internal heat of evaporation.
A closed vessel of \(0.6 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\) capacity contains dry saturated steam at 3.6 bar pressure. The vessel is cooled until the pressure is reduced to 2 bar. Calculate (a) the mass of steam in the vessel, (b) the final dryness fraction, and (c) the amount of heat transferred during the process
Calculate the internal energy of wet steam with the following data : Pressure \(=\) 12 bar, dryness fraction \(=0.8\). Use the following table : Pressure Saturated temperature Specific volume m/kg Specific enthalpy kJ/kg bar C V Vg h hfg hg 12 187.96 0.0011386 0.16320 798.43 1984.3 2782.7
Unit mass of steam at a pressure of 10 bar and \(x=0.2\) is expanded at constant pressure until it becomes 90 dry. Calculate the work done, heat transfer and change in internal energy during the process.
Steam at 8 bar and dryness of 0.9 expands at constant pressure until the dryness fraction is 0.6. Calculate the work done and heat removed per kg of steam during the process.
Find the external work done during evaporation, internal latent heat (enthalpy) of evaporation and internal energy per \(\mathrm{kg}\) of steam at a pressure of 15 bar when the steam is (a) 0.9 dry, and (b) dry and saturated.
How much heat is required to convert \(4 \mathrm{~kg}\) of water at \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) into steam at \(8 \mathrm{bar}\) and \(200^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). Take \(c_{p s}=2.1 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg} . K\) and \(c_{p w}=4.187 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg} . \mathrm{K}\).
The following readings were taken with a separating and throttling calorimeter:\[ \begin{aligned} \text { Initial pressure } & =12 \mathrm{bar} \\ \text { Final pressure } & =1.2 \mathrm{bar} \\ \text { Water separated } & =2 \mathrm{~kg} \\ \text { Barometer } & =760 \mathrm{~mm} \text { of }
Determine the condition of steam in the following cases :(a) At a pressure of 10 bar and \(200^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\).(b) At a pressure of 8 bar and specific volume of \(0.22 \mathrm{~m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg}\).
Determine the state of steam at :(a) \(p=14\) bar and \(t=210^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), and (b) \(p=8\) bar and \(2700 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg}\) of heat supplied to water from
Steam at 8 bar pressure and dryness fraction of 0.9 expands at constant pressure until the temperature is \(200^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). Calculate the work input and heat supplied per \(\mathrm{kg}\) of steam during the process.
The steam is generated at 8 bar from water at \(32^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). Find the heat required to produce \(1 \mathrm{~kg}\) of steam.(a) When the steam at dryness \(=0.9\).(b) When the steam is superheated with a temperature \(=300^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\).Take \(c_{p s}=2.3 \mathrm{~kJ} /
Find the enthalpy and internal energy of steam at a pressure of 10 bar and temperature \(200^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). Assume \(c_{p s}=2.1 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg}\).K for superheated steam.
Steam from an engine exhaust at 1.25 bar flows steadily through an electric calorimeter and comes out at \(1 \mathrm{bar}, 130^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). The calorimeter has two \(\mathrm{kW}\) heaters and the flow is measured to be \(3.4 \mathrm{~kg}\) in \(5 \mathrm{~min}\). Find the quality of steam
The properties of water and steam become identical at(a) 0.1 bar(b) 1 bar(c) \(100 \mathrm{bar}\)(d) 212.2 bar.
A closed vessel having a volume of \(2.84 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\) contains \(1.365 \mathrm{~kg}\) of mixture of water and steam at a pressure of 7 bar. Find how much heat must be added to the vessel to make the steam 0.9 dry and find the resulting steam pressure.
In thermodynamic analysis, a pure substance is that which(a) Consists of only a single chemical species(b) has no dissolved impurities(c) may have a number of chemical species but the composition remains constant(d) behaves as a perfect gas.
