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mathematics
introduction to business statistics
Questions and Answers of
Introduction to business statistics
Reconsider the previous exercises about the study of whether there is an association between number of flip flops and a person’s sex.a. Use the 2SD method and the information available in the
Reconsider the previous exercise about the study of whether there is an association between number of flip-flops and a persons sex. The following is output from carrying out the
Anchoring is the common human tendency to rely too heavily, or anchor, on one trait or piece of information when making decisions. (Source: Wikipedia.)
Reconsider the study mentioned in the previous exercise about guessing the size of Milwaukee’s population. Do the data provide evidence of the anchoring phenomenon among students like the ones in
Reconsider the study mentioned in the previous exercise about guessing the size of Milwaukee’s population. Do the data provide evidence of the anchoring phenomenon among students like the ones in
Do men with children tend to live longer, on average,than those without? To investigate, a group of Cal Poly students randomly sampled men from the obituaries page on the San Luis Obispo
Reconsider the study mentioned in the previous exercise about an investigation of whether men with children tend to live longer, on average, than men without children.a. Define (in words) the
Reconsider the study mentioned in the previous exercises about an investigation of whether men with children tend to live longer, on average, than men without children.The data are in the file
With randomization techniques we are able to analyze any statistic we desire. What if we wanted to look at whether the median lifespan of men with children was higher than men without children? Using
Rising mercury levels due to industrial pollution is a recent concern. Many fi sh have high levels of mercury. Data were collected on random samples of tuna from 1991 to 2010 and are available in the
With randomization techniques we are able to analyze any test statistic we desire. What if we wanted to look at whether there was a difference in the median values of mercury in the Yellowfin tuna
Recall Example 6.2 about the bike commuting times. On each of 56 days (from mid-January to mid-July 2010), researcher Jeremy Groves tossed a £1 coin to decide whether he would be biking the 27
True or false, the parameter is fixed and unknown, while the statistic is the parameter plus a random error.
True or false, in a blind study, the subjects do not know which treatment they are receiving.
Read FAQ 6.2.2 and answer the following question: True or false, the statements “do not reject” and “accept” mean the same thing in a statistical conclusion.
Suppose that randomly sampled college students are asked how many hours they typically spend online each day. You conduct a two-sided test of the null hypothesis that μfemales − μmales = 0, and
Reconsider Exercise 6.2.1 in which an instructor collected data on prices (in dollars) paid by students for their most recent haircut, also recording each student’s sex.A 95% confidence interval
Reconsider the previous exercise about haircut prices. Suppose that the instructor wants to test whether females in the population paid more on average for their most recent haircut than males. Which
Reconsider the previous exercise.a. Calculate a 95% confidence interval for the difference in population mean tip amounts between the two experimental treatments (giving name or not).b. Interpret
Selvi et al. (2012) conducted a study on university medical students in Turkey to investigate whether and how sleep habits were associated with having nightmares. During the study, these students
Reconsider the previous two exercises. How, if at all, would your analysis and conclusions change if the sample means had been closer together and all else had remained the same as in the original
Reconsider the previous exercise. How, if at all, would your analysis and conclusions change if the sample sizes had been larger and all else had remained the same? Be sure to refer to the test
Reconsider the previous three exercises. How, if at all, would your analysis and conclusions change if the sample standard deviations had been larger and all else had remained the same as in the
Refer to the previous exercises. The researchers also gave each participant a score for Fear of sleeping because of anticipated nightmares. Given in the table below are the
Recall the study about anchoring from Exercise 6.2.16, in which students estimated the population of Milwaukee after some had been told about Chicago and others about Green Bay.a. Describe in words
In a study conducted in New Zealand, Parkin et al. randomly assigned volunteers to either wear socks over their shoes (intervention) or wear usual footwear (control) as they walked downhill on an
Left -right confusion (LRC) is the term used to describe the difficulty of distinguishing between left and right. In a study related to LRC, researchers Ocklenburg et al. (2011) gave a mental
In a randomized, double-blind study reported in the Journal of American Medical Association, researchers Waber et al. (2008) administered a pill to each of 82 healthy paid volunteers from Boston,
Do people tend to spend money differently based on perceived changes in wealth? In a study conducted by Epley et al. (2006), 47 Harvard undergraduates were randomly assigned to receive either a
In an article titled Unilateral Nostril Breathing Influences Lateralized Cognitive Performance that appeared in Brain and Cognition (1989), researchers Block et al. published
Reconsider the previous exercise. In this question, we will focus on comparing 10 males who were randomly assigned to breathe only through their left nostril to 10 who were randomly assigned to
Reconsider the previous two exercises. In this question, we will focus on comparing 10 males who breathe only through their left nostril to 10 males who breathe only through their right nostril while
Reconsider the data from Exercise 6.1.21 and corresponding statistics from Exercise 6.1.22 about drive-through times at two fast food restaurants. Conduct a two-sample t-test of whether the sample
Reconsider the previous exercise. Determine a 95% confidence interval for comparing the population mean drive-through times between the two fast food restaurants. Also interpret what this interval
Reconsider the data from Exercise 6.1.23 about times spent in a public restroom by men and women in a Michigan mall. The average time in the bathroom was 106.65 (SD = 79.611) for the 40 men and 133.5
Reconsider the previous exercise. Determine a 95% confidence interval for comparing the population mean restroom times between the two sexes. Also interpret what this interval says. Finally, comment
A psychology study (Rutchick, Slepian, and Ferris, 2010) investigated whether using a red pen causes people to assign lower scores than using a blue pen. A group of 128 students in an introductory
Can waitresses increase their tips simply by introducing themselves by name when they greet customers? A waitress collected data on two-person parties that she waited on during Sunday brunch
As seen in Exploration 6.1, an instructor collected data on prices (in dollars) paid by students for their most recent haircut, also recording each student’s sex, to test whether females in the
Read FAQ 6.1.2 and answer the following question: Which measure of spread is more resistant to outliers, SD or IQR?