In steam tables, the entropy is shown as zero for(a) saturated vapour at atmospheric pressure(b) saturated liquid at atmospheric pressure(c) saturated vapour at \(0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\)(d) saturated liquid at \(0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\)
Water equivalent of calorimeter is given by(a) \(\frac{m_{c a l} \times c_{p c}}{c_{p w}}\)(b) \(\frac{m_{c a l}}{c_{p w}}\)(c) \(\frac{m_{c a l}}{c_{p c}}\)(d) \(\frac{m_{c a l} \times c_{p w}}{c_{p c}}\)
Describe the construction features of a Lancashire boiler. How superheated steam can be produced with this boiler?
The performance of a boiler is measured by(a) Amount of water evaporated/hr(b) Steam produced in kg/hr(c) All of the above(d) None of above
The following observations were made during a boiler trial:Calculate(a) equivalent evaporation per \(\mathrm{kg}\) of fuel per \(\mathrm{m}^{2}\) of heating surface area per hour,(b) boiler efficiency, and(c) draw the heat balance sheet on \(1 \mathrm{~kg}\) of fuel basis.Take the partial pressure
With the help of a neat sketch describe a Loeffler boiler. What is usually the working pressure of such a boiler?
A rigid vessel is initially divided into two parts \(A\) and \(B\) by a thin partition. Part \(A\) contains \(1 \mathrm{~kg}\) of steam at 4 bar, dry and saturated, and part \(B 2 \mathrm{~kg}\) of steam at 8 bar with dryness fraction of 0.90. The partition is removed and the pressure in the vessel
List the requirements of a good boiler.
A steam generator delivers steam at 140 bar and \(500^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). The feed water inlet temperature \(=170^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). The steam generation rate is \(110,000 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{h}\), and thermal efficiency of steam generator is \(90 \%\).Calculate(a) the rate of fuel burnt if
Draw a schematic flow diagram of a modem steam generator. Discuss the installation of connection and radiation superheaters and their exit temperature response with varying steam flow.
Calculate enthalpy and entropy for \(5 \mathrm{~kg}\) of steam at 8 bar under the following conditions:(a) dry and saturated,(b) wet steam having wetness of \(40 \%\), and(c) superheated steam at \(250^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\).
Determine the quality of steam for the following cases:(a) \(p=10\) bar, \(v=0.180 \mathrm{~m}^{3} / \mathrm{kg}\)(b) \(p=10\) bar, \(t=200^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\)(c) \(p=25\) bar, \(h=2750 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg}\).
What are the functions of boiler accessories ?
A rigid vessel of volume \(0.86 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\) contains \(1 \mathrm{~kg}\) of steam at a pressure of 2 bar. Calculate the specific volume, temperature, dryness fraction, internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy of steam.
At triple point of a pure substance(a) liquid and vapour exist together(b) solid and liquid exist together(c) solid and vapour exist together(d) solid, liquid and vapour phases exist together
What are saturation states ?
Water at \(40^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is continuously sprayed into a pipe line carrying 5 tonnes per hour of steam at \(5 \mathrm{bar}, 300^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). At a section downstream where the pressure is \(3 \mathrm{bar}\), the dryness fraction is to be 0.95. Calculate the rate of water supply in
A pure substance above critical temperature exists as(a) solid(b) liquid(c) vapour(d) superheated liquid
What is the triple point?
A rigid closed tank of volume \(3 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\) contains \(5 \mathrm{~kg}\) of wet steam at a pressure of \(200 \mathrm{kPa}\). The tank is heated until the steam becomes dry saturated. Find the final pressure and the heat transfer to the tank.
Triple point temperature and pressure for water are(a) \(1^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and 1 ata(b) \(0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and 1 ata(c) \(0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and 0.006028 ata(d) \(0.01^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and 0.006028 ata.
What is the critical state ?
A sample of steam from a boiler drum at \(3 \mathrm{MPa}\) is put through a throttling calorimeter in which the pressure and temperature are found to be \(0.1 \mathrm{MPa}, 120^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). Calculate the quality of the sample taken from the boiler.
Partial pressure of a component in a mixture is(a) the average of pressure of all the components(b) the total pressure minus its own pressure(c) the pressure exerted by the component(d) the pressure of the component itself if it was present in the entire volume at the same temperature.