Read FAQ 6.1.2 and answer the following question: True or false, a data point that is labeled an outlier is beyond 1.5 IQRs of either Q1 or Q3.
Read FAQ 6.1.2 and answer the following question: The IQR is calculated asA. Q1 − Q3 B. Mean − medianC. Min − max D. Q3 − Q1E. Median − mean F. Max − min
Read FAQ 6.1.1 and answer the following question:When should you use the median as a summary statistic instead of the mean?
You may have heard someone say that drinking coffee will stunt your growth. To test this, college students were asked their heights and if they were coffee drinkers. The data file CoffeeHeight.txt
Statistics students found the sugar content of breakfast cereals, in grams per serving, for those placed on the high shelves of the store versus the low shelves. The data file CerealSugar.txt has
Reconsider the previous exercise where students responded to a survey where they were asked if they had ever been in a car crash while they were driving and how many minutes of exercise they had on
Statistics students were asked how many minutes of television they watched on the previous day. The results, in minutes, are shown in the 6.1.24 histograms, for the males in the top histogram and the
Students collect the time (in seconds) for men and women to use the restroom at a mall in Michigan. The results are shown in the 6.1.23 histograms.a. One data set (male or female) has both the larger
Reconsider the drive-through times (in seconds) for a Wendys and a Hot n Now restaurant from the previous question.a. The means for the two sets of times are 93.70 and 203.00
Students compared drive-through times at a couple of fast food restaurants in their town. They kept track of the time (in seconds) for people to go through the drive-through at Wendys*and
Using the candy bar weight data shown in the previous exercise, do the following:a. Find the five-number summary for both sets of candy bar weights.b. Construct parallel boxplots for both sets of
Weights of 20 Mounds*candy bars and 20 PayDay*candy bars, in grams, are shown in the 6.1.19 dotplots.a. Describe how the distributions of weights of the two types of candy bars diff er in both
In a survey, 30 college students were asked what their usual bedtime was and the results are shown in the 6.1.18 dotplot in terms of hours aft er midnight. Negative responses are hours before
The graph below displays the distribution of word lengths (number of letters) in the Gettysburg Address, which you explored in Exploration 2.1A.a. Describe the shape of this distribution.b. Based on
Reconsider the data in the previous question about number of hours spent studying.a. Find the median number of study hours for both males and females. What do these numbers tell us about the two data
In a survey of introductory statistics students, an instructor asked students to report how many hours they had spent studying in a typical week during the last term and their sex. The data appears
Reconsider the data in the dotplots from the previous question about average monthly temperatures for San Francisco and Raleigh.a. Determine the median temperature for each city. What do these
The following dotplot shows the average monthly temperatures (oF) for San Francisco, CA, and Raleigh, NC.a. What are the observational units here?b. Identify the response variable and whether it is
Reconsider the data in the dotplot in the previous question about the number of states that students had visited. Suppose the observation recorded as 43 states is a typo and was meant to be 34. If we
An instructor collected data on the number of states that 50 students in her class had visited in the U.S. The results are shown in the 6.1.11 dotplot.a. Use the dotplot to find and report the median
A sample of heights (in inches) of 20 female statistics students is as follows:67, 64, 67, 65, 64, 65, 67, 64, 65, 60, 67, 67, 72, 65, 70, 63, 67, 65, 67, 70a. Find the median height.b. Find the
a. Suppose an instructor decides to add five points to every student’s exam score in a class. What effect would this have on the five-number summary? On the inter-quartile range? Explain.b. Suppose
The following set of scores was obtained from a quiz: 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 18, 18, 18, 20. The teacher computes the usual descriptive measures of central tendency and spread for these data and
The following histogram is the distribution of the amount of time, in minutes, that some statistics students said they watched television the previous day. Using this graph to estimate the mean and
The following dotplot gives the ages of 21 male rattlesnakes. Which of the following would be true if one of the rattlesnakes whose age is given as 13 years is actually 15 and that change is made in
On a data set that is bell-shaped, which will typically be larger, its standard deviation or its inter-quartile range?