Define normal boiling point.
Two streams of steam, one at \(2 \mathrm{MPa}, 300^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and the other at \(2 \mathrm{MPa}, 400^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), mix in a steady flow adiabatic process. The rates of flow of the two streams are \(3 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{min}\) and \(2 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{min}\) respectively.
The slope of the sublimation curve on \(p-T\) diagram for all substances is(a) zero(b) positive(c) negative(d) variable.
Explain degree of subcooling and degree of superheat.
Two insulated tanks, \(A\) and \(B\), are connected by a valve. Tank \(A\) has a volume of \(0.70 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\) and contains steam at \(1.5 \mathrm{bar}, 200^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). Tank \(B\) has a volume of \(0.35 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\) and contains steam at 6 bar with a dryness fraction of 0.90.
Sublimation is the process of(a) changing from solid phase to vapour phase directly(b) changing from liquid phase to vapour phase(c) supersaturation of vapour(d) changing from solid phase to liquid phase.
Define dryness fraction of steam.
A mass of wet steam at \(165^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is expanded at constant quality 0.8 to 3 bar. It is then heated at constant pressure to a degree of superheat of \(66.5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). Find the enthalpy and entropy changes during expansion and heating.
The process of sublimation is found to occur in(a) liquid \(\mathrm{N}_{2}\)(b) solid \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\)(c) solid \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\)(d) air
What do you mean by phase of a substance?
A cylinder fitted with a piston contains \(2 \mathrm{~kg}\) steam at \(500 \mathrm{kPa}, 400^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). Find the entropy change and the work done when the steam expands to a final pressure of \(200 \mathrm{kPa}(a)\) adiabatically and reversibly, and \((b)\) adiabatically and irreversibly
When a vapour condenses into a liquid(a) its temperature rises(b) its temperature falls(c) it evolves heat(d) it absorbs heat
Explain the term sublimation.
Steam at a pressure of 7 bar and 0.95 dry is supplied to a heater through a pipe of \(25 \mathrm{~mm}\) internal diameter. The velocity of steam in the pipe is \(12 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). Water enters the heater at \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). The steam is blown into it and the mixture leaves
\(1 \mathrm{~kg}\) of steam sample contains \(0.8 \mathrm{~kg}\) steam. Its dryness fraction is(a) 0.2(b) 0.8(c) 0.9(d) 0.5
Define latent heat of fusion and latent heat of vaporisation.
A combined separating and throttling calorimeter recorded the following observations :Pressure in the steam main \(=15\) bar Mass of water drained from the separate \(=0.55 \mathrm{~kg}\)Mass of steam condensed after passing through the throttle valve \(=4.20 \mathrm{~kg}\)Pressure and temperature
If \(x_{1}\) and \(x_{2}\) are the dryness fractions obtained in separating calorimeter and throttling calorimeter respectively, then the actual dryness fraction of steam is(a) \(x_{1} x_{2}\)(b) \(\frac{x_{1}+x_{2}}{2}\)(c) \(x_{2}-x_{1}\)(d) \(\frac{1}{\frac{1}{x_{1}}+\frac{1}{x_{2}}}\).
Define dryness fraction and wetness of steam.
What is quality of steam ?
In a separating and throttling calorimeter the total quantity of steam passed was \(40 \mathrm{~kg}\) and \(2.2 \mathrm{~kg}\) of water was collected from the separator. Steam pressure before throttling was 1.47 \(\mathrm{MPa}\) and temperature and pressure after throttling were \(120^{\circ}
The mass of water and steam collected in 15 minutes in a separating and throttling calorimeter are \(1.2 \mathrm{~kg}\) and \(4.8 \mathrm{~kg}\) respectively. The dryness fraction is(a) \(50 \%\)(b) \(75 \%\)(c) \(80 \%\)(d) \(90 \%\)
Write expressions for internal energy of steam when it is wet and when it is superheated.