What are the five parts of the five-number summary?
Approximately what does the box portion of a boxplot display?A. The middle quarter of the dataB. The middle half of the dataC. The lower quarter of the dataD. The upper quarter of the data
Which of the following is NOT true about quartiles?A. The lower quartile is always smaller than the upper quartile.B. Quartiles can be calculated by determining the median of the values above/below
Which of the following is true about the interquartile range?A. It represents the range of approximately the middle quarter of a data set.B. It represents the range of approximately the middle 50% of
In the paper it states that “In this large, long-term trial of male physicians…vitamin C supplementation [did not] reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events. These data provide no support
Later in the paper we find out that 619 out of 7,329 men who got Vitamin C had a “major cardiovascular event” compared to 626 out of 7,312 men who got the placebo. We also read that the p-value
Explain what it means for the Physicians’ Health Study II to be….a. …randomized.b. …double-blind.c. …placebo-controlled.The Physicians’ Health Study II was a randomized, double-blind,
Summarize your findings from the study. What did you like about the study design? What would you change to improve the study? What further research might you want to do to follow up or expand upon
Can we make a cause-and-effect conclusion? Why or why not?
Can we generalize our conclusion to the entire human population? What should be true of the 279 skiers in order for your conclusion to be drawn to the entire human population? Discuss how the sample
Find the p-value of your test. Is this strong enough evidence for you to conclude that Vitamin C prevented colds in the skiers? Write a sentence stating your conclusion as it applies to the question.
What is the shape of your null distribution and where is its center located? Why does it make sense for the center to be located where it is?
When you shuffle, you are simulating one of the two hypotheses (null or alternative) to be true: Which one are you simulating?
What is the statistic that you can use to summarize the data collected in the study?Let’s use our 3S strategy to help us investigate how much evidence the sample data provide to support our
Reconsider the previous exercise. The same survey found that 65% of women and 50% of men would give CPR to their pets. Answer parts (a) to (c) from the previous exercise for these data.Data from
According to a survey conducted by the Associated Press and petside.com in 2009, 63% of dog owners and 53% of cat owners would be at least somewhat likely to give CPR to their pet in the event of a
In a 1994 study, 164 pregnant, HIV-positive women were randomly assigned to receive the drug AZT during pregnancy and 160 such women were randomly assigned to a control group that received a placebo.
Reconsider the previous exercise. The Pew study also considered age as an explanatory variable, producing the following 2 Ã 2 table of counts:Analyze these data with appropriate
A Pew Research study in April and May of 2013 asked single American adults whether they have ever broken up with someone by e-mail, text, or online message. Consider the following 2 Ã 2
Reconsider the previous exercise.a. Calculate the relative risk of being a smoker, comparing those who never attend church to those who attend church at least once per week. Also write a sentence
A Gallup poll conducted in 2013 examined whether there is an association between church attendance and smoking status among American adults. The following table reports the percentage of people who
Reconsider the previous three exercises, but now ignore the real data. Invent your own fictional data that show no association between party and sex of senator. Provide the 2 × 2 table, calculate
Reconsider the previous two exercises.a. Produce a well-labeled segmented bar graph to display the association between party and sex of senator.b. Does the graph reveal that there is an association
Reconsider the previous exercise, along with this additional information: 16 senators are women Democrats.a. Produce a 2 × 2 table that classifies senators in the 2014 U.S. Senate according to party
The 2014 U.S. Senate consists of 80 men and 20 women. Th e 2014 U.S. Senate consists of 45 Republicans and 55 Democrats (counting 2 Independents as Democrats because they vote with Democrats more
The table below shows the numbers of male and female rattlesnakes caught at two different sites, B and G. Assume that the snakes caught at a site can be regarded as a random sample from the
The U.S. government authorizes private contractors to audit bills paid by Medicare and Medicaid. The contractor audits a random sample of paid claims and judges each claim to be either fully
Think about the proportion of students at your college who are wearing clothing that displays the college name or logo today. Also suppose that a friend of yours attends a different college, and the
Fill in the cells in the following table so there is no association between the explanatory and response variables. Member of Fraternity or Sorority Yes No Total Yes 152 Has one or more alcoholic
Fill in the cells in the following table so there is no association between the explanatory and response variables. Female Total Male Played sports in high school Yes 200 160 No Total 150 210 360
Consider the following two 2 Ã 2 tables:a. Calculate the proportion of failures for all four treatments.b. Calculate the difference in proportions of failure between Treatments A and B.
Four 2 Ã 2 tables, numbered 14, are shown below. For each one the response is Yes/No and the explanatory variable is A/B.a. Which two tables have the same pair of conditional
Causation. Is a cause-effect conclusion possible in this new study? Why or why not?
Generalization. Have the researchers addressed the concerns about generalization with this new study?
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