A vessel containing \(5 \mathrm{~kg}\) of steam at \(8 \mathrm{bar}, 250^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is cooled by pouring water over the outer surface till the inside pressure falls to 5 bar. Calculate \((a)\) the final state of steam, \((b)\) heat loss, and(c) loss of internal energy.
Consider the following statements about critical point of water :1. The latent heat is zero.2. The liquid is denser than its vapour.3. Steam generators can operate above this point.Of these statements(a) 1,2 and 3 are correct(b) 1 and 2 are correct(c) 2 and 3 are correct(d) 1 and 3 are correct
Write expressions for entropy of steam for wet and superheated.
A cylinder fitted with a movable piston contains \(1 \mathrm{~kg}\) of steam at an initial pressure of \(6 \mathrm{bar}\) and of volume \(0.26 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\). Determine the dryness fraction of steam.If steam expands according to the law \(p v^{n}=c\), to a final volume of \(0.52
A liquid is boiling in a airtight vessel. Using an exhaust tube the vapour is pumped out at a faster rate. What will happen to the liquid?(a) Temperature will go down but boiling will continue(b) Temperature will rise and boiling will continue(c) Boiling will stop(d) Whatever vapour inside will
What is a Mollier diagram ?
A rigid metallic vessel is divided into two parts by a partition. Part \(A\) contains \(1 \mathrm{~kg}\) of steam at 3.4 bar dry and saturated. Part \(B\) contains \(2 \mathrm{~kg}\) of steam at 6.8 bar having 0.8 dryness fraction. The partition is removed and the pressure in the vessel after
Steam coming out of the whistle of pressure cooker is(a) Dry saturated vapour(b) Wet vapour(c) Superheated vapour(d) Ideal gas
When steam is heated at constant volume and its end condition is still wet, what is heat transfer?
In a barrel calorimeter, \(5 \mathrm{~kg}\) of steam is sampled at 7 bar. The water equivalent of calorimeter at \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is \(10 \mathrm{~kg}\). The barrel contains \(140 \mathrm{~kg}\) of water at \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). The temperature of water when steam condensed into it
At its critical point, any substance will(a) exist in all the three phases simultaneously(b) change directly from solid to vapour(c) lose phase distinction between liquid and vapour(d) behave as an ideal gas
In the wet region, constant temperature process is also a constant pressure process. Say true or false.
Hyperbolic process is also an isothermal process in the super heat region. Say true or false.
5 kg of steam at \(14 \mathrm{bar}, 280^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) expands to \(1.4 \mathrm{bar}\) according to the law \(p v^{1.25}=\) constant. Calculate \((a)\) the final temperature, \((b)\) the work done, \((c)\) heat transferred, and \((d)\) change in entropy.
A system is said to be consisting of a pure substance when(a) it is homogeneous in composition(b) it is homogeneous and invariable in chemical aggregation(c) it has only one phase(d) it has more than one phase.
What remains constant during isentropic process ?
Steam enters a turbine at \(700 \mathrm{kPa}, 250^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and exhausts at \(15 \mathrm{kPa}\). The efficiency of the turbine is 0.8. Calculate(a) the power output per \(\mathrm{kg}\) of steam, and \((b)\) the quality of steam leaving the turbine.
For a mixture of solid, liquid and vapour phases of a pure substance, in equilibrium, the number of independent intrinsic properties needed will be(a) 0(b) 1(c) 2(d) 3
What is throttling of steam ?
Steam at \(10 \mathrm{bar}, 240^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is cooled under constant pressure until the steam becomes 0.8 dry. Find(a) the work done, change in enthalpy and heat transfer if the process is non-flow one, and(b) the quality of steam if \(850 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg}\) is lost during the
What are the drawbacks of barrel calorimeter ?
A spherical vessel of \(0.4 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\) capacity contains \(2 \mathrm{~kg}\) of wet steam at a pressure of \(600 \mathrm{kPa}\). Calculate(a) the volume and mass of liquid, and \((b)\) volume and mass of vapour.
For a pure substance at its triple point, the number of degrees of freedom is(a) 0(b) 1(c) 2(d) none of the above
Which calorimeter is used for a very wet steam ?
